Events, Verisoph

1870 Giuseppe Garibaldi fights against church authority in Italy candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Italian democratic revolutionary and Freemason Giuseppe Garibaldi militarily opposed the church's authority in Italy and other parts of Europe. In the 1870s, under pressure from unifying Italian democrats, the church officially disbanded its private army and militia, allowing for the emergence of a democratic Italian republic. ●●

1870 Event of 1870 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e Crimean War, France isolated on the Continent because of the memories evoked by its ruler, and Austria wavering between its national and its European roles, Bismarck saw an opportunity to bring about a German national state for the first time in hi ●●

1870 The Mexican Economy, 1870–1930: Essays on the Economic History of Institutions, Revolution, and Grow rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Mexican Economy, 1870–1930: Essays on the Economic History of Institutions, Revolution, and Growth (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002). ●●

1870 5 Japan’s political development occurred with astonishing rapidity during the decade of the 1870s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5 Japan’s political development occurred with astonishing rapidity during the decade of the 1870s. ●●

1870 They staged a number of protests during the 1870s, but in the end discontent remained local and the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They staged a number of protests during the 1870s, but in the end discontent remained local and the group was never organized into a national movement or party. ●●

1870 A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920. ●●

1870 Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914. ●●

1870 Hohenzollern Prussia triumphed between 1867 and 1870 over first the Austrian and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hohenzollern Prussia triumphed between 1867 and 1870 over first the Austrian and then the French emperor ●●

1870 German Protestant theologians and academics, Harnack’s colleagues, had internalized the new imperial rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story German Protestant theologians and academics, Harnack’s colleagues, had internalized the new imperial ideal with remarkable and unedifying speed after the Hohenzollern triumph of 1870-71 ●●

1870 At first the appeal for funds had been associated with the futile rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At first the appeal for funds had been associated with the futile military effort to defend the pope’s remaining territories, but this purpose became irrelevant after Italian unification in 1870 ●●

1870 Publication of Easter Island article in London Builder rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The January 1870 issue of the London Builder published an article describing cyclopean statues on Easter Island bearing ansated crosses and other mystical symbols, discussed by Blavatsky as evidence of ancient global symbolism. ●●

1870 In the late 1870s and 1880s other manufacturers of harvesters and other relative rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the late 1870s and 1880s other manufacturers of harvesters and other relatively costly agricultural machinery began to build or expand marketing or ●●

1870 2 During the 1870s belt lines and other facilities to connect roads had been con rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2 During the 1870s belt lines and other facilities to connect roads had been constructed in Chicago, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Baltimore, Richmond, an ●●

1870 83 All five were built around what had been independent railroad managements bef rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 83 All five were built around what had been independent railroad managements before 1870, the three major units being the Philadelphia and Erie, the U ●●

1870 First, mergers on a national scale appeared only as the railroad and telegraphic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First, mergers on a national scale appeared only as the railroad and telegraphic network went into full operation in the 1870s and 1880s ●●

1870 By the end of the 1870s the leading processors under the guidance of the largest rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of the 1870s the leading processors under the guidance of the largest refiner, the Standard Oil Company, had created one of the strongest i ●●

1870 The first merger, or legal combination of many small manufacturers, came in the... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first merger, or legal combination of many small manufacturers, came in the United States in the petroleum industry, the industry which by 1870 had most effectively perfected the new high-volume, capital-intensive technology ●●

c. 1870 Life and labour on the coastal plantations 5 cit. Field slaves on the coastal shambas worked under overseers for most of the week and were usually given a plot and time to grow their own food. Their conditions differed from those of household and town slaves, who were closer to their owners and often better placed. The regime was coercive and could be brutal, and it depended on a steady flow of new captives from the interior to replace those who died or fled. economy / society ●●

1871 Prussia creates the German Empire, 1866-1871 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Using rigid mobilization planning, Prussia defeated Austria in 1866 and France in 1871, forging the unified German Empire. ●●

1871 Unification of Germany ends European balance (1871) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues Bismarck's unification of Germany destroyed a 250-300 year balance of power, while Germany's rapid economic growth after 1871 reshaped Europe economically. ●●

1871 Eggleston's The Hoosier Schoolmaster published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto references Edward Eggleston's 1871 novel The Hoosier Schoolmaster, set in rural Indiana, to illustrate nineteenth-century classroom dynamics. ●●

