Events, Verisoph

1880 Before 1880, Western Union and Montgomery Ward were among the few large firms to... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before 1880, Western Union and Montgomery Ward were among the few large firms to operate on a national scale ●●

1880 These changes can be traced in the Annual Reports of the president of the Wester... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These changes can be traced in the Annual Reports of the president of the Western Union Company for 1880 through 1883 ●●

1880 Bastille Day invented as a French national festival ai_extracted 1 cit. The French Third Republic invented public ceremonies to bind citizens to the state. The most important, Bastille Day, dates precisely to 1880. It combined official display with popular festivity in an annual assertion of France as the nation of 1789. ●●

1880 American flag ritual spreads through US schools ai_extracted 1 cit. The United States invented traditions to turn a mass of immigrants into Americans. From the 1880s the school system was turned into a machine for political socialization, spreading the daily ritual of worshipping the American flag and framing a matching idea of "un-Americanism". ●●

1881 Assassination of Tsar Alexander II, 1881 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anarchist terror produced the assassinations of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, King Humbert of Italy in 1900, and President McKinley in 1901. ●●

1881 French protectorate over Tunis, 1881 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France, occupying Algeria since 1830, established a protectorate over Tunis in 1881, which triggered the British occupation of Egypt the following year. ●●

1881 First Japanese political parties founded (1881-1882) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Opposition to the Sat-Cho oligarchy led to the first real political parties, Itagaki's Liberal Party (1881) and Okuma's Progressive Party (1882), whose leaders often traded support for office. ●●

1881 Russian pogroms against Jews ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russian pogroms against Jews ●●

1881 Vacuum employees found Buffalo Lubricating Oil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1881, a trio of Vacuum employees—J. Scott Wilson, Charles B. Matthews, and Albert Miller—defected to start a rival refinery, the Buffalo Lubricating Oil Company. ●●

1881 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Senate in 1881 and held that seat for the next thirty years, winding up as chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. A confirmed protectionist and devoted servant of the trusts, he used public offi... ●●

1881 Decree of Muharrem places Ottoman debt under control ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Ottoman Sultan issued the Decree of Muharrem on December 20, 1881, reducing foreign debt obligations and establishing an international administration to manage Ottoman public debt. This gave European creditors formal control over Turkish finances. ●●

1881 1881, a new tsar, Alexander III, came to the thron... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1881, a new tsar, Alexander III, came to the throne in St. ●●

1881 by lobbing a hail of small bombs into his open carriage in broad daylight on a main street of St. candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story by lobbing a hail of small bombs into his open carriage in broad daylight on a main street of St. ●●

1881 Information history in 1881 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story lectric Telegraph. ♦ COUNT MIOT DE MELITO CLAIMED: Memoirs of Count Miot de Melito, vol. ●●

1881 Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (London, 1881; first published 1841), 12 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (London, 1881; first published 1841), 12 ●●

1881 In 1881, four enterprises using the most efficient match-making machines combine candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1881, four enterprises using the most efficient match-making machines combined to produce a machine that made matches by the billions and also auto ●●

1881 25 Between 1881 and 1894 company built thirty more branches in every part of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 25 Between 1881 and 1894 company built thirty more branches in every part of the country ●●

1881 Duke begins producing cigarettes in Durham ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Duke, a manufacturer of smoking tobacco in Durham, North Carolina, had decided in 1881 to produce cigarettes because he was having difficulty in compe ●●

1881 Diamond Match Company formed by merger ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a brief period of competition for the national market, these four combined in 1881 to form the Diamond Match Company ●●

1881 T.S. Hunt reads his Celestial Chemistry paper ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 28, 1881, Dr. T.S. Hunt read a paper titled Celestial Chemistry, from the time of Newton, bringing attention to long-neglected passages in Newton's works that described his beliefs in a universal ethereal medium. ●●

1881 Modern refrigerated railroad car appears ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then, in 1881 the modern refrigerated car made its appearance ●●

1881 Swift builds national branch-house distribution network ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the dozen or so years after 1881, when Swift began to build a national branch-house distributing network, six integrated packers dominated the trade—two giants, Armour and Swift, and four smaller firms, Hammond, Morris, Cudahy, and Schwartzchild & Sulzberger ●●

