Events, Verisoph

1868 St. Petersburg Declaration limits certain weapons ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Petersburg declaration of 1868 called on states to refrain from using weapons that caused horrendous wounds.The first Geneva Convention on the treatme... ●●

1868 Death of James de Rothschild ai_extracted 1 cit. no story James de Rothschild, last surviving son of Mayer Amschel, dies at age 76. ●●

1868 Russian army occupies Samarkand ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For instance, after the Russian army occupied Samarkand (in present-day Uzbekistan) in May 1868, Gorchakov told the British Ambassador, Sir Andrew Buc ●●

1868 as a series of unusual spectral lines twenty-three years before it was discovered mixed into uranium rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story as a series of unusual spectral lines twenty-three years before it was discovered mixed into uranium ore on earth. ●●

1868 and the abolition of the feudal clan system transformed Hiroshima fief into Hiroshima Prefecture and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and the abolition of the feudal clan system transformed Hiroshima fief into Hiroshima Prefecture and the town, like the country, began vigorously to modernize. ●●

1868 Information history in 1868 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ges to his readers a series of substitution ciphers. Along with Poe, Jules Verne and Honoré de Balzac also introduced ciphers into their fiction. ●●

1868 Japanese domains become centralized prefectures ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These local governments lost their independence in the period 1868–1878 and were turned into prefectural administrative units subordinate to the central government in Tokyo. ●●

1868 During the Tokugawa Shogunate (1608–1868), the shogun, while nominally a vassal of the emperor, in f rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the Tokugawa Shogunate (1608–1868), the shogun, while nominally a vassal of the emperor, in fact exercised real authority in the latter’s name. ●●

1868 7 These traditions had existed for centuries but were simply given greater emphasis after 1868 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 7 These traditions had existed for centuries but were simply given greater emphasis after 1868. ●●

1868 Foundations of Constitutional Government in Modern Japan, 1868–1900 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Foundations of Constitutional Government in Modern Japan, 1868–1900. ●●

1868 Berlin’s university was intended to set new standards for both teaching and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Berlin’s university was intended to set new standards for both teaching and research, and from its foundation it triumphantly succeeded, proving the model for similar institutions throughout the world - even as far afield as that creatively selective ●●

1868 James McCosh, an Ulsterman appointed president of that powerhouse of Reformed Protestantism, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story James McCosh, an Ulsterman appointed president of that powerhouse of Reformed Protestantism, Princeton University, in 1868, did not allow his enthusiasm for the revivalist movements of Ulster and America to chill his friendly reception of Darwin’s wo ●●

1868 British expedition crushes Tewodros at Magdala ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His cruelty alienated his own people, and his imperial posturing led to a British expeditionary force which crushed his armies at Maqdala in 1868 ●●

1869 US transcontinental railroad opens, 1869 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first transcontinental railroad in the United States opened in 1869, part of the worldwide spread of the transportation revolution. ●●

1869 Ottoman law declares all subjects citizens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1869 a law declared all subj ects Ottoman citizens, and in 1 876, Sultan Abdulhamid II ( 1 8 76-1909) approved a constitution and, in accordance wi... ●●

1869 Haussmann's reconstruction of Paris completed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Baron Haussmann's grand urban redevelopment of Paris under Louis Napoleon concludes after nearly two decades of transformation. The restructuring includes widened boulevards, new sewage systems, and military-strategic road networks, fundamentally reshaping the capital. ●●

1869 In his early years, he was exposed to many incorrigible Wall rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his early years, he was exposed to many incorrigible Wall Street rascals, including Daniel Drew, the rustic sharpster who sold Erie stock short while sitting on the railroad’s own board (he was cal... ●●

1869 Jay Cooke finances the Northern Pacific Railroad ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cooke seemed invincible to competitors—at least until he financed the Northern Pacific Railroad in 1869. His promotion for $100 million in Northern Pacific bonds was liberally spiced with invention, f... ●●

1869 Petroleum Producers' Association founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 1, 1869, oil producers formed the Petroleum Producers' Association to control production and lift prices. This was an early industry cartel. ●●

1869 Gould and Fisk gold scheme triggers Black Friday ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 24, 1869, Jay Gould and Jim Fisk's gold market manipulation scheme failed, triggering a financial panic that ruined Wall Street firms. ●●

