Events, Verisoph

1920 North Schleswig returns to Denmark by plebiscite ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the First World War, a 1920 plebiscite returned the northern parts of Schleswig to Denmark. This included the area from which the Schacht family had come. ●●

1920 Norman becomes governor of the Bank of England ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While Strong traveled the world recovering his health, Montagu Norman was elevated to the governorship of the Bank of England in 1920. It marked the start of a true partnership between the two central bankers. ●●

1920 Bank of England chooses deflation in 1920 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1920, unlike other European countries, the Bank of England chose the path of deflation, matching the Fed by raising interest rates to 7 percent. The economy plunged into recession and two million men lost their jobs. ●●

1920 Anarchist bomb outside J. P. Morgan & Co. ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1920 anarchists placed a bomb outside J. P. Morgan & Co. at 23 Wall Street, a sign of the firm's stature as a power to be reckoned with. Thirty-eight bystanders were killed and about four hundred injured. ●●

1920 France caps the Banque de France note circulation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Reasserting its postwar independence, the Banque de France refused to keep financing the state. In April 1919 the National Assembly limited its advances, and in September 1920 imposed a 41 billion franc ceiling on note circulation. ●●

1920 Voters reject Wilson and the League of Nations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On Election Day, November 2, 1920, voters rejected Wilson and his League, as represented by Democratic presidential candidate James A. Cox and vice presidential candidate... ●●

1920 Morgan partners rescue William Durant ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In an overnight rescue session on November 18, 1920, Dwight Morrow and Morgan partners rescued General Motors founder William Durant, who faced $38 million in debts and margin calls. The Morgan bank bought his stock and forced his resignation. ●●

1920 Morgan sponsors General Motors stock offering ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1920, the House of Morgan sponsored a $64 million stock offering to finance General Motors expansion. The bank retained a sizable block and privately placed remaining shares with trusted investors. ●●

1920 Warburgs sell AEG loan issue to the Guggenheims ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Already in 1920, the Warburgs pulled off a big transatlantic deal for the German electrical company, AEG, selling a quarter of its new loan issue to the Guggenheims. ●●

1920 Saxl named acting director of the Warburg Library ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1920, the Warburgs, despairing that Aby would ever emerge from his Swiss asylum, named Saxl the library’s acting director, with Gertrud Bing his deputy. ●●

1920 George Creel publishes How We Advertised America ai_extracted 1 cit. George Creel, director of the U.S. Office of War Information, publishes How We Advertised America, defending wartime propaganda by claiming the U.S. never used propaganda but only presented facts. ●●

1920 Gulag system launched in the Soviet Union ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The launching of the Gulag in the early 1920s included the decimation of the prerevolutionary elite and its large-scale exodus from Russia. ●●

1920 France repeals its 1920 anti-contraception law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even France finally repealed its 1920 law against contracep- tion, in part because of complaints from elected representatives and govern- ment officials worried about high fertility in the overseas... ●●

1920 US troops land at Vladivostok ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then 7,000 men were landed in Vladivostok and remained until January 1920, as part of an allied occupation force ●●

1920 Federal Reserve Board triggers 1920 credit contraction ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Under action taken by the Reserve Board on May 18, 1920, there resulted a violent contraction of credit ●●

1920 Henry Ford spreads the Jewish finance myth in America 1 cit. The carmaker Henry Ford used his newspaper, the Dearborn Independent, to publish The International Jew, a series that recycled the Protocols and blamed Jews for controlling banking and corrupting society. Millions of copies spread the lie across the United States and abroad, and Ford was later praised by the Nazis for it. The claim that Jews control finance is not a fact with two sides; it is a debunked libel that Ford knowingly promoted. politics / society ●●●

c. 1920 The Kipsigis and Other Kalenjin Lose Land 5 cit. The Kipsigis and neighbouring Kalenjin communities of Sotik and Kericho were pushed off grazing and farming land so the cool uplands could be planted with tea and settler crops. The 1905 Sotik punitive expedition was the violent hinge: a British force under Major L. R. H. Pope-Hennessy, using King's African Rifles, police, levies and machine guns, punished the Sotik/Kipsigis, seized cattle, and opened land for colonial control. Large tea estates later rose on ground that had carried cattle and millet. economy / politics / war ●●●●

c. 1920 The policy of non-development in the north 3 cit. Colonial policy in the north was, in effect, the deliberate absence of policy: almost no schools, roads, clinics, or public works were built, and the region was written off as a barren buffer good only for holding the frontier. Officials framed the pastoralist economy as backward and the land as worthless, justifying decades of neglect. Historians such as those who worked with Kenya's Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission treat this non-development as intentional rather than accidental. economy / politics ●●●