1882 Society for Psychical Research founded by the Balfour circle ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the Society for Psychical Research an enduring creation of the Cecil Bloc. It was founded in 1882 by the Balfour family with Lord Rayleigh and Professor Sidgwick. ●●

1882 Milner's Whitechapel socialism lectures (1882) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Milner delivered six lectures on socialism in Whitechapel in 1882, later published in 1931. Quigley cites this as evidence of the Group's early, undemocratic socialistic leanings. ●●

1882 Appleton School Reader for fifth graders ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1882 fifth graders read authors such as Shakespeare, Thoreau, Scott, and Franklin in their Appleton School Reader. ●●

1882 Grand dinner honors Herbert Spencer in New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes an early 1882 dinner held in Herbert Spencer's honor, where the powerful gathered to hear scientific proof of Anglo-Saxon fitness for rule. He says it set a standard for twentieth-century management. ●●

1882 Atlantic Monthly writer warns of immigrant threat to homogeneity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites an 1882 Atlantic Monthly writer who predicted a coming struggle to preserve the American social order against European immigration. ●●

1882 Elite boarding schools founded after Spencer's 1882 visit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues that over 90 percent of the great American private boarding schools were founded in the short period just after Herbert Spencer's 1882 American visit. ●●

1882 In this case, the agents of reconfigured imperial rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In this case, the agents of reconfigured imperial ism were the accountant and the banker-something like 1 , 300 of them by 1882-who ensured that state... ●●

1882 Drexel, Morgan offices wired for Edison's electricity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Downtown, Drexel, Morgan hosted early meetings of the Edison company and in 1882 became the first Wall Street office to draw electricity from Edison’s generating station at Pearl Street. Edison himsel... ●●

1882 In 1882, he visited Palestine rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1882, he visited Palestine. Deeply moved, he wrote Fanny about the sensations he experienced before the doorway of Christ’s sepulcher: “There is the slab on which He was laid. ●●

1882 Senior’s interest in southern black education antedated this rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Senior’s interest in southern black education antedated this junket by two decades, going back to 1882 when Spelman Seminary was still operating from a leaky church basement. In his own travels through the South, he often attended black Baptist churches on Sunday mornings. ●●

1882 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his testimony, Rockefeller supplied for the first time the Standard Oil trust agreement that had been drawn up in 1882; named the eight current trustees; revealed that the trust now had seven hu... ●●

1882 Marianne Warburg dies; Sara's grief rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marianne, Sara's eldest daughter, died in December after hiding her illness. Sara's grief was boundless as she blamed herself for Marianne's disastrous marriage decades earlier. ●●

1882 Above all, he had removed the incentives that migh... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Above all, he had removed the incentives that might have turned a local crisis into a general war. In 1882, the year following the second Three Empero ●●

1882 Event of 1882 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 44 Ironically, after Congress acted to exclude Chinese immigration in 1882, many thousands continued to secure admission by compelling courts to recog ●●

1882 It is not supported by evidence,’ he responded to uncourteously persistent questioning rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It is not supported by evidence,’ he responded to uncourteously persistent questioning a few months before his death in 1882 ●●

1882 47 In 1882, in retaliation for Gould’s move into Iowa, Perkins built his own lin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 47 In 1882, in retaliation for Gould’s move into Iowa, Perkins built his own line to Denver, paralleling that of the Union Pacific (and also that of t ●●

1882 11 So, too, did a comparable mill built in 1882 by the oatmeal producer, Henry P rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 11 So, too, did a comparable mill built in 1882 by the oatmeal producer, Henry P ●●

1882 Libby and Wilson begin canned meat production ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1882 two of the smaller meat packers, Libby, McNeil & Libby and Wilson & Company, began volume production of canned meat in Chicago ●●

1882 Standard Oil Trust formed by shareholder agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the agreement signed on January 2, 1882, the shareholders of the forty companies exchanged their stock for certificates in the new Standard Oil Trust ●●

1882 16 Between 1882 and 1885 the trust reduced the number of refineries it operated... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 16 Between 1882 and 1885 the trust reduced the number of refineries it operated from fifty-three to twenty-two ●●

c. 1882 Nabongo Mumia rules the Wanga from his capital at Mumias 4 cit. Nabongo Mumia took the Wanga throne around 1882 and made his capital, Elureko, a hub on the caravan route where Swahili-Arab traders bought ivory and slaves and hired his warriors. His kingdom's central authority, backed by allied Maasai mercenaries, made it unusually strong for the region. Mumias town still carries his name. economy / politics ●●●

