Events, Verisoph

14 September 1930 Nazi breakthrough in the 1930 Reichstag election 1 cit. Amid the Depression the Nazi Party jumps from 12 to 107 seats, becoming the second-largest party in the Reichstag. The vote turns Hitler's movement from a fringe group into a major force in German politics. politics ●●●

1930 The Kakamega Gold Rush Breaks the Reserve Pledge 4 cit. When gold was found at Kakamega in the Luhya reserve around 1930, the government rushed to amend the Native Lands Trust Ordinance so prospectors and mining companies could enter land that had been promised to Africans for good. The change stripped the so-called protection of the reserves the moment that land became valuable to Europeans. It exposed the hollowness of colonial guarantees and stands as a plain case of one law for the settler and another for the African. economy / politics ●●

c. 1930 Mission Ethnography and the Making of Moral Ethnicity contested 1 cit. Missionaries and officials wrote the dictionaries, grammars, and customary-law codes that pinned each community to one language, one custom, and one bounded culture, deepening the lines colonial administration had drawn. The historian John Lonsdale distinguished a community's own moral ethnicity, its inward argument about virtue and belonging, from the divisive political tribalism that colonial rule and the scramble for resources encouraged. Divide-and-rule set community against community, a hardened tribalism that still shapes Kenyan politics, and this reading is an interpretation historians debate rather than settled fact. culture / politics / society ●●●

c. 1930 The pastoralists bypassed by schools and development 5 cit. Missionaries and the government concentrated schools, clinics, and cash-crop projects in the farming highlands and around the lake, leaving the pastoralist districts almost untouched. Herders entered independence with the lowest literacy and the fewest services in the country. The gap was less about distance than about a choice to invest where returns for the colony looked highest. economy / society ●●

1930 The Female Circumcision Crisis and the Kijabe Murder ai_extracted 1 cit. Protestant missions' campaign to ban clitoridectomy split Kikuyu Christian congregations in the late 1920s. The crisis came to a head in January 1930 when an elderly woman missionary was murdered at the African Inland Mission headquarters at Kijabe, hastening the growth of independent Kikuyu schools and churches. ●●

c. 1930 Colonial forest reserves cut the Ogiek off from the Mau 4 cit. British forest and game policy gazetted much of the Mau as protected reserve and treated the resident Ogiek as squatters with no title. Restrictions on hunting and residence began to sever the community from the resources they had always used. The state did not recognise the Ogiek as a distinct people with land claims. environment / politics / society ●●

c. 1930 One label for many unrelated forager peoples 2 cit. The Dorobo label covered peoples as distinct as the Okiek of the Mau, the Yaaku of Laikipia, and other small hunting bands, who spoke languages from different families. Their shared feature was a foraging economy, not common descent. Grouping them together obscured real differences in origin and speech. culture / society ●

c. 1930 The Yaaku shift from Cushitic foragers to Maa-speaking pastoralists 2 cit. Between about 1925 and 1936 the Yaaku moved into the orbit of Maa-speaking pastoralists, taking up cattle, Maasai custom, and the Maa language. They came to call themselves Mukogodo Maasai, and Yaakunte was pushed aside within a generation. The change was driven by the prestige and bridewealth economy of their cattle-keeping neighbours. culture / economy / society ●●●

1930s Japanese military fitness survey of the early 1930s ai_extracted 1 cit. A countrywide survey conducted by the Japanese military in the early 1930s found a high percentage of young men physically unfit for military service due to malnutrition, disease, and job-induced disabilities. ●●

1931 Manchuria placed under direct army rule ai_extracted 1 cit. Manchuria had been under direct Japanese army rule since 1931 and served as the testing ground where planners experimented with the prototype of the mobilized war economy before implementing it in Japan. ●●●

1931 Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster, 1931 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The equal-partnership principle for the dominions was restated in the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and made law as the Statute of Westminster in 1931. ●●