1871 Prussia crushes France in the war of 1871 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that when Prussian military discipline crushed France in the 1871 war, the world's attention turned to Prussia. Credit for the victory was widely attributed to Prussian schooling. ●●

1871 Colorado coalminer testifies on the eight-hour day ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes an 1871 Colorado coalminer who testified that eight hours underground was long enough because he had no time to improve his intellect if he worked more. Gatto argues the worker's deficiency was value added to the market. ●●

1871 Bismarck founds the Reichsbank ai_extracted 1 cit. When the Reichsbank was formed in 1871, Bismarck's private banker Gershon Bleichroder warned him that politics would sometimes have to override economics. So the bank was made answerable to a board of politicians led by the chancellor. ●●

1871 Rockefeller secretly acquires Bostwick and Tilford ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late 1871, Rockefeller secretly acquired Bostwick and Tilford, a major New York oil purchasing and shipping firm. ●●

1871 France pays war indemnity to Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France pays nearly 5 billion francs to Germany as reparation. ●●

1871 Paris Commune seizes control of Paris ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Paris Commune's seizure of control from March to May 1871 directly interfered with government preparations to pay German war indemnities. This internal conflict threatened to derail the Rothschilds' financial operations. ●●

1871 French War Bonds Attract International Investors rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story French 3% rentes traded at depressed prices around 50-53 francs in early 1871, attracting international bankers seeking capital gains. Intense competition erupted as the Rothschilds faced challenges from Paribas and Morgan. ●●

1871 Banque de Paris outmaneuvers Rothschilds in war finance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Director Soubeyran of Banque de Paris outmaneuvered Alphonse de Rothschild in securing bills during summer 1871, forcing the Rothschilds to cede half the guarantees to other banks. This rare setback challenged Rothschild dominance. ●●

1871 German Empire Confronts Fragmented Monetary Systems rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The newly unified German Empire faced monetary chaos in 1871 with at least seven different coin systems in circulation, mostly silver-based. Liberal reformers pushed for unified gold-based currency. ●●

1871 The most impressive sign of this had been the very rapid pay rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The most impressive sign of this had been the very rapid paying off the German indemnity of 1871, which, in Bismarck’s erroneous calculation, was supposed to cripple France’s strength for many years t ●●

1871 Bairoch’s data show the French GNP in 1913 only 55 percent o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bairoch’s data show the French GNP in 1913 only 55 percent of Germany’s and its share of world manufacturing production around 40 percent of Germany’s; Wright has its national income as being $6 billi ●●

1871 Fighting the Boches with Russia and Britain as one’s allies rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fighting the Boches with Russia and Britain as one’s allies had been the French dream since 1871; now it seemed a distinct reality. France was not strong enough to oppose Germany in a one-to-one strug ●●

1871 1871 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Since 1871, they had known that they could not stand alone against Germany; the 1914–1918 conflict simply confirmed that judgment. This is not to downgrade the French contribution ... ●●

1871 1871 Military Campaign rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Very few of the belligerents (Britain and the United States were among the exceptions) had tried to pay for even part of the costs of the conflict by increasing taxes; instead most... ●●

1871 1871, he said the following about the Franco-Pruss... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1871, he said the following about the Franco-Prussian War: The war represents the German revolution, a greater political event than the French Revo ●●

1871 Information history in 1871 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story which remained out of focus for a long time. What did he hope to achieve? ●●

1871 Japan abolishes the feudal domains ai_extracted 1 cit. no story All of the domains were abolished in a single stroke in 1871 and ordered to incorporate their military forces into a national army. ●●

1871 Drexel, Morgan & Company opens on Wall Street ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1871 Drexel, Morgan & Company opened its doors at 2 3 Wall Street ●●

1871 Originally obtained by Tom Scott in 1871 for possible use in the building of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Originally obtained by Tom Scott in 1871 for possible use in the building of the Pennsylvania’s railroad system, it had been forfeited by the road and ●●

1871 17 In 1871, the company formed a holding company to purchase securities of railr rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17 In 1871, the company formed a holding company to purchase securities of railroad corporations connecting Cairo, Illinois, with New Orleans, and of ●●