1920 Dedan Kimathi born in Nyeri District ai_extracted 1 cit. Kimathi was born around 31 October 1920 at Kanyinya in Tetu location, Nyeri District, in the Central Province of colonial Kenya. He never knew his father and was raised by his mother, taking her late husband's name, Wachiuri. ●●

1920 Colonial "customary law" invented in Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. Ranger argues that the most far-reaching inventions of tradition in colonial Africa happened when Europeans believed they were preserving ancient custom. Administrators codified flexible practice into rigid rules; what were called customary law, land rights and political structure were largely created by this colonial codification, assuming their fixed form in the 1920s. ●●●

c. 1920 Coffee and tea become the export backbone 1 cit. Through the 1920s and 1930s coffee and tea grew into Kenya's leading exports, sold mainly to Britain. Prices were set on distant markets, so the colony's income rose and fell with commodity cycles it did not control. The economy earned foreign currency from raw crops and spent it on imported manufactured goods. diplomacy / economy ●●

c. 1920 Western White Highlands become the Rift settler frontier 8 cit. The western or Rift side of the White Highlands, including Laikipia, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu, Kericho and Trans-Nzoia, became a settler frontier of ranches, wheat, tea, maize and dairy. Its core dispossessions hit Maasai, Nandi, Kipsigis, Sabaot and other communities, while Kikuyu squatters, Akamba workers, Luo, Luhya and other labour migrants became central to the farm economy. Indians built and serviced the railway-commercial layer but were kept out of the settler land preserve by the colour bar. economy / politics / society ●●●●

c. 1920 Timau soldier settlers take farms on the Nanyuki edge 3 cit. Archival settler databases record Timau farms taken by post-First World War soldier settlers, including James Scott at Farm 882 and Lionel Hickson at Embori. Hickson drew Embori under the Soldier Settlement Scheme and moved there in 1920; later accounts describe the farm as a 3,000-acre Timau holding at about 8,500 feet, later enlarged. This places Timau inside the same soldier-settler highland geography as Nanyuki and Laikipia. economy / politics / war ●●●●

c. 1920 Sisal estates lock up Taita-Taveta land 3 cit. Large sisal estates became a defining feature of Taita-Taveta land politics. The crop tied the district to export agriculture while local communities lived with labour recruitment, dryland pressure, wildlife boundaries and long-running claims that too much land sat under estates, ranches and parks. economy / society ●●●●

1920s to 1945 Wartime consolidation of Japanese banks ai_extracted 1 cit. To simplify credit allocation, the number of Japanese banks was drastically reduced from about fourteen hundred at the end of the 1920s to sixty-four by the end of the Second World War, organized under the National Financial Control Association. ●●●

1921 Sanger founds the American Birth Control League 1 cit. Margaret Sanger founded the American Birth Control League in 1921 to campaign for legal access to contraception. The organization was later renamed and became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. politics / society ●●●●

1921 Dominion status for southern Ireland, 1921 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that Lionel Curtis, as Adviser on Irish Affairs, played an important role in granting dominion status to southern Ireland in 1921. ●●

1921 Irish Free State created (December 1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Articles of Agreement of December 1921 gave Southern Ireland dominion status as the Irish Free State, with Northern Ireland remaining under the 1920 Act. ●●

1921 Feisal installed as King of Iraq under British protection (1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the French expelled Feisal from Syria, Britain set him up as king in Iraq under British protection in 1921 and later placed his brother Abdullah as King of Transjordan. ●●

1921 Treaty of Riga sets Poland's eastern frontier (March 1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Polish-Soviet war, the settlement signed at Riga in March 1921 gave Poland a frontier 150 miles east of the Curzon Line, bringing in a million White Russians and four million Ukrainians. ●●