1931 Credit-Anstalt collapse triggers European banking crisis (May 8, 1931) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 8, 1931, the Rothschild-controlled Credit-Anstalt, dominant in Austrian industry, announced heavy losses; the ensuing run spread to German and London banks and forced Britain off gold. ●●

1931 Britain suspends the gold standard, 1931 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 18, 1931, New York and Paris refused further credits to the British Treasury, and three days later Britain suspended the gold standard. The bank rate still stood at only 4.5 percent. ●●

1931 Largest bank in Austria collapses ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1931 the largest bank in Austria collapsed, unable to liquidate its assets fast enough to meet claims. The Austrian debacle spread the banking panic to Germany. ●●

1931 Famine during Soviet collectivization, 1931-1933 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Because the government seized food to feed the cities, at least three million peasants starved in 1931-1933. Stalin later told Churchill that twelve million peasants died in the reorganization of agriculture. ●●

1931 Harzburg Front alliance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 11, 1931, the Nazis, Nationalists, the Stahlhelm, and the Junker Landbund formed the reactionary Harzburg Front, ostensibly against Communism but really part of intrigues to seize power. ●●

1931 Quigley: bank directors raised to the peerage, 1931-1939 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites that in the eight years 1931-1939 thirteen directors of the Big Five banks and two directors of the Bank of England were raised to the peerage by the Conservative government, as evidence of finance's political reward. ●●

1931 Quigley: the 1931 crisis revealed the power of the bankers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the 1931 National government crisis exposed both the incapacity of the Labour Party and the power of the bankers, who privately insisted budgets be balanced by cutting relief rather than by taxation. ●●

1931 National government wins the 1931 election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After forcing Britain off gold, the National government called an October 1931 election it won overwhelmingly, with 458 members supporting it and only 56 in opposition. ●●

1931 End of financial capitalism in Britain (Invergordon mutiny) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley marks 1931 as Britain's turning point from financial to monopoly capitalism. He argues the decisive blow was the naval mutiny at Invergordon on 15 September 1931, not the abandonment of gold six days later. ●●

1931 Paribas's control over French corporations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues French investment banks held industry through interlocking directorships. In 1931 Paribas held securities of 357 corporations and its directors held 180 directorships in 120 of the most important. ●●

1931 Collapse of the collective security structure ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the collective security structure built after 1919 was destroyed completely in the eight years after 1931 under the assaults of Japan, Italy, and Germany. ●●

1931 Japanese seizure of Manchuria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Japanese army independently seized Manchuria in the autumn of 1931, an action the civilian leaders had to condone. China was set up as a Japanese protectorate under the former emperor Henry P'ui. ●●

1931 Stimson Doctrine of non-recognition ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites the 1931 Stimson Doctrine as a shift from recognizing states by their ability to keep order to a subjective approval of their form of government. ●●

1931 Ramsay MacDonald forms the National Government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story MacDonald secretly negotiated with Baldwin and the King and emerged as Prime Minister of a Conservative-backed government, splitting the Labour Party. Quigley asserts the Milner Group played a secret role in the 1931 intrigue. ●●

1931 Quigley: Milner Group controls the 1931 League Assembly delegation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the Group's grip on Britain's League representation was most complete at the Twelfth Assembly, when all five British delegates were Group members or close associates. ●●

1931 John Childs writes on experimentalism and China, 1931 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes a 1931 Columbia Teachers College text by John Childs describing how Dewey's ideas influenced China's 'New Thought Tide.' ●●

1931 Montagu Norman's nervous breakdown revealed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 15 August 1931, at the peak of the world financial crisis, the Bank of England announced that its governor, Montagu Norman, had abandoned all work and gone abroad. In truth he had suffered a nervous breakdown as Europe's banking system neared collapse. ●●

1931 Hoover declares a one-year debt and reparations moratorium ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the 1931 crisis deepened, President Herbert Hoover suspended all payments of war debts and reparations for a year. It was an attempt to relieve pressure on Germany and the collapsing European banking system. ●●