1871 Shinn, a highly competent railroad executive who had been appointed the general rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Shinn, a highly competent railroad executive who had been appointed the general agent of the Pennsylvania Company (the subsidiary that operated the Pe ●●

1871 Five mills opened between 1871 and 1873 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Five mills opened between 1871 and 1873 ●●

c. 1871 The sovereign-citizen claim that governments are secret corporations 2 cit. Sovereign-citizen and pseudolaw groups claim the United States secretly became a private corporation through an 1871 act and that citizens can opt out of its authority. This is a debunked pseudolegal myth: the 1871 law only organized the municipal government of the District of Columbia and changed nothing about national sovereignty. The real, documented story is the state-capitalism and corporate-governance blur covered by the other events here, chartered companies, state-owned firms, sovereign wealth funds, and incorporated cities, not a hidden conspiracy. politics / society ●

1872 French investment banks Paribas and Union Parisienne founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes two rival French investment banks: the Banque de Paris et des Pays Bas, set up by the Rothschild group in 1872, and the Banque de l'Union Parisienne, founded by the rival bloc in 1904. ●●

1872 U.S. Bureau of Education circular frames schooling as a business problem ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites the U.S. Bureau of Education's Circular of Information for April 1872, which he says treated inculcating knowledge in workers as a threat that would retard the growth of industry. ●●

1872 Rockefeller has systematically played with loaded dice, and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rockefeller has systematically played with loaded dice, and it is doubtful if there has ever been a time since 1872 when he has run a race with a competitor and started fair.”65 Tarbell rightly surmised that Standard Oil received secret kickbacks from the railroads on a more elaborate scale than its rivals did. ●●

1872 Standard Oil expands capital, authorizes refinery buys ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 1, 1872, the Standard Oil executive committee increased capital to $3.5 million and authorized acquisition of refining properties in Cleveland. ●●

1872 Rockefeller Promises Support to Weaker Competitors rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1872, Rockefeller told competitors that Standard Oil would utilize their abilities and offer them superior rates and advantages. ●●

1872 National Refiners' Association founded in Pittsburgh ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In mid-May 1872, Rockefeller and Flagler created the National Refiners' Association to stabilize prices through production quotas. ●●

1872 Treaty of Titusville signed with oil producers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 19, 1872, Rockefeller signed the Treaty of Titusville pledging refiners to buy oil at $5/barrel in exchange for production limits. ●●

1872 He emphasizes Bohr’s developing understanding then with a potent simile: “It cam rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He emphasizes Bohr’s developing understanding then with a potent simile: “It came to him as a revelation, very much as when he learned of Rutherford’s discovery of the nucleus [thirty] years before.”1872 So Niels Bohr prepared in the early winter of 1943 to travel to America once again with an important and original revelation in hand, this one in the realm not of physics but of the political organization of the world. ●●

1872 Disraeli delivers Crystal Palace speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The issue is not a mean one,” he proclaimed in his famous 1872 Crystal Palace speech. ●●

1872 ned under Russian sovereignty until the collapse o... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ned under Russian sovereignty until the collapse of the Soviet Union more than a century later. In 1872, the same charade was repeated a few hundred m ●●

1872 Event of 1872 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Be- tween 1872 and 1885, nearly all of the European states plus Japan adopted military conscription ●●

1872 Despite the fact that from its first expansion into the Balkans, Orthodoxy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Despite the fact that from its first expansion into the Balkans, Orthodoxy has often become precisely such particular expressions, the affirmation of 1872 is likely to prove of great importance to Orthodoxy in the future ●●

1872 Winkler, that sense justified his defence of the Ku Klux Klan to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Winkler, that sense justified his defence of the Ku Klux Klan to Northern Baptists in 1872 as an example of necessary ‘temporary organizations for the redress of intolerable grievances’ ●●

1872 Jones Brothers Tea Company founded in Brooklyn ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1872 the Jones Brothers Tea Company of Brooklyn was formed; this became the Grand Union Company of today ●●

1872 26 The road purchased coal properties and in 1872 built and operated a steel rol rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 26 The road purchased coal properties and in 1872 built and operated a steel rolling mill ●●

1872 Aaron Montgomery Ward founds first mail-order firm ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first enterprise to market a wide variety of goods exclusively by mail was formed in 1872 by Aaron Montgomery Ward and his brother-in-law George A ●●

