Events, Verisoph

1856 Earlier in the century, the Ottoman rulers’ pursuit of Tanzimat (‘reorganization’) brought rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Earlier in the century, the Ottoman rulers’ pursuit of Tanzimat (‘reorganization’) brought modernizing reforms in edicts of 1839 and 1856 which dismantled the millet system of separate religious communities ●●

1856 Peires, The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle Killing rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Peires, The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement of 1856-57 (Johannesburg, 1989), esp ●●

1856 By 1856 Grover and Baker had already established such branch offices, as they we... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1856 Grover and Baker had already established such branch offices, as they were called, in ten cities ●●

1856 Welsh national anthem "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" composed ai_extracted 1 cit. Wales had no national anthem until Evan and James James, father and son, wrote "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" ("Land of My Fathers") at Pontypridd in 1856. Within a few years it was widely accepted and sung on public occasions. ●●

1857 The Great Mutiny ends the Mogul Empire and East India Company, 1857-1858 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The violent Indian insurrection of 1857-1858 known as the Great Mutiny ended both the Mogul Empire and the East India Company, with the British government taking over their political role. ●●

1857 The Company's army rises in the Great Uprising ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The East India Company's own private army revolted against its employer. After crushing the rebellion, the Company hanged and killed tens of thousands of suspected rebels along the Ganges. ●●

1857 Britain acquires telegraph concession across Iran ai_extracted 2 cit. no story British officials, concerned about native uprisings in India, purchase a concession to build a telegraph line across Iran. ●●

1857 The 1857 panic made a deep impression on Morgan’s twenty-yea rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1857 panic made a deep impression on Morgan’s twenty-year-old son, Pierpont, who had just started on Wall Street as an unsalaried apprentice at Duncan, Sherman and Company, New York agent for Peab... ●●

1857 And he began to lecture his son, often at wearisome length, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And he began to lecture his son, often at wearisome length, on the need for conservative business practice; the 1857 panic would be the text of many sermons. ●●

1857 Where the largest of the textile mills had four or five sets of accounts to proc rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Where the largest of the textile mills had four or five sets of accounts to process and review, the Pennsylvania Railroad had, by 1857 (the year Thoms ●●

1857 Arnold Constable builds its Marble House store ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arnold Constable built its Marble House in 1857 and a larger department store in 1877 ●●

1857 Meteorite falls at Argueil, France ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A meteorite fell at Argueil in southern France, found to contain water and turf—evidence of vegetable decomposition—supporting the theory of life beyond Earth. ●●

1858 Between January 1858 and May 1867, partly as a result of the Civil War, the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between January 1858 and May 1867, partly as a result of the Civil War, the price of wheat soared from 55 cents to $2. ●●

1858 Britain lifts joint-stock banking restrictions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain lifted restrictions on joint-stock banking, allowing the emergence of large commercial banks with deposits. ●●

1858 Clark and Rockefeller commission house founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 1, 1858, John D. Rockefeller, age 18, becomes a partner with Maurice B. Clark in a new produce commission house at 32 River Street in Cleveland with $4,000 capital. Rockefeller borrows $1,000 from his father at 10% interest. ●●

1858 South Austrian Railway Merger Planned rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story James considers ambitious merger of various Austrian railway lines. ●●

1858 Urgent Message at Alphonse's Dinner rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Urgent message arrives during dinner with Austrian ambassador. ●●

1858 1858, Napoleon told a Piedmontese diplomat: “Austr... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1858, Napoleon told a Piedmontese diplomat: “Austria is a cabinet for whom I have always felt, and still ●●

1858 Petersburg in 1858, Bismarck ascended to positions... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Petersburg in 1858, Bismarck ascended to positions which enabled him to advocate his policies. ●●

1858 Henry Knight helps found Connecticut School for Imbeciles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ch as Dr. Henry M. Knight, his son Dr. George Knight, and other Knight family members in the medical profession, laid the foundation for the twentieth- century eugenics movement that would emerge. In 1858, the elder Henry Knight had helped found the Connecticut School for Imbeciles, arguing against ●●

1858 In 1858 Lord & Taylor was completing “a new and elegant marble structure,” and i candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1858 Lord & Taylor was completing “a new and elegant marble structure,” and in 1872 it too moved further uptown above 20th Street and built a still ●●