1869 1869, Rostislav Andreievich Fadeyev, a Pan-Slavist... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1869, Rostislav Andreievich Fadeyev, a Pan-Slavist officer, wrote in his influential essay, “Opinion on ●●

1869 Ranavalona II adopts Congregationalism in Madagascar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Eventually in 1869 Queen Ranavalona II settled not on Anglicanism but on English Congregationalism: an analogous triumph to Methodism’s in Tonga and a tribute to the astuteness and persistence of the London Missionary Society ●●

1869 Firm renamed Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1869 the firm changed its name to the Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company and began to extend its chain of stores into the northeast and across ●●

1869 Early in 1869, as Gould began to negotiate with the Ohio roads, Garrett moved qu candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Early in 1869, as Gould began to negotiate with the Ohio roads, Garrett moved quickly to purchase full control of a line north to Lake Erie at Sandusk ●●

1869 The wholesale price index on all commodities fell from 151 in 1869 to 82 in 1886... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The wholesale price index on all commodities fell from 151 in 1869 to 82 in 1886, on farm products from 128 to 68 in the same span of years, and on metals and metal products from 227 to 110 ●●

1870 Japan's population begins rapid growth (1870) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After centuries of stability around 28-30 million, Japan's population began growing in 1870, reaching 56 million by 1920, 73 million by 1940, and 87 million by 1955. ●●

1870 88 per bushel, before plummeting back to 77 cents in March 1870. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 88 per bushel, before plummeting back to 77 cents in March 1870. ●●

1870 By 1820 per capita income in the United States was roughly twice that of China; rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1820 per capita income in the United States was roughly twice that of China; by 1870, nearly five times higher; by 1913 nearly ten times; by 1950 nearly twenty-two times. ●●

1870 3 One recent study of the available data for gross domestic product and consumption since rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3 One recent study of the available data for gross domestic product and consumption since 1870 has identified 148 crises in which a country experienced a cumulative decline in GDP of at least 10 per cent and eighty-seven crises in which consumption suffered a fall of comparable magnitude, implying a probability of financial disaster of around 3. ●●

1870 Pierpont then advised the Ramsey forces, now back in control candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pierpont then advised the Ramsey forces, now back in control, to merge their railroad with the friendly Delaware and Hudson line, which they accomplished in February 1870. ●●

1870 Standard Oil Company incorporated in Ohio ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 10, 1870, Rockefeller, Andrews and Flagler incorporated the Standard Oil Company of Ohio with $1 million in capital. ●●

1870 Prussian generals occupy Ferrières estate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prussian generals occupy Rothschild estate; military dinner is disarrayed. ●●

1870 Radical crowds seize the Paris Hotel de Ville ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following French military defeats, radical crowds seized the Hotel de Ville on October 31, 1870, and again in January. These revolutionary disturbances echoed the upheavals of 1848 and threatened government stability. ●●

1870 In 1870, he notes, the United Kingdom was using 100 million rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1870, he notes, the United Kingdom was using 100 million tons of coal, which was “equivalent to 800 million million Calories of energy, enough to feed a population of 850 million adult males for a ●●

1870 In 1870, the German states combined already possessed a larg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1870, the German states combined already possessed a larger population than France, and only disunity had disguised that fact. Germany had more miles of railway lines, better arranged for military ●●

1870 Under Bismarck’s astonishingly adroit handling, the Great Po rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Under Bismarck’s astonishingly adroit handling, the Great Power system was going to be dominated by Germany for two whole decades after 1870; all roads, diplomats remarked, now led to Berlin. Yet as m ●●

1870 The Russians, although staying benevolently neutral during t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Russians, although staying benevolently neutral during the 1870–1871 war and taking advantage of the crisis in western Europe to improve their own position in the Black Sea,94 resented the fact th ●●

1870 After 1870, however, the shifting balance of world forces wa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After 1870, however, the shifting balance of world forces was eroding British supremacy in two ominous and interacting ways. The first was that the spread of industrialization and the changes in the m ●●