1872 In 1872, when their industry was little more than a decade old, the leading petr... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1872, when their industry was little more than a decade old, the leading petroleum refiners decided on a strategy of horizontal combination ●●

1873 Milner recalls falling under Toynbee's spell in 1873 ai_extracted 1 cit. Quigley traces the group's ideology to Balliol in the 1870s. He quotes Milner recalling his first 1873 meeting with Arnold Toynbee and the lasting influence it had on him. ●●

1873 “There is only one way of getting real rest,” he told Junius rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “There is only one way of getting real rest,” he told Junius, “and that is to get on board of a steamer.”8 Two years after its debut, in 1873, Drexel, Morgan moved to the corner of Wall and Broad str... ●●

1873 Treasury moves to refund Civil War bonded debt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1873, Washington decided to refund, at lower interest rates, the $300 million in bonded debt remaining from the Civil War. Until then, Jay Cooke—Tony Drexel’s main Philadelphia rival—reigned as the... ●●

1873 Even before the 1873 panic, a new way of dealing with railro rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Even before the 1873 panic, a new way of dealing with railroad rascality had appeared, devised, improbably, by Jay Gould. When investors boycotted an Erie bond issue in 1871, he proposed to bring in o... ●●

1873 August Belmont, Sr., thought Pierpont “brusque but fair.”23 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story August Belmont, Sr., thought Pierpont “brusque but fair.”23 Andrew Carnegie, who raised the money for his first rolling mill by brokering bonds to Junius, told the story of how during the 1873 panic t... ●●

1873 Rockefeller dissolves the Pittsburgh Plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 24, 1873, Rockefeller dissolved the Pittsburgh Plan in Saratoga Springs after refiners repeatedly violated production quotas. ●●

1873 Jay Cooke & Company collapse triggers Panic of 1873 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 18, 1873 (Black Thursday), the banking house of Jay Cooke and Company failed due to Northern Pacific Railway financing problems. ●●

1873 Rockefeller buys Forest Hill estate in Cleveland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1873, Rockefeller invested in seventy-nine scenic acres at Forest Hill, a wooded spot in Cleveland destined to become his country home. ●●

1873 Nobel Brothers Petroleum Company founded in Russia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1873, Robert Nobel, of the Swedish Nobel family, arrived in the Caucasus and organized the Nobel Brothers Petroleum Producing Company. ●●

1873 Germany enacts unified gold Coinage Law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Germany passed its Coinage Law in July 1873, establishing a gold-based currency to replace fragmented silver systems. The Reichsbank followed in March 1875 to manage the unified currency. ●●

1873 Stock market crash of 1873 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A speculative boom turned to crash in 1873. Investors scapegoated Jewish bankers for their losses. ●●

1873 Young Aby Warburg contracts typhoid fever rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Six-year-old Aby contracted typhoid and experienced fevered nightmares from Balzac illustrations. This childhood trauma profoundly affected his psychology. ●●

1873 Bismarck forms the Three Emperors' League ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yet Bismarck forged just such an alliance in 1873—the first so-called Three Emperors’ League. ●●

1873 Robert Oppenheimer pitches his summary closer to the shock of surprise a refugee released from the s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Oppenheimer pitches his summary closer to the shock of surprise a refugee released from the suspended animation that had been occupied Denmark would have felt: “To Bohr the enterprises in the United States seemed completely fantastic. ●●

1873 Information history in 1873 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story a tool for thinking, before the thinker uses it as a signal for communicating his thought,”♦ asserted an essayist in Harper’s New Monthly Magazine in 1873. Perhaps the most extended and important infl ●●

1873 knowledge and financial resources that drove Hungary’s moder rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Max Neumann, born Neumann Miksa in 1873, grew up in Pécs, south of Budapest, and became a lawyer and investment banker specializing in the mix of tech ●●

1873 Financial crisis or panic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Historian John Klein tells us that “The financial panics of 1873, 1884, 1893, and 1907 were in large part an outgrowth of ●●

1873 In 1873 the inventor of the typewriter, Christopher L rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1873 the inventor of the typewriter, Christopher L ●●

1873 They did so primarily as a response to the continuing price decline, which becam... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They did so primarily as a response to the continuing price decline, which became increasingly oppressive after the panic of 1873 ushered in a prolonged economic depression ●●