1931 Collapse of Austria's Creditanstalt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1931 Austria's largest bank, the Rothschild-owned Creditanstalt, closed its doors. Its failure helped trigger the wider European banking panic of that summer. ●●

1931 Norman floats an international bank plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the February 1931 BIS meeting in Basel, Norman proposed a large international bank to channel gold-rich French and American money to countries needing capital. Neither France nor America would back it. ●●

1931 Norman's “secret mission” to America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1931 Norman sailed to the United States on a heavily publicized mission to seek support against the Depression. He returned empty-handed after Morgan and the New York Fed rejected his schemes. ●●

1931 Bank runs resume in Chicago ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1931 bank runs resumed as a Chicago suburban real estate bubble collapsed, sweeping away thirty banks with $60 million in deposits. The panic soon spread to Toledo and beyond. ●●

1931 Norman predicts the wreck of capitalism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In spring 1931 Norman wrote to Banque de France governor Moret foreseeing the collapse of the capitalist system within a year, and asked that the prediction be filed for reference. It was shrugged off as his usual gloom. ●●

1931 Schacht meets Hitler ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 5, 1931, Goring brought Schacht and industrialist Fritz Thyssen to meet Hitler at his Berlin apartment. Schacht came away impressed, a fateful step toward his alliance with the Nazis. ●●

1931 Failure of the Credit Anstalt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 8, 1931, Austria's largest and most reputable bank, the Vienna Credit Anstalt founded by the Rothschilds in 1855, revealed a $20 million loss that wiped out most of its equity. Its failure set off the chain of events that turned the slump into the Great Depression. ●●

1931 Lamont proposes a debt moratorium to Hoover ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 5, 1931, Morgan partner Thomas Lamont phoned President Hoover urging him to declare a one-year holiday on all war debt and reparations payments. Only the United States, he argued, could take the lead. ●●

1931 Bruning's provocative austerity manifesto ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 5, 1931, Chancellor Bruning unveiled fresh austerity measures alongside a manifesto declaring Germany at the limit of its endurance and demanding relief from reparations. Its confrontational tone alarmed Washington. ●●

1931 Hoover announces the debt moratorium ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 20, 1931, Hoover publicly proposed forgiving a year of war-debt payments if the Allies suspended German reparations. The German stock market jumped 25 percent the following Monday. ●●

1931 Nordwolle wool combine collapses ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 17, 1931, the German wool combine Nordwolle declared bankruptcy with $50 million in concealed losses from speculating on wool prices. Its failure exposed the German banks tied to it. ●●

1931 Danatbank cannot meet its liabilities ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 8, 1931, Jacob Goldschmidt told the Reichsbank that his Danatbank, Germany's third largest, could not meet its obligations. It was the trigger for the collapse of the German banking system. ●●

1931 France's political conditions for a German loan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 10, 1931, France offered Germany up to $300 million only if it abandoned the Austrian customs union, halted two pocket battleships, and curbed nationalist demonstrations. Germany rejected the terms as political blackmail. ●●

1931 German banks fail to open; bank holiday declared ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 13, 1931, the Danatbank failed to open, its doors posted with a government guarantee of deposits. Runs besieged every bank and President Hindenburg proclaimed a national bank holiday. ●●

1931 The Bad Harzburg rally of the right ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1931 the German nationalist right staged a rally at Bad Harzburg uniting Nazis, industrialists, and monarchists against the republic. Schacht appeared publicly for the first time as a Nazi associate. ●●

1931 Macmillan Report exposes London's debts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Macmillan Report, issued July 13, 1931, revealed that the City of London's short-term liabilities to foreigners were near $2 billion, later found closer to $3 billion. The figure shook confidence in London as banker to the world. ●●

1931 Bank of England loses half its gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the last two weeks of July 1931 the Bank of England lost $250 million, nearly half its gold reserves, as investors fled the City. It raised rates only modestly, from 2.5 to 4.25 percent. ●●