1870 Industrial production, which had grown at an annual rule of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Industrial production, which had grown at an annual rule of about 4 percent in the period 1820 to 1840 and about 3 percent between 1840 and 1870, became more sluggish; between 1875 and 1894 it grew at ●●

1870 In retrospect one can assert, “From 1870 to 1970 the history rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In retrospect one can assert, “From 1870 to 1970 the history of Britain was one of steady and almost unbroken decline, economically, militarily and politically, relative to other nations, from the pea ●●

1870 1870 Military Campaign rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story All of this is, of course, true, but it needs to be put in the context of the alliance system itself.192 After all, had the Russians been allowed to attack Austria-Hungary alone, o... ●●

1870 one of his craftier moves, Bismarck used Napoleon’... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In one of his craftier moves, Bismarck used Napoleon’s posturing to lure him into declaring war on Prussia in 1870. ●●

1870 rian and the Russian Empires. As for France and Ge... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rian and the Russian Empires. As for France and Germany, the magnitude of Prussia’s victory in the 1870 war had produced a permanent French desire for ●●

1870 Resentment soon mixed with fear as French leaders ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Resentment soon mixed with fear as French leaders began to sense that the war of 1870–71 had marked the end of the era of French predominance and an i ●●

1870 After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Germany did... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Germany did not feel compelled to invoke any principle other than its victory for the indemnity it ●●

1870 andoning Poland and Czechoslovakia, or fighting al... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story andoning Poland and Czechoslovakia, or fighting alone, which had been its recurring nightmare since 1870 and was not something it was very likely to u ●●

1870 Giuseppe Garibaldi fights against church authority in Italy candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Italian democratic revolutionary and Freemason Giuseppe Garibaldi militarily opposed the church's authority in Italy and other parts of Europe. In the 1870s, under pressure from unifying Italian democrats, the church officially disbanded its private army and militia, allowing for the emergence of a democratic Italian republic. ●●

1870 Event of 1870 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e Crimean War, France isolated on the Continent because of the memories evoked by its ruler, and Austria wavering between its national and its European roles, Bismarck saw an opportunity to bring about a German national state for the first time in hi ●●

1870 The Mexican Economy, 1870–1930: Essays on the Economic History of Institutions, Revolution, and Grow rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Mexican Economy, 1870–1930: Essays on the Economic History of Institutions, Revolution, and Growth (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002). ●●

1870 5 Japan’s political development occurred with astonishing rapidity during the decade of the 1870s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5 Japan’s political development occurred with astonishing rapidity during the decade of the 1870s. ●●

1870 They staged a number of protests during the 1870s, but in the end discontent remained local and the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They staged a number of protests during the 1870s, but in the end discontent remained local and the group was never organized into a national movement or party. ●●

1870 A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920. ●●

1870 Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914. ●●

1870 Hohenzollern Prussia triumphed between 1867 and 1870 over first the Austrian and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hohenzollern Prussia triumphed between 1867 and 1870 over first the Austrian and then the French emperor ●●

1870 German Protestant theologians and academics, Harnack’s colleagues, had internalized the new imperial rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story German Protestant theologians and academics, Harnack’s colleagues, had internalized the new imperial ideal with remarkable and unedifying speed after the Hohenzollern triumph of 1870-71 ●●

1870 At first the appeal for funds had been associated with the futile rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At first the appeal for funds had been associated with the futile military effort to defend the pope’s remaining territories, but this purpose became irrelevant after Italian unification in 1870 ●●

1870 Publication of Easter Island article in London Builder rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The January 1870 issue of the London Builder published an article describing cyclopean statues on Easter Island bearing ansated crosses and other mystical symbols, discussed by Blavatsky as evidence of ancient global symbolism. ●●

1870 In the late 1870s and 1880s other manufacturers of harvesters and other relative rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the late 1870s and 1880s other manufacturers of harvesters and other relatively costly agricultural machinery began to build or expand marketing or ●●

1870 2 During the 1870s belt lines and other facilities to connect roads had been con rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2 During the 1870s belt lines and other facilities to connect roads had been constructed in Chicago, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Baltimore, Richmond, an ●●

1870 83 All five were built around what had been independent railroad managements bef rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 83 All five were built around what had been independent railroad managements before 1870, the three major units being the Philadelphia and Erie, the U ●●