1883 Galton coins the term "eugenics" 1 cit. Francis Galton coined "eugenics" in his book Inquiries into Human Faculty, proposing that human breeding be controlled to favor supposedly superior traits. The idea would later be used to justify forced sterilization and mass murder. science / society ●●●

1883 Pendleton civil service reform, 1883 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that the 1883 Pendleton Bill introducing civil service reform was pushed by business interests to cut off the patronage income that made party machines independent of business money. ●●

1883 Mahdist revolt and the fall of Khartoum, 1883 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Mahdi Muhammad Ahmed led a Sudanese revolt against Egyptian control in 1883, wiped out a British force under General Charles Gordon at Khartoum, and held an independent Sudan for fifteen years. ●●

1883 German law regulating stock promotion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the promotion excesses of 1870-1874, a government investigation led to a strict 1883 law regulating promotion. Quigley argues this pushed German bankers toward long-term control of industry rather than short-term speculation. ●●

1883 Milner establishes Toynbee Hall in memory of Arnold Toynbee ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arnold Toynbee, Milner's closest friend at Balliol, died young in 1883. Milner then helped found Toynbee Hall, a settlement house in London, and chaired its governing board for years. ●●

1883 Maguire obtains the Lobengula mining concession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story J. Rochfort Maguire, Rhodes's close college friend, obtained the original mining concession from Lobengula in 1883. Quigley notes it became the basis of the British South Africa Company. ●●

1883 Standard Oil assembles Manhattan headquarters site ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late 1883, Standard Oil began assembling real estate in Manhattan for new headquarters overlooking Broadway at Bowling Green. ●●

1883 The Army had contracted with Tennessee Eastman, a manufacturing subsidiary of Ea rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Army had contracted with Tennessee Eastman, a manufacturing subsidiary of Eastman Kodak, to operate the electromagnetic separation plant.1883 By late October 1943, when Stone & Webster finished installing the first Alpha racetrack, the company had assembled a work force of 4,800 men and women. ●●

1883 BIRTH OF BUREAUCRACY Prior to the landmark 1883 Pendleton Act, there were a number of efforts at pu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story BIRTH OF BUREAUCRACY Prior to the landmark 1883 Pendleton Act, there were a number of efforts at public-sector reform. ●●

1883 Pendleton Act creates merit-based civil service ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Pendleton Act was passed in 1883, but it was not until the 1920s that a large majority of public servants were put under the merit classification system. ●●

1883 Pendleton Act reforms the US civil service ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prior to passage of the 1883 Pendleton Act and the spread of merit-based bureaucracy, American government was a cli-entelistic system in which public offices were allocated by the political parties on the basis of patronage. ●●

1883 In the United States, the Tidewater Company, the consolidation of crude oil prod candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the United States, the Tidewater Company, the consolidation of crude oil producers that built the long-distance pipeline, had made a deal as early ●●

1884 Formation of the Comité des Forges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Comité des Forges was formed in 1884 as an association of all French metallurgical industries, using a single joint selling agency (comptoir) to prevent price competition. ●●

1884 Toynbee Hall founded as a settlement house (1884) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that Toynbee and Milner's mildly socialistic social-service work led to the founding of Toynbee Hall as a settlement house in 1884. He uses this to argue the Group was not driven by capitalist motives. ●●

1884 Rosebery uses 'commonwealth' at Adelaide (1884) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes the older Cecil Bloc imperialists used the term commonwealth for the Empire as early as 1884, when Rosebery did so in a speech at Adelaide. He argues the Group popularized rather than invented it. ●●

1884 IEEE founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers was founded in 1884 and has set electricity standards since Thomas Edison's era. Wood argues the IEEE, with hundreds of thousands of members, is positioned to lead the global Smart Grid standards effort. ●●

1884 Fabian Society comes into existence ai_extracted 1 cit. Gatto dates the founding of Fabianism to around 1884, named for the Roman general Fabius. He argues the Fabians became a potent force behind the modern welfare state and dumbed-down schooling. ●●

1884 Berlin Conference partitions Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. Following on a series of congresses that since 1 8 1 5 had tried to regulate the political order of Europe (chapters 8 and n), the Berlin Confer ence... ●●