1931 May Committee report deepens the crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 31, 1931, the May Committee exaggerated Britain's budget deficit and urged deep spending cuts, including to unemployment benefits, amid a run on sterling. Keynes called it the most foolish document he had ever read. ●●

1931 Morgan blessing and fall of the Labour government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On August 22-23, 1931, the Morgan partners approved Britain's budget cuts as a condition for a loan. The cabinet split over the cuts to unemployment benefits and the Labour government resigned. ●●

1931 The Invergordon mutiny ai_extracted 1 cit. On September 14, 1931, sailors of the Atlantic Fleet at Invergordon refused to muster over pay cuts. Reported abroad as a mutiny, it fed fears that Britain was near revolution and accelerated the run on sterling. ●●

1931 Britain decides to leave the gold standard ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Over the weekend of September 19-20, 1931, after losing $1 billion in gold, the British government decided to suspend gold payments. The decision ended Britain's defense of sterling's parity. ●●

1931 The pound falls off gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Within days of leaving gold in September 1931 the pound fell nearly 25 percent, from $4.86 to $3.75. Twenty-five countries followed Britain off gold in the following months. ●●

1931 American banks fail after Britain leaves gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the month after Britain's departure from gold, 522 American banks failed, and by year's end 2,294 had suspended operations with $1.7 billion in deposits. Fear of a U.S. devaluation drove a gold outflow across the Atlantic. ●●

1931 The Fed raises rates in a depression ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1931, with bank runs raging and production collapsing, the Fed raised rates from 1.5 to 3.5 percent to defend its gold, driven by an anachronistic reserve requirement. With deflation, the real cost of money rose above 10 percent. ●●

1931 North German Wool collapse triggers German bank crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 16, 1931, North German Wool failed, triggering a financial crisis as it dragged down German creditors, most notably the huge Danat Bank on July 11. ●●

1931 Brüning government imposes 25 percent flight tax ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1931, the Brüning government had imposed a 25 percent flight tax on capital shifted abroad and under the Nazis, these extortionate taxes steadily rose, making the decision to leave excruciating. ●●

1931 Godel publishes his incompleteness paper ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5, it is divisible by 121, and (when decoded according to the official rules) it is a provable formula. Gödel laid all this out in a little paper in 1931. ●●

1931 Fine Hall opens at Princeton ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fine Hall opened in October of 1931, with no detail overlooked: from the showers and locker room in the basement (“members of the department who wish ●●

1931 Manchurian Incident and seizure of Manchuria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lower-ranking officers of the Kwantung Army there assassinated the warlord Chang Tso-lin, and after the September 1931 Manchurian Incident seized most of southern Manchuria. ●●

1931 Washington links reparations to Allied war debts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Most critically of all, on 20 June 1931, in response to the talk of an imminent debt moratorium, Washington finally conceded the linkage between reparations and the inter-Allied war debts.°° In the interests of preserving America’s loans to Germany, ●●

1931 Fourth emergency decree slashes German wages and prices ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The fourth Presidential emergency decree of 8 December 1931, apart from banning the wearing of party uniforms and political demonstrations, also ordered mandatory cuts in wages, salaries, prices and interest rates, followed by a further decrease in g ●●

c. August 1931 The Hayek-Keynes debates 2 cit. Hayek publishes a critical review of Keynes's Treatise on Money, opening a running exchange between the two economists over the causes of business cycles and the proper role of government spending. Keynes argued that active fiscal policy could smooth recessions, while Hayek held that credit expansion caused the malinvestment that produced them. The dispute became the defining rivalry of twentieth-century macroeconomics and shaped the LSE-Cambridge divide. economy ●●●

1931 Vannevar Bush builds the Differential Analyzer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vannevar Bush builds an analog electromechanical computer capable of solving differential equations. ●●