1870 First, mergers on a national scale appeared only as the railroad and telegraphic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First, mergers on a national scale appeared only as the railroad and telegraphic network went into full operation in the 1870s and 1880s ●●

1870 By the end of the 1870s the leading processors under the guidance of the largest rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of the 1870s the leading processors under the guidance of the largest refiner, the Standard Oil Company, had created one of the strongest i ●●

1870 The first merger, or legal combination of many small manufacturers, came in the... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first merger, or legal combination of many small manufacturers, came in the United States in the petroleum industry, the industry which by 1870 had most effectively perfected the new high-volume, capital-intensive technology ●●

1871 Prussia creates the German Empire, 1866-1871 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Using rigid mobilization planning, Prussia defeated Austria in 1866 and France in 1871, forging the unified German Empire. ●●

1871 Unification of Germany ends European balance (1871) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues Bismarck's unification of Germany destroyed a 250-300 year balance of power, while Germany's rapid economic growth after 1871 reshaped Europe economically. ●●

1871 Eggleston's The Hoosier Schoolmaster published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto references Edward Eggleston's 1871 novel The Hoosier Schoolmaster, set in rural Indiana, to illustrate nineteenth-century classroom dynamics. ●●

1871 Prussia crushes France in the war of 1871 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that when Prussian military discipline crushed France in the 1871 war, the world's attention turned to Prussia. Credit for the victory was widely attributed to Prussian schooling. ●●

1871 Colorado coalminer testifies on the eight-hour day ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes an 1871 Colorado coalminer who testified that eight hours underground was long enough because he had no time to improve his intellect if he worked more. Gatto argues the worker's deficiency was value added to the market. ●●

1871 Rockefeller secretly acquires Bostwick and Tilford ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late 1871, Rockefeller secretly acquired Bostwick and Tilford, a major New York oil purchasing and shipping firm. ●●

1871 France pays war indemnity to Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France pays nearly 5 billion francs to Germany as reparation. ●●

1871 Paris Commune seizes control of Paris ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Paris Commune's seizure of control from March to May 1871 directly interfered with government preparations to pay German war indemnities. This internal conflict threatened to derail the Rothschilds' financial operations. ●●

1871 French War Bonds Attract International Investors rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story French 3% rentes traded at depressed prices around 50-53 francs in early 1871, attracting international bankers seeking capital gains. Intense competition erupted as the Rothschilds faced challenges from Paribas and Morgan. ●●

1871 Banque de Paris outmaneuvers Rothschilds in war finance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Director Soubeyran of Banque de Paris outmaneuvered Alphonse de Rothschild in securing bills during summer 1871, forcing the Rothschilds to cede half the guarantees to other banks. This rare setback challenged Rothschild dominance. ●●

1871 German Empire Confronts Fragmented Monetary Systems rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The newly unified German Empire faced monetary chaos in 1871 with at least seven different coin systems in circulation, mostly silver-based. Liberal reformers pushed for unified gold-based currency. ●●

1871 The most impressive sign of this had been the very rapid pay rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The most impressive sign of this had been the very rapid paying off the German indemnity of 1871, which, in Bismarck’s erroneous calculation, was supposed to cripple France’s strength for many years t ●●

1871 Bairoch’s data show the French GNP in 1913 only 55 percent o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bairoch’s data show the French GNP in 1913 only 55 percent of Germany’s and its share of world manufacturing production around 40 percent of Germany’s; Wright has its national income as being $6 billi ●●

1871 Fighting the Boches with Russia and Britain as one’s allies rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fighting the Boches with Russia and Britain as one’s allies had been the French dream since 1871; now it seemed a distinct reality. France was not strong enough to oppose Germany in a one-to-one strug ●●

1871 1871 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Since 1871, they had known that they could not stand alone against Germany; the 1914–1918 conflict simply confirmed that judgment. This is not to downgrade the French contribution ... ●●

1871 1871 Military Campaign rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Very few of the belligerents (Britain and the United States were among the exceptions) had tried to pay for even part of the costs of the conflict by increasing taxes; instead most... ●●

1871 1871, he said the following about the Franco-Pruss... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1871, he said the following about the Franco-Prussian War: The war represents the German revolution, a greater political event than the French Revo ●●