1921 Full reparations bill of 132 billion marks presented (May 1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1921 Germany was presented with the full reparations bill of 132 thousand million gold marks, accepted under a six-day ultimatum threatening occupation of the Ruhr. ●●

1921 Kronstadt mutiny ends War Communism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Peasant uprisings, urban riots, and the March 1921 mutiny of the sailors at Kronstadt forced the abandonment of War Communism in favor of the New Economic Policy of free commerce and limited private ownership. ●●

1921 Douhet's The Command of the Air published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that the Combined Bomber Offensive tried to carry out the largely erroneous ideas of Italian general Giulio Douhet, whose 1921 book The Command of the Air claimed air power alone could win wars by breaking civilian morale. He calls the theory almost wholly wrong yet pernicious in its influence. ●●

1921 Douhet's prophecy of air power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as 1921 the Italian general Giulio Douhet preached that the next war would be ended within twenty-four hours by destroying all enemy cities from the air. ●●

1921 Quigley: Council on Foreign Relations as a Morgan front ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that the Council on Foreign Relations, the New York branch of Curtis's Institute of International Affairs, was a front for J. P. Morgan and Company allied with a small American Round Table Group. ●●

1921 Reza Pahlavi seizes control of Iran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1921 and 1925, the Cossack Brigade officer Reza Pahlavi gradually took over the Iranian government and deposed the young Shah Ahmad. As Reza Shah he pursued modernization on the model of Kemal Ataturk. ●●

1921 Smuts arranges an armistice in Ireland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1921 Smuts went on a secret mission to Ireland. He arranged an armistice and opened negotiations between Lloyd George and the Irish leaders. ●●

1921 Anglo-Irish armistice (11 July 1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Smuts helped persuade the Irish to negotiate, an armistice went into effect on 11 July 1921 and the conference began three days later. Curtis served as secretary to the conference. ●●

1921 India granted fiscal autonomy (1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1921 India was granted fiscal autonomy and at once adopted a protective tariff, to the injury of British textile manufacturing. Quigley lists it among rights the British extended in steady succession. ●●

1921 Kronstadt Commune revolts against Taylorist labor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that the 1921 Kronstadt Commune rebellion charged that the Bolsheviks were planning to introduce Taylor's sweat-labor system. He says the rebels were right. ●●

1921 The London reparations schedule and 'fulfillment' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1921 a conference in London set Germany's reparations bill at about $12.5 billion, with annual payments of $600-800 million. Germany accepted and declared a policy of 'fulfillment,' though it never believed it could pay. ●●

1921 Reza Khan stages coup in Tehran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 20, Reza Khan leads two thousand soldiers into Tehran to arrest the prime minister and cabinet in a swift military coup. ●●

1921 Kronstadt uprising crushed by the Bolsheviks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early 1921, the Bolshevik party turned its guns on rebellious sailors and workers in Kronstadt in response to widespread peasant resistance. This prompted Lenin to abandon War Communism and introduce the New Economic Policy. ●●

1921 Soviet famine kills millions after the civil war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Deaths from hunger and epidemics in 1921-22 nearly equaled the combined toll of World War I and the Soviet civil war. This humanitarian catastrophe followed the Bolshevik requisitioning campaigns. ●●

1921 Frank Knight distinguishes uncertainty from risk ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Frank Knight argued in 1921, ‘Uncertainty must be taken in a sense radically distinct from the familiar notion of Risk, from which it has never been properly separated . ●●

1921 Harding requires state approval of foreign loans ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 25, 1921, President Harding announced that foreign loans must be certified by the State, Treasury, and Commerce departments as being in the national interest. Jack Morgan pledged that bankers would keep the State Department fully informed. ●●

1921 Dempsey-Carpentier fight aids French relief ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anne Morgan's American Friends for Devastated France co-sponsored the July 1921 championship fight between Jack Dempsey and Georges Carpenter as part of their fundraising efforts to rebuild French villages and support schools, hospitals, and libraries. ●●

1921 Paul Warburg launches the International Acceptance Bank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1921, Paul, encouraged by Max, launched the International Acceptance Bank in New York. ●●

1921 Soviet crop failure triggers the 1921 famine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then, in 1921, Soviet crops failed, a disaster so colossal that the Joint set up soup kitchens there, and even the U.S. ●●