1931 Turing enters King's College, Cambridge ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Turing wins a scholarship to read mathematics at King's College, Cambridge. ●●

1931 Godel publishes the incompleteness theorem ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kurt Godel shows that any formal system powerful enough to express ordinary mathematics contains statements that can be neither proved nor disproved. ●●

c. 1931 Ford and General Motors build vehicles inside Germany 2 cit. Ford ran a German subsidiary at Cologne, and General Motors owned Opel, the country's largest carmaker. Through the 1930s their German plants turned out cars and trucks, and after 1939 those factories produced vehicles for the German war effort. The parent firms' degree of control during the war has been argued over, but the production is documented. economy / technology / war ●●●

c. 1931 Gold is found in the North Kavirondo native reserve 4 cit. Prospectors confirm workable gold deposits near Kakamega, inside the North Kavirondo reserve that had just been set aside for the Luhya. Word spread quickly through the colony and beyond. The find sat on land that the 1930 ordinance had supposedly placed off limits to outsiders. economy / environment ●●●

15 November 1931 Mwai Kibaki is born in Gatuyaini, Othaya 2 cit. Mwai Kibaki was born on 15 November 1931 in Gatuyaini village, Othaya, in what is now Nyeri County. His parents were Kibaki Githinji and Teresia Wanjiku, and official biographical accounts place him in a large peasant Kikuyu family. The local setting matters: Kibaki entered national politics as a technocrat, but his electoral base and later burial site remained Othaya. politics / society ●●●●

1 June 1931 Kahn formulates the Keynesian multiplier 1 cit. In June 1931 Richard F. Kahn published "The Relation of Home Investment to Unemployment" in The Economic Journal. The article gave the employment-multiplier logic that Keynes and his Cambridge circle would fold into the case for public works and demand management. economy / science ●●●●

1931 Co-operative law starts as a settler instrument 1 cit. Kenya first regulated cooperative societies through the 1931 Cooperative Societies Ordinance. This was not yet a mass African empowerment tool. In practice the early cooperative world belonged mainly to settler agriculture and colonial commerce, with African participation blocked or tightly limited. The point is important: cooperatives entered Kenya as regulated economic machinery inside a racial economy, not as neutral village democracy. economy / politics / society ●●●

1932 Foreign exchange control laws of 1932 ai_extracted 1 cit. Japan's 1932 foreign exchange control laws were used to restrict imports and represented the first set of reforms that would eventually create a controlled war economy. ●●●

1932 to 1942 Joseph Grew serves as U.S. ambassador to Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. Joseph C. Grew, married to a cousin of banker J. P. Morgan, was U.S. ambassador to Japan from 1932 until 1942, later becoming undersecretary at the State Department. ●●

1932 to 1972 Tuskegee syphilis study begins on Black men 1 cit. U.S. public health officials studied untreated syphilis in about 600 Black men, lying to them and withholding penicillin even after it became a cure. The 40-year abuse killed many and became a defining example of racist medical exploitation. science / society ●●●

1932 World Disarmament Conference achieves nothing (1932-1935) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The World Disarmament Conference, six years in preparation and in session from February 1932 to April 1935, achieved nothing notable amid the Franco-German deadlock and worsening depression. ●●

1932 Ottawa Imperial Preference treaties ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In August 1932 Britain bound the empire into closer economic ties through eleven Imperial Preference treaties signed at Ottawa, part of its response to abandoning gold. ●●

1932 Britain sets up the Exchange Equalization Account ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1932 the British government created the Exchange Equalization Account with 175 million pounds to stabilize exchange rates. This separated control of the exchanges from control of the domestic credit structure. ●●

1932 Suicide of Ivar Kreuger, the Match King ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates the personal end of financial capitalism to the April 1932 suicide of Ivar Kreuger in Paris. Kreuger had built a match empire financed by the sale of worthless and fraudulent securities. ●●