1874 Compulsory schooling spreads across Europe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto lists the rapid spread of compulsion schooling after Prussia's model: Hungary in 1868, Austria in 1869, all the Germanies in 1872, Switzerland in 1874, Italy in 1877, Holland in 1878, and Belgium in 1879. ●●

1874 Disraeli's imperial acts as prime minister ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book quotes Quigley on Disraeli as prime minister from 1874 to 1880 buying control of the Suez Canal and making Queen Victoria Empress of India. It presents these as dramatizing the profit and glamour of empire. ●●

1874 In 1874, the forty-year-old Backus died, likely from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1874, the forty-year-old Backus died, likely from consumption, and his widow inherited an obsolete plant that consisted of little more than a primitive cluster of sheds, stills, and tanks. ●●

1874 Standard Oil buys Imperial Refining Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 22, 1874, Rockefeller purchased the Imperial Refining Company and its vast facility near Oil City, Pennsylvania. ●●

1874 Standard Oil moves to new four-story building ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1874, Standard Oil relocated to a new four-story building, reflecting its growing status as a major oil colossus. ●●

1874 Information history in 1874 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story al fortunes though it was not a particularly glamorous technology amid the excitement of what was already called the Age of Electricity. Beginning in 1874, when an Illinois farmer received U. ●●

1874 The traditionalist case seems unanswerable, and was well expressed by Christopher Wordsworth, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The traditionalist case seems unanswerable, and was well expressed by Christopher Wordsworth, Bishop of Lincoln, in a sermon in Westminster Abbey on 5 July 1874: Brethren, more than fourteen hundred years have now passed away, since the flames of fun ●●

1874 World's largest sewing machine factory built at Elizabethport ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1874 the company built by far the largest sewing machine factory in the world at Elizabethport, New Jersey ●●

1874 This enterprise was the outcome of his success in 1874 in obtaining the Union Pa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This enterprise was the outcome of his success in 1874 in obtaining the Union Pacific, the road which, with the Central Pacific, formed the first tran ●●

1874 This quotation is from Report of the Investigating Committee of the Pennsylvania... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This quotation is from Report of the Investigating Committee of the Pennsylvania Railroad … by Resolution of … March 10, 1874, p ●●

1874 Scott continued to retain his personal holdings in the Texas Pacific, remaining... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Scott continued to retain his personal holdings in the Texas Pacific, remaining its president until 1880, when he also retired as president of the Pennsylvania, a post he took on after Thomson’s death in June 1874 ●●

1875 Foundation of the Reichsbank ai_extracted 1 cit. The Reichsbank was founded in 1875 as a largely privately owned central bank accountable to its shareholders, giving it de facto independence from the German government. ●●●

1875 Disraeli buys Suez Canal shares, 1875 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1875 Disraeli, with Rothschild money, purchased 176,602 Suez Canal shares from the Khedive of Egypt to safeguard British communications with India. ●●

1875 Rhodes writes his 'Confession of Faith' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley grounds the secret society idea in Rhodes's early writing. Rhodes wrote a 'Confession of Faith' in 1875 outlining a Jesuit-modeled society for extending the British Empire, and enclosed it with his will. ●●

1875 Quigley: the adventure that began with Toynbee and Milner in 1875 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Closing his account, Quigley dates the origin of the whole idealistic imperial project to Toynbee and Milner in 1875, saying it had ground down to bitterness and ashes. ●●

1875 Standard Oil acquires Porter, Moreland; Archbold joins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early 1875, Rockefeller captured the second-largest Titusville refiner, bringing young John D. Archbold into the Standard Oil fold. ●●

1875 Acme Oil Company formed to absorb Oil Creek refineries ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1875, Standard Oil formed the Acme Oil Company to acquire Oil Creek refineries under Archbold's direction. ●●

1875 Standard Oil secretly buys J. N. Camden & Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1875, Rockefeller covertly bought J. N. Camden and Company of Parkersburg, West Virginia, completing his major refining center monopoly. ●●

1875 The first occurred in 1875 in the form of a pseudo... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first occurred in 1875 in the form of a pseudo-crisis, a contrived war scare triggered by an editorial in a leading German ●●

1875 This had been true in the Crimean War of 1854, the... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This had been true in the Crimean War of 1854, the Balkan Wars of 1875–78, and prior to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904. One explanation for these tend ●●