1921 Paulo Freire born in Recife ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paulo Freire was born in 1921 in Recife, the center of one of the most extreme situations of poverty and underdevelopment in the Third World. His childhood experience of family poverty following the Great Depression profoundly influenced his later educational philosophy. ●●

1921 Einstein sails to America for the first time ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Einstein and Elsa sailed from Holland on March 21, 1921, for their first visit to America. The trip was planned to promote the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and advance the Zionist cause. ●●

1921 Einstein visits the White House and meets Harding ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 25, 1921, Einstein visited the White House where President Warren G. Harding confessed he did not understand the theory of relativity. Washington Post ran a cartoon of Harding puzzled over 'Theory of Relativity' while Einstein puzzled over 'Theory of Normalcy.' ●●

1921 The Young Kavirondo Association and Early Protest 5 cit. Mission-educated Luo and Luhya founded the Young Kavirondo Association to protest rising taxes, the kipande, forced labour, and the loss of land, holding a mass meeting the Luo remembered as Piny Owacho, the voice of the people. Alarmed officials steered the movement, with the help of the missionary Archdeacon Owen, into a tamer welfare body. Even so it marked one of the earliest organised African protests in the colony and seeded later western politics. politics / society ●●

1922 to 1923 German hyperinflation under the Reichsbank ai_extracted 1 cit. The German central bank, then called the Reichsbank, created too much money in 1922 and 1923, causing hyperinflation, the episode usually cited to justify postwar central bank independence. ●●●●

May 1922 to 1939 Reichsbank independence written into law ai_extracted 1 cit. The Reichsbank's independence from the German government was explicitly written into law in May 1922 and lasted until 1939, leaving it unaccountable to the people, government, or parliament. ●●●

28 October 1922 March on Rome 1 cit. Fascist squads converge on Rome and King Victor Emmanuel III appoints Mussolini prime minister rather than order the army to stop them. Fascism takes power in a major state for the first time. politics ●●●●●

1922 Revolution on the Rand, 1922 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Attempts to cut mine costs by using more native labor led to strikes and a 1922 armed uprising on the Rand in which over 200 rebels were killed. ●●

1922 Gandhi launches mass civil disobedience (Feb 1, 1922) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 1, 1922, Gandhi told the viceroy he would begin mass civil disobedience district by district, starting at Bardoli, escalating beyond non-cooperation into illegal acts. ●●

1922 Germany and Soviet Russia sign Treaty of Rapallo (April 1922) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The two outcast powers drifted together and sealed their friendship with a treaty signed at Rapallo in April 1922, which alarmed western Europe as a potential union of German technology and Soviet resources. ●●

1922 Washington Conference sets naval ratios (1922) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the Washington Conference, Britain gave the United States equality in capital ships at 15 each while Japan received 60 percent, or 9 capital ships, ending the Anglo-Japanese alliance. ●●

1922 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics organized ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Constitutionally, the country was organized in 1922 into the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics. The largest constituent was the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic. ●●

1922 British protectorate over Egypt ended ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The protectorate over Egypt was ended in 1922, and the Dominions' refusal to back the United Kingdom in the Near East crisis forced a reexamination of imperial relations. ●●

1922 Mussolini comes to power in Italy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues leftist gains in 1918-1922 reversed the trend toward wider income disparity, provoking a counterrevolution that brought Mussolini to power in October 1922. ●●

1922 Ignaz Seipel becomes Austrian chancellor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1922 the Christian Socialist leader Monsignor Ignaz Seipel, a Catholic priest, became chancellor, dominating Austria's federal government until his death in 1932 and securing international loans by threatening Anschluss. ●●

1922 Egypt granted independence by Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain granted Egypt independence in 1922 but continued to interfere in its governance through peremptory notes and ultimatums. Submission to such pressure roused animosity in the nationalist-dominated Assembly. ●●

1922 The Astors buy control of The Times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Lord Astor and his brother became chief proprietors of The Times in 1922 by buying out the Harmsworth interest. He treats this as the moment the Milner Group secured ownership of the paper. ●●

1922 Quigley: the Milner Group controlled The Times (from 1922) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that the Milner Group controlled The Times, indirectly from 1912 and directly from 1922. He treats the paper as one branch of the Group's network of influence. ●●