1884 Sara Warburg, banking matriarch, dies at 79 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sara, the formidable matriarch of the Warburg banking dynasty, died abruptly of a heart attack or stroke. Hamburg had never seen so many mourners at a funeral. ●●

1884 Japan creates a civil service career track ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A civil service career track was created in 1884 with a pension system that rewarded long service. ●●

1884 Franchise expansion stretched out over three major reform bills in 1832, 1867, and 1884 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Franchise expansion stretched out over three major reform bills in 1832, 1867, and 1884. ●●

1884 Death of Gregor Mendel and burning of his notes debunked ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gregor Mendel died in 1884, with his monastery burning all his scientific notes. His work remained obscure until 1900 when William Bateson rediscovered it, allowing American eugenicists to misapply his plant heredity laws to justify racial pseudoscience. ●●

1884 Huntington combines rail and steamship lines ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1884 Huntington and his associates combined all these rail and steamship lines into a single system headed by a holding and operating concern, the ●●

1884 Patterson of National Cash Register attributed the swift growth of his innovativ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Patterson of National Cash Register attributed the swift growth of his innovative enterprise after 1884—and with it the expansion of the industry as a whole—to the strength of his canvassing force, the training and competence of his salesmen, and the ability of his marketing organization to provide credit and service ●●

1885 to 1908 Congo Free State atrocities 1 cit. King Leopold II of Belgium ran the Congo as his private property, forcing villages to collect rubber under a brutal quota system. Killings, mutilation, famine and disease caused millions of deaths before international outcry forced Belgium to annex it. economy / society ●●●●●

1885 Indian National Congress established (1885) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A British official who foresaw violent nationalism sought to channel it constructively by establishing the Indian National Congress in 1885, hoping to train Indians in representative institutions. ●●

1885 Cattell claims people read whole words ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that in 1885 James McKeen Cattell, trained under Wundt at Leipzig, used the tachistoscope to claim people read whole words rather than letters, a finding later shown to be wrong. ●●

1885 Vienna University bars Jews from membership ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vienna University bars Jews from membership ●●

1885 Morgan brokers the Corsair Compact railroad treaty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The newspapers lionized the author of this Great Railroad Treaty of 1885, also known as the Corsair Compact.23 Pierpont had pulled off such a masterly feat that even Junius—so stingy with compliments—... ●●

1885 Penjdeh crisis threatens Anglo-Russian war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russian forces defeat Afghan troops at Penjdeh, precipitating serious diplomatic crisis over Central Asian boundaries. Natty Rothschild negotiates with Russian ambassador to achieve peaceful compromise. ●●

1885 Conclusions With the important exception of the American Ci rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Conclusions With the important exception of the American Civil War, the period 1815–1885 had not witnessed any lengthy, mutually exhausting military struggles. The lesser campaigns of this age, like ●●

1885 5The Coming of a Bipolar World and the Crisis of the “Middle rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5The Coming of a Bipolar World and the Crisis of the “Middle Powers”: Part One, 1885–1918 In the winter of 1884–1885, the Great Powers of the world, joined by a few smaller states, met in Berlin in a ●●

1885 While it is obvious that no one in 1885 could accurately for rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While it is obvious that no one in 1885 could accurately forecast the ruin and desolation which prevailed in Europe sixty years later, it was the case that many acute observers in the late nineteenth ●●

1885 The multipolar world of 1885 was replaced by a bipolar world rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The multipolar world of 1885 was replaced by a bipolar world as early as 1943. The international struggle intensified, and broke into wars totally different from the limited clashes of nineteenth-cent ●●

1885 The Position of the Powers, 1885–1914 In the face of such u rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Position of the Powers, 1885–1914 In the face of such unnervingly specific figures, that a certain power possessed 2.7 percent of world manufacturing production in 1913, or that another had an in ●●

1885 The Tsar’s suspicions were reinforced by his Danis... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Tsar’s suspicions were reinforced by his Danish wife, who could not forgive Bismarck for taking Schleswig-Holstein from her native country. The Bu ●●

1885 Event of 1885 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story it, reducing a force of more than one million men to roughly 65,000. In 1890, the American army ranked fourteenth in the world, after Bulgaria’s, and the American navy was smaller than Italy’s, a country with one-thirteenth of America’s industrial st ●●