1858 Rowland Macy opens dry goods store in New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rowland Macy began as a retailer of fancy dry goods in New York in 1858 and expanded during the 1860s by taking over adjacent stores and adding new li ●●

1858 Only the east-west trunk lines set up an enforcing organization which was formed candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only the east-west trunk lines set up an enforcing organization which was formed in 1858 after the panic of 1857 had reduced traffic and increased com ●●

1858 Eleventh Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, February 1, 1858, p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Eleventh Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, February 1, 1858, p ●●

1858 British Crown assumes sovereignty over India ai_extracted 1 cit. After crushing the 1857 uprising, the British ended East India Company rule and vested sovereignty of India in the monarch through the Government of India Act of 2 August 1858. Queen Victoria's proclamation promised to respect Indian princes' rights and customs, setting the stage for a new ritual order of empire. ●●

1859 Darwin's Origin of Species published (1859) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species was published in 1859, proposing evolution of life over long time spans. Wood traces Darwinism into eugenics and later transhumanist thought. ●●

1859 Horace Mann's Antioch College commencement address ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto uses Horace Mann as his model of a schooling 'true believer.' At the 1859 Antioch College commencement Mann urged graduates to be ashamed to die until they had won some victory for humanity. ●●

1859 First important American oil exploitation at Seneca Lake ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that the first important American exploitation of oil occurred at Seneca Lake, New York, in 1859, near the ancestral home of the Rockefeller family. ●●

1859 Darwin's books reshape thinking about children and society ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues that Darwin's Origin of Species (1859) and Descent of Man (1871) undercut the blank-slate view of children and, in his reading, licensed the upper classes to justify forced schooling as a breeding experiment. ●●

1859 Lincoln's 1859 Wisconsin speech on mudsill theory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Abraham Lincoln's September 1859 speech to the Wisconsin Agricultural Society, in which Lincoln argued the goal of government should be independent livelihoods and rejected 'mudsill theory.' Gatto uses it as an anti-mudsill vision for schooling. ●●

1859 Company's Indian possessions pass to the British Crown ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Allahabad Fort, where Clive had signed the Diwani, Lord Canning announced that the Company's Indian possessions would be nationalised. Queen Victoria would henceforth rule India in place of the directors. ●●

1859 In the Caucasus where Russians had been hard candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the Caucasus where Russians had been hard put to subdue mountain peoples, Shamil, an imam from Dagestan and Chechnya, began a long campaign against... ●●

1859 George W. Gardner joins Clark and Rockefeller ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 1, 1859, George W. Gardner, an elite Cleveland businessman, joins Clark and Rockefeller as partner. The firm is renamed Clark, Gardner and Company, and Rockefeller's name is dropped from the title. ●●

1859 Peace of Villafranca ends Austro-Sardinian War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 12 Napoleon and Franz Joseph reach compromise peace. ●●

1859 Its fleet was expanded so that at times (e rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Its fleet was expanded so that at times (e.g., 1859) it caused alarm on the other side of the English Channel. Militarily and diplomatically, it seemed to be the decisive third force in any solution o ●●

1859 Yet however important the battles of Magenta and Solferino w rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Militarily and diplomatically, it seemed to be the decisive third force in any solution of either the German or the Italian question—as was amply shown in 1859, when France swiftly intervened on Piedm ●●

1859 1859 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story What was also important was that since a coalition war was much more likely than in, say, 1859 or 1870, the prospects that the conflict would be prolonged were also that much great... ●●

1859 mean War produced nearly two decades of conflict: ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story mean War produced nearly two decades of conflict: the war of Piedmont and France against Austria of 1859, the war over Schleswig-Holstein of 1864, the ●●

1859 nance.”8 His penchant for revolutionary projects c... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nance.”8 His penchant for revolutionary projects caused him to go to war with Austria over Italy in 1859. ●●

1859 something outside of all possibility we would soon... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story as something outside of all possibility we would soon hear more sensible things from there….41 In 1859, during Austria’s war with France and Piedmont, ●●

1859 Event of 1859 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 11. “candidly confess[ed]: Jefferson to Monroe, October 24, 1823, as excerpted in “Continental Policy of the United States: The Acquisition of Cuba,” Uni ●●