1922 Zimmern's Europe in Convalescence (1922) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alfred Zimmern published Europe in Convalescence in 1922, regretting Britain's postwar policies and especially the 1918 election. Quigley uses it to show the Group's turn toward reconstructing Germany. ●●

1922 Irish Free State created (1922) ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Through the Articles of Agreement of December 1921 and the Irish Free State Act of March 1922, southern Ireland became an independent Dominion. Feetham of the Milner Group chaired the Boundary Commission. ●●

1922 Oregon outlaws private elementary schools, 1922 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1922 Oregon outlawed private schools for elementary children, a law later reversed by the Supreme Court in Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925). ●●

1922 Walter Lippmann publishes Public Opinion ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Gatto cites Walter Lippmann's 1922 book Public Opinion, which he says called for restricting public debate and letting experts govern. He argues Lippmann wanted schools to teach that active citizenship was impossible. ●●

1922 Assassination of Walther Rathenau ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 24 June 1922 Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau, architect of the fulfillment policy, was murdered by right-wing reactionaries. His killing deepened the panic that sent the mark into free fall. ●●

1922 The Balfour Note links war debts to reparations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In mid-1922 Britain declared through the Balfour Note that it would collect from its debtors and from Germany only as much as the United States demanded of Britain. The note infuriated Americans, who were cast as 'Uncle Shylock.' ●●

1922 Fall of Lloyd George and the Bonar Law government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lloyd George's coalition collapsed in October 1922 and a Conservative government under Andrew Bonar Law took power in Britain. Stanley Baldwin became chancellor of the exchequer. ●●

1922 British delegation sails to settle war debts with America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Baldwin led a British delegation, with Bank of England governor Montagu Norman as principal adviser, to negotiate a settlement of Britain's war debts to the United States. They sailed on December 30 aboard the Majestic. ●●

1922 Genoa Economic Conference and Norman's idea of a central bankers' league ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the 1922 Genoa Economic Conference, Norman floated the idea of a grand conclave of central bankers to stabilize European finances. Strong resisted, fearing the United States would be ambushed by its European debtors. ●●

1922 Strong invents the modern central banker ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By abandoning the automatic rules of the gold standard and steering credit to stabilize domestic prices and business activity, Strong pioneered modern central banking. In 1922 this was a radical departure from centuries of practice. ●●

1922 The Reichsbank Autonomy Law of 1922 ai_extracted 1 cit. The Reichsbank Autonomy Law of July 1922, enacted at British insistence to curb inflation by making the Reichsbank independent, instead gave inflation architect Rudolf von Havenstein tenure for life. ●●

1922 Harding names Hoover to War Debt Commission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1922, Harding appointed Hoover to the new World War Foreign Debt Commission, designed to settle the Allies’ debts based on “their capacity to pay.” The total debt... ●●

1922 Lamont negotiates Mexican debt agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1922, Tom Lamont negotiated an agreement with Mexican finance minister de la Huerta that secured U.S. recognition for President Obregón in exchange for steep concessions including lower interest rates and a forty-five year payment schedule. ●●

1922 US banks reach their peak number ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United States reached its maximum number of national and state-chartered banks during the era of free banking. ●●

1922 Laura Spelman Memorial funds social sciences research ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1922, under director Beardsley Ruml, the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial began distributing nearly fifty million dollars into social sciences research. This funding catalyzed university research centers. ●●

1922 Jimmy de Rothschild inherits Waddesdon Manor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jimmy de Rothschild unexpectedly inherited the historic Waddesdon Manor in 1922 after the death of his cousin Ferdinand's unmarried sister Alice. ●●

1922 Agro-Joint agreement with Soviets for Jewish colonies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1922, he worked out an agreement with the Soviets to create loan co-ops and training schools for Jews and began to advocate an enormous colonization project. ●●

1922 Hoover pushes for US trade with Soviet Russia ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In January 1922, Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover intercedes with the State Department on behalf of American business interests seeking to trade with Soviet Russia. ●●

1922 Bohr explains atomic basis of the periodic table ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the year his Nobel Prize made him a Danish national hero, Bohr accomplished a second great theoretical triumph: an explanation of the atomic structure that underlies the regularities of the periodic table of the elements. ●●