1932 Quigley: nations learn rearmament prevents deflation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues economic nationalism intensified once governments discovered rearmament could prevent deflation, Germany in 1932, Italy in 1934, Japan in 1936, and the United States in 1938. ●●

1932 Industrialists fund Hitler at the Dusseldorf Industrial Club ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces Hitler's industrialist backing to a series of addresses culminating in January 1932, when he spoke for three hours to the Industrial Club of Dusseldorf and won support and financial contributions from that powerful group. ●●

1932 Papen removes the Prussian government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 20, 1932, Hindenburg by decree under Article 48 appointed Papen commissioner for Prussia, letting him dismiss the elected Prussian cabinet. This removed the chief institutional obstacle to Nazi extremism. ●●

1932 Election of Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The shift of farmers, light industry, commercial interests, real estate, professionals and unskilled labor to the Democratic Party in 1932 produced the election of Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal. ●●

1932 US non-recognition of Manchurian conquest (Stimson Doctrine) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as January 1932 the United States notified signers of the 1922 Nine-Power treaty that it would refuse to accept territorial changes made by force in violation of the Kellogg-Briand Pact. ●●

1932 Baldwin's 'the bomber will always get through' speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1932 Stanley Baldwin told the public there was no power on earth that could protect a man from being bombed. Quigley says acceptance of such ideas by civilian leaders was a chief factor in appeasement and the Munich surrender. ●●

1932 Aldous Huxley publishes Brave New World ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wood argues that Huxley's 1932 novel foresaw the technocratic transformation of society. He asserts it predicted an end state of scientific dictatorship. ●●

1932 Committee on Technocracy formed at Columbia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the early fall of 1932 Walter Rautenstrauch and Howard Scott formed the Committee on Technocracy at Columbia University to run an industrial survey of North America. ●●

1932 John Dewey heralds the end of 'the old individualism' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1932 John Dewey, then America's most prominent educational voice, declared the end of the old individualism, arguing that associations increasingly define individual choices and actions. ●●

1932 Frances Zimmer marries into the Gatto family in 1932 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1932 Gatto's mother, Frances Zimmer, married into the Italian Gatto family, wedding alone without her parents present. ●●

1932 Reconstruction Finance Corporation established ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1932 the Reconstruction Finance Corporation was created to channel $1.5 billion of public money into the banking system. Congress insisted Eugene Meyer chair it alongside his Fed post. ●●

1932 The Dow hits bottom ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 8, 1932, the Dow fell to 41, down almost 90 percent from its 1929 peak of 381. It marked the depth of the Depression, with corporations losing billions and unemployment above ten million. ●●

1932 Roosevelt wins the presidency ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1932 Franklin Roosevelt won a landslide over Hoover, 22.8 million votes to 15.7 million, the largest sweep since 1864. The campaign had been dominated by the Depression. ●●

1932 Allies cancel German reparations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1932, France and Britain formally agreed to forgive all German reparations, accepting that no more money could be extracted. Of the $32 billion once demanded, the Allies had collected only about $4 billion. ●●

1932 Fed launches massive bond-buying program ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The massive bond-buying program that the Fed initiated in May 1932, in which it agreed to buy $26 million worth of bonds a week from its member banks, reached a total of $1.82... ●●

1932 Wright Patman moves to impeach Andrew Mellon ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 6, 1932, Texas Democratic representative Wright Patman told the Speaker of the House that he wanted to impeach Mellon on the charge of “high crimes and misdemeanors.”... ●●

1932 Federal Home Loan Bank Board established ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Federal Home Loan Bank Board had already been set up in 1932 to encourage and oversee local mortgage lenders known as Savings and Loans (or thrifts), mutual associations like British building societies, which took in deposits and lent to home buyers. ●●

1932 Lausanne Conference ends reparations payments ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1932, European leaders at Lausanne reached a gentleman's agreement that effectively ended reparations and war debt payments, marking what Lamont saw as an end to the economic warfare that had persisted since the Treaty of Versailles. ●●

1