1885 Information history in 1885 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story say, four messages of five words each and bundle them into a fixed-price telegram of twenty words. The code books got bigger and they got smaller. ●●

1885 Event of 1885 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Be- tween 1872 and 1885, nearly all of the European states plus Japan adopted military conscription ●●

1885 Methodist schism sparks persecution in Tonga ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Schism with Conference loyalists resulted, and between 1885 and 1887 there followed a brutal persecution of Methodists by Methodists, until the British High Commissioner intervened ●●

1885 When one young liberal Catholic Belgian academic in 1956 published a work rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When one young liberal Catholic Belgian academic in 1956 published a work proposing that the Belgian Congo might suitably be given independence on the centenary of its cession to King Leopold in 1885, his book provoked a storm of ridicule and fury in ●●

1885 Thus, at the June 1885 meeting of the Master Car Builders Association, its presi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, at the June 1885 meeting of the Master Car Builders Association, its president, Leander Garvey, opened the session, the Railroad Gazette reporte ●●

1885 By 1885, the company had constructed Ivorydale, a model industrial plant, which rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1885, the company had constructed Ivorydale, a model industrial plant, which became a Cincinnati showplace ●●

1885 Before Duke made his gamble in 1885 on Bonsack’s continuous-process cigarette ma... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before Duke made his gamble in 1885 on Bonsack’s continuous-process cigarette machine, he and his four major competitors were still basically single-function manufacturing enterprises ●●

1885 Before 1885 none had set up branch sales offices operated by their own salaried... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before 1885 none had set up branch sales offices operated by their own salaried personnel and managers ●●

1885 Duke signs Bonsack cigarette machine contract ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even before he had signed the contract with James Bonsack in June 1885 to use his machine to make all his cigarettes, expensive as well as cheap, he began to set up selling and distributing offices in the leading American commercial centers ●●

1885 The lubricating oil committee appeared in 1885 when the trust decided to central... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The lubricating oil committee appeared in 1885 when the trust decided to centralize the sale of lubricants in New York ●●

1885 W. Pengelly lecture on extinct lake geology candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Geologist W. Pengelly, F.R.S., delivered a lecture in March 1885 discussing the geological evidence of extinct lakes and ancient climate conditions in Devonshire, delivered to scholarly societies. ●●

1885 Mannesmann steel company founded in the Ruhr ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Mannesmann steel firm, one of the most important companies in Germany's Ruhr industrial region, was founded and later came under a chairman Nkrumah notes was a former Nazi party member. ●●

1886 Diamonds and gold discovered in South Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The discovery of diamonds in 1869 and of gold in 1886 in South Africa, especially in the Boer Transvaal, intensified the imperial scramble for the region. ●●

1886 Heyday of English financial capitalism under Montagu Norman ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The heyday of English financial capitalism is associated with Montagu Norman's governorship of the Bank of England (1920-1944), but Quigley dates its start to the 1886 promotion of Guinness, Ltd., by Barings. ●●

1886 Smithsonian removes Adena burial mound contents in 1886 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto says that in 1886 the Smithsonian took the contents of two ancient Adena burial mounds in Monongahela to Washington. ●●

1886 From 1886 to 1899, annual profits in Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company, on... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 1886 to 1899, annual profits in Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company, one of the world’s preeminent industrial companies, tripled from $15 million to $45 million. Such a gush... ●●

1886 Edith Foster and Allen Macy Dulles Marry rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Edith Foster and Reverend Allen Macy Dulles married in January 1886 after their courtship through diplomatic circles. ●●

1886 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His correspondence does show that his problem with hair loss began earlier than previously imagined; in 1886, at age forty-seven, he was already ordering bottles of hair restorative. ●●

1886 Unionists defeat Gladstone's Home Rule Bill ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Conservatives and Liberal Unionists decisively defeat Gladstone's Home Rule Bill, with 394 Unionist seats versus 276 Nationalist MPs. The Rothschild-Conservative alliance proves decisive in British electoral politics. ●●

1886 The corporation wins the rights of a person 2 cit. In the Santa Clara case, US law treats the corporation as a legal person entitled to constitutional protections. Corporate personhood gave the company the rights of a citizen without the mortality or conscience of one, a cornerstone of the production and labor pillar's corporate form. economy / pillar / politics ●●●●