1859 Information history in 1859 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Philological Society. Proposal for a Publication of a New English Dictionary by the Philological Society. ●●

1859 Event of 1859 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was Malthus who inspired Charles Darwin to argue in 1859 that the struggle for existence could give rise to new, better-adapted species ●●

1859 77 The Great American Tea Company, founded in 1859 by George F rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 77 The Great American Tea Company, founded in 1859 by George F ●●

1859 By 1859 Singer had opened fourteen branches, each with a female demonstrator, a... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1859 Singer had opened fourteen branches, each with a female demonstrator, a mechanic to repair and service, and a salesman or canvasser to sell the machine, as well as a manager who supervised the others and handled collections and credits ●●

24 June 1859 Henri Dunant witnesses the Battle of Solferino 1 cit. The Geneva businessman Henri Dunant came upon the aftermath of a battle that left tens of thousands of soldiers dead and wounded with almost no medical care. He organised local villagers to treat men from both sides, then wrote an account, A Memory of Solferino, calling for trained volunteer relief societies and rules to protect the wounded. The book set in motion the founding of the Red Cross. society / war ●●●

1860 John D. Rockefeller casts first presidential vote for Abraham Lincoln rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1860, eighteen-year-old John D. Rockefeller casts his first presidential vote for Abraham Lincoln, reflecting his strong antislavery views and alignment with Cleveland's abolitionist community. ●●

1860 The first of these was in terms of total population, althoug rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first of these was in terms of total population, although the gap significantly narrowed between 1816 (Russia 51.2 million, United States 8.5 million) and 1860 (Russia 76 million, United States 31 ●●

1860 While its share of world manufacturing output in 1860 was we rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While its share of world manufacturing output in 1860 was well behind that of Great Britain, it had already surged past Germany and Russia and was on the point of overtaking France. The United States, ●●

1860 The agitation to preserve an “open door” in China and the ma rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The agitation to preserve an “open door” in China and the massive interest shown in making the United States the dominant economic force in Latin America were only two of the manifestations of this co ●●

1860 considered Prussia the most genuinely national Ger... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He considered Prussia the most genuinely national German state, writing in 1860 that: Prussia personifies the German nationality, religious reform, co ●●

1860 Closing them off eases the adversary’s calculation... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Closing them off eases the adversary’s calculations, and constricts those of the practitioners of Realpolitik. The break between Gerlach and Bismarck ●●

1860 Information history in 1860 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story potato with it before his eyes, he will declare it useless, because it will not slice a pineapple. ”♦ They no longer saw the point. ●●

1860 In the land which became Belgium, for instance, the proportion of women rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the land which became Belgium, for instance, the proportion of women religious to men reversed from 1780 to 1860, from 40:60 to 60:40, and at the end of this process, in a development to horrify any bishop from the Council of Trent, only 10 per ce ●●

1860 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The relative unimportance of slavery as a cause for war was made clear by Lincoln himself during his campaign for the Presidency in 1860, and he repea ●●

1860 Bessemer steel process introduced in the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In such integrated rail mills the Bessemer steel process—the first to produce that metal on a massive scale—was introduced into the United States in t ●●

1860 And they established when and where to buy, lease, or build the small feeder lin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And they established when and where to buy, lease, or build the small feeder lines in the 1860s and 1870s, and where and when to build the giant inter ●●

1860 The stores founded in the 1860s and 1870s account for almost half of the leading rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The stores founded in the 1860s and 1870s account for almost half of the leading department stores in New York a century later ●●

1860 French astronomy debates vacuum theory rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story French astronomers, notably Le Couturier, combated what they called the disastrous results of Newton's theory of vacuum, arguing it was impossible to maintain that celestial bodies move through absolute void. ●●

1860 By 1860 they already produced three-fourths of the industry’s output, with Wheel... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1860 they already produced three-fourths of the industry’s output, with Wheeler & Wilson manufacturing 85,000 machines in that year and the other two 55,000 apiece ●●

1860 Other western connections whose securities the Pennsylvania purchased included t... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Other western connections whose securities the Pennsylvania purchased included the Maysville & Big Sandy and the Springfield, Mount Vernon & Pittsburgh; see Henry Varnum Poor, History of the Railroads and Canals of the United States (New York, 1860), pp ●●