1922 Assassination of Walther Rathenau ai_extracted 1 cit. no story right-wing extremists gunned down Walther Rathenau, the Weimar Republic’s first Foreign Minister, a physical chemist and industrialist friend of Einstein and a highly visible Jew. ●●

1922 Hallervorden and Spatz identify rare brain disease ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ause why anyone would ever nominate him in the first place.” Museum officials added they would immediately look into removing his name.26 Another case involved Nazi doctors Hallervorden and Spatz. In 1922, the two had successfully identified a rare and devastating brain disease caused by a genetic m ●●

c. 1 January 1922 Harry Laughlin's Model Eugenical Sterilization Law 3 cit. Eugenicist Harry Laughlin, of the Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, published a "Model Eugenical Sterilization Law" intended as a template for state legislatures. Virginia's 1924 sterilization act was drafted using Laughlin's model, and it was later cited by German officials drafting the Nazi sterilization law of 1933. Laughlin was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Heidelberg in 1936 in recognition of his eugenics work. politics / science ●●●

16 March 1922 Harry Thuku Arrested and the Nairobi Shooting 7 cit. Harry Thuku, founder of the East African Association, campaigned against the kipande, forced labor, and rising taxes before colonial authorities arrested him on 14 March 1922. A large crowd gathered outside the Nairobi police station demanding his release, and police and armed settlers opened fire on 16 March. The official death toll was around 21, but African and later accounts put it far higher, at over 50; the exact figure is disputed. Thuku was detained without trial for years, and the episode marked an early turn toward mass protest. politics / society ●●●

c. 1922 Work and Marriage in Nairobi 6 cit. In the early 1920s Kamau moved to Nairobi and took a series of jobs, best remembered as a meter reader and storekeeper for the municipal water department. He had married Grace Wahu in 1919, and their son Peter Muigai was born in 1920. Living in the colonial capital drew him into the political ferment building among educated and mission-schooled Africans. economy / society ●

1922 Bernays builds on Lippmann's Public Opinion ai_extracted 1 cit. Bernays drew his theory of an expert elite managing the public mind from Walter Lippmann, whose book Public Opinion appeared in 1922. Lippmann had concluded that ordinary people could not reliably think through public affairs and needed detached professionals to frame the issues. ●●

16 March 1922 Mary Muthoni Nyanjiru shames the men and is shot 6 cit. After the arrest of the activist Harry Thuku in March 1922, a crowd gathered outside the Nairobi police lines. When the men hesitated, Mary Muthoni Nyanjiru rushed forward, lifted her dress, and called on them to take her dress and give her their trousers, the sharpest shaming a woman could throw at men. The crowd surged, the police opened fire, and she was among the first killed, with about twenty others. Her defiance became a song sung again during Mau Mau. politics / society ●●●

1923 Schacht appointed Reichsbank president ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1923 the Allied Reparation Commission, dominated by Wall Street banks, handpicked and appointed Hjalmar Schacht as Reichsbank president against the wishes of the Reichsbank executives. ●●●

8 November 1923 Beer Hall Putsch 1 cit. Hitler and the Nazi Party attempt to seize power in Bavaria in imitation of the March on Rome, but police break up the coup. Hitler's trial and short imprisonment make him a national figure and convince him to pursue power through elections. politics ●●●

1923 Kenya White Paper, 1923 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The controversy over Kenya's Legislative Council produced the compromise of the 1923 Kenya White Paper and the appointment of Sir Edward Grigg as governor for 1925-1931. ●●

1923 German hyperinflation ruins the middle classes (1923) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes the final stages of inflation that destroyed the German middle classes came after the war, in 1923, directing their hatred against the postwar parliamentary government. ●●

1923 Treaty of Lausanne formally ends WWI (July 24, 1923) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Treaty of Sevres collapsed, a moderate negotiated treaty signed by the Kemalist government at Lausanne on July 24, 1923, formally ended the First World War and ended four centuries of Turkish decline. ●●

1923 Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr (January 1923) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 9, 1923, the Reparations Commission declared Germany in default, and French, Belgian, and Italian forces began occupying the Ruhr two days later, met by German passive resistance. ●●

1923 German mark collapses in hyperinflation (1923) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German mark fell from 80,000 to the pound in January 1923 to 20 million in August and 20 billion by December 1923, an inflation Quigley attributes to Germany's method of avoiding reparations. ●●