1871 Information history in 1871 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story which remained out of focus for a long time. What did he hope to achieve? ●●

1871 Japan abolishes the feudal domains ai_extracted 1 cit. no story All of the domains were abolished in a single stroke in 1871 and ordered to incorporate their military forces into a national army. ●●

1871 Drexel, Morgan & Company opens on Wall Street ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1871 Drexel, Morgan & Company opened its doors at 2 3 Wall Street ●●

1871 Originally obtained by Tom Scott in 1871 for possible use in the building of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Originally obtained by Tom Scott in 1871 for possible use in the building of the Pennsylvania’s railroad system, it had been forfeited by the road and ●●

1871 17 In 1871, the company formed a holding company to purchase securities of railr rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17 In 1871, the company formed a holding company to purchase securities of railroad corporations connecting Cairo, Illinois, with New Orleans, and of ●●

1871 Shinn, a highly competent railroad executive who had been appointed the general rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Shinn, a highly competent railroad executive who had been appointed the general agent of the Pennsylvania Company (the subsidiary that operated the Pe ●●

1871 Five mills opened between 1871 and 1873 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Five mills opened between 1871 and 1873 ●●

1872 French investment banks Paribas and Union Parisienne founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes two rival French investment banks: the Banque de Paris et des Pays Bas, set up by the Rothschild group in 1872, and the Banque de l'Union Parisienne, founded by the rival bloc in 1904. ●●

1872 U.S. Bureau of Education circular frames schooling as a business problem ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites the U.S. Bureau of Education's Circular of Information for April 1872, which he says treated inculcating knowledge in workers as a threat that would retard the growth of industry. ●●

1872 Rockefeller has systematically played with loaded dice, and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rockefeller has systematically played with loaded dice, and it is doubtful if there has ever been a time since 1872 when he has run a race with a competitor and started fair.”65 Tarbell rightly surmised that Standard Oil received secret kickbacks from the railroads on a more elaborate scale than its rivals did. ●●

1872 Standard Oil expands capital, authorizes refinery buys ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 1, 1872, the Standard Oil executive committee increased capital to $3.5 million and authorized acquisition of refining properties in Cleveland. ●●

1872 Rockefeller Promises Support to Weaker Competitors rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1872, Rockefeller told competitors that Standard Oil would utilize their abilities and offer them superior rates and advantages. ●●

1872 National Refiners' Association founded in Pittsburgh ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In mid-May 1872, Rockefeller and Flagler created the National Refiners' Association to stabilize prices through production quotas. ●●

1872 Treaty of Titusville signed with oil producers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 19, 1872, Rockefeller signed the Treaty of Titusville pledging refiners to buy oil at $5/barrel in exchange for production limits. ●●

1872 He emphasizes Bohr’s developing understanding then with a potent simile: “It cam rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He emphasizes Bohr’s developing understanding then with a potent simile: “It came to him as a revelation, very much as when he learned of Rutherford’s discovery of the nucleus [thirty] years before.”1872 So Niels Bohr prepared in the early winter of 1943 to travel to America once again with an important and original revelation in hand, this one in the realm not of physics but of the political organization of the world. ●●

1872 Disraeli delivers Crystal Palace speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The issue is not a mean one,” he proclaimed in his famous 1872 Crystal Palace speech. ●●

1872 ned under Russian sovereignty until the collapse o... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ned under Russian sovereignty until the collapse of the Soviet Union more than a century later. In 1872, the same charade was repeated a few hundred m ●●

1872 Event of 1872 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Be- tween 1872 and 1885, nearly all of the European states plus Japan adopted military conscription ●●

1872 Despite the fact that from its first expansion into the Balkans, Orthodoxy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Despite the fact that from its first expansion into the Balkans, Orthodoxy has often become precisely such particular expressions, the affirmation of 1872 is likely to prove of great importance to Orthodoxy in the future ●●

1872 Winkler, that sense justified his defence of the Ku Klux Klan to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Winkler, that sense justified his defence of the Ku Klux Klan to Northern Baptists in 1872 as an example of necessary ‘temporary organizations for the redress of intolerable grievances’ ●●