1860 Macmillan publication on natural history defense rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Macmillan published defense of naturalists' observations against charges of fabrication, addressing the tendency to dismiss novel discoveries. ●●

c. 1860 The orkoiyot and Kimnyole 4 cit. In the nineteenth century the Nandi adopted the office of orkoiyot, a supreme ritual prophet drawn from the Talai clan, an institution borrowed and reshaped from the Maasai laibon. The orkoiyot blessed raids, foretold events, and gave the scattered Nandi clans a rare central figure. The prophet Kimnyole arap Turukat held this power until, tradition says, the Nandi turned on and killed him after prophecies they blamed for disaster. politics / religion ●●

1861 Henry Maine publishes Ancient Law, 1861 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that Sir Henry Maine's 1861 book Ancient Law made his reputation and helped justify separating children from their cultures through adoption and schooling. ●●

1861 Amid a mad rush of Wall Street profiteering, Pierpont financ candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Amid a mad rush of Wall Street profiteering, Pierpont financed a deal in 1861 that, if not unscrupulous, showed a decided lack of judgment. ●●

1861 Rockefeller hires military substitute as Civil War begins rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Like many wealthy young men, John D. Rockefeller hires a military substitute for $300 to serve in place of him during the Civil War, exempting himself from military service. ●●

1861 Mill publishes Thoughts on Parliamentary Government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In Thoughts on Parliamentary Government, published in 1861 before the Second Reform Act, Mill made several arguments against a universal and equal franchise. ●●

1861 Even those who were not High Churchpeople approved of the Church gradually rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even those who were not High Churchpeople approved of the Church gradually gaining a forum for its own debate, first in the revival of the Convocations of Canterbury and York in 1852 and 1861, and then in the creation of a series of Church assemblies ●●

1861 The suddenness of the change in Southern society, the freeing of four rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The suddenness of the change in Southern society, the freeing of four million human beings, was a deep trauma to add to the sheer destructiveness and death of the war itself: the end of an institution which in 1861 had seemed to be flourishing and ev ●●

1861 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even after the outbreak of war in 1861, Lincoln confirmed his previous stand ●●

1861 Transcontinental telegraph reaches the Pacific ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Because the telegraph was easier and cheaper to build than the railroad, it reached the Pacific first, in 1861 ●●

1862 There was some question as to the legality of the proposed i rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There was some question as to the legality of the proposed issue, and either Morgan or Carlisle dusted off an 1862 statute that granted the Lincoln administration emergency powers to buy gold during t... ●●

1862 Clark and Rockefeller annual profits reach $17,000 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1862, the commodity business of Clark and Rockefeller produces annual profits of $17,000, nearly four times the profits from their only prewar year, powered by Civil War inflation. ●●

1862 Upon becoming Ministerpräsident in 1862, Bismarck ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Upon becoming Ministerpräsident in 1862, Bismarck had asked the Austrian ambassador to convey to his Emperor the startling proposition that ●●

1862 Information history in 1862 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story vin, imprinted the second law on the popular imagination by reveling in its bleakness: “Although mechanical energy is indestructible,” he declared in 1862, “there is a universal tendency to its dissip ●●

1862 By 1862, the building had not been completed and Tweed authorized an additional $1 million toward it rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1862, the building had not been completed and Tweed authorized an additional $1 million toward its construction. ●●

1862 Carpenter, The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy: Reputations, Networks, and Policy Innovation in Exe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Carpenter, The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy: Reputations, Networks, and Policy Innovation in Executive Agencies, 1862–1928 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), pp. ●●

1862 He said so in a pamphlet of 1862 addressed to the Archbishop rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He said so in a pamphlet of 1862 addressed to the Archbishop of Canterbury ●●

1862 Roman Catholic Church doctrines regarding the Virgin Mary rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Blavatsky references the Roman Catholic Church's doctrine and practices regarding the Virgin Mary as they existed in 1862, and their relationship to ancient pagan goddess worship. ●●

1862 Founding or establishment rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1862, even though the law still limited bank notes to two times capital, the banks had created $73,685,000 in total money, including checkbook mone ●●

1862 Lincoln's Greenback Currency Inflation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin describes how the Lincoln administration's issuance of greenbacks caused purchasing power to fall 65% during the Civil War, with prices more than doubling while wages rose less than half. ●●

1862 Hazard Circular Reveals Banking Strategy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin cites the Hazard Circular prepared by an American agent of British financiers, revealing their strategy to use war debt as means to control money volume and prevent greenbacks from circulating. ●●

1863 Liberation of the Russian serfs, 1863 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As late as the emancipation of the serfs in 1863, Russia remained almost untouched by industrialization and more backward than pre-steam-engine Britain and France. ●●

1863 Sir Robert Hart heads Chinese customs (1863-1906) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that treaties kept China's tariffs low and under foreign control, with Sir Robert Hart heading the Chinese customs service from 1863 to 1906. ●●

1863 Western bombardments force Japan open (1863-1866) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A series of naval bombardments of Japanese ports in 1863-1866 forced Japan open and imposed a tariff agreement limiting import duties to 5 percent until 1899. ●●

1863 Ontario teacher William Young assaulted amid schooling resistance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites documented resistance to compulsory schooling in North America. At Brantford, Ontario, in 1863 teacher William Young was reportedly beaten severely by students while parents looked on. ●●

1863 Cofounder and leader of the First National Bank, 1863–1931 (though after 19... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cofounder and leader of the First National Bank, 1863–1931 (though after 1913, his son George Baker Jr. was more involved running the bank). Lloyd Blankfein: Chairman and CEO of... ●●

1863 (The National Banking Act was passed in 1863—with revisions in 1864 and 186... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (The National Banking Act was passed in 1863—with revisions in 1864 and 1865—to help fund the Civil War by creating currency notes issued by the larger nationally chartered banks... ●●

1863 Rockefeller and Clark form Andrews, Clark and Co. ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1863, John D. Rockefeller and Maurice Clark each invest $2,000 for half the working capital in Andrews, Clark and Co., Rockefeller's first major step into the oil business as a refiner. ●●

1863 Atlantic and Great Western Railroad reaches Cleveland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 3, 1863, a gleaming locomotive of the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad pulls into Cleveland with ceremonial fanfare, giving the city access to New York via the Erie Railroad and Pennsylvania oil fields. ●●

1863 Allegheny River oil fire burns Franklin bridge ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1863, the Allegheny River becomes so befouled with spilled petroleum that it actually catches fire and burns a bridge in Franklin, Pennsylvania, demonstrating the environmental damage of early oil production. ●●

1863 James at Imperial Court rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story James is observed at a court social function hosted by Princess Mathilde. ●●

1863 Napoleon’s conduct during the Polish revolt of 186... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Napoleon’s conduct during the Polish revolt of 1863 advanced his journey into isolation. ●●

1863 In 1863 Renan produced a Life of Jesus which utterly denied that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1863 Renan produced a Life of Jesus which utterly denied that this Jewish teacher had any divine character ●●

1863 National Banking Act of 1863 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The National Banking Act of 1863 required banks to keep a percentage of their notes and deposits in the form of lawful money (gold coins) as a reserve ●●

1863 Congress passes the National Banking Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin documents that on February 25, 1863, Congress passed the National Banking Act, establishing nationally-chartered banks and transforming government bonds into circulating money. ●●

1863 Speke and the Hamitic myth 1 cit. The explorer John Hanning Speke popularized the so-called Hamitic hypothesis, the idea that any sign of organized statecraft in central Africa must have come from a lighter-skinned, part-Caucasian people who migrated from the north. European colonizers later applied this theory to Rwanda, casting Tutsi as a superior foreign race born to rule and Hutu as native subjects. Historians today treat the Hamitic myth as a false, racist construction, but it became the official worldview of colonial administration and a seed of later violence. science / society ●●●

1864 Massachusetts reform school gives away children of retrieving parents ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes an 1864 Massachusetts state document (Public Document 20) in which officials declined to return reform-school children to their own parents, placing them instead with farmers and mechanics under the state's parens patriae power. ●●

1864 Junius Morgan takes control of George Peabody and Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Although Peabody was nominal head until 1864, Junius Morgan assumed control of George Peabody and Company in 1859. In increasingly poor health, Peabody took his first European vacation in twenty-one y... ●●

1864 US National Bank Act passed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The National Bank Act significantly reduced barriers to setting up privately owned banks in the United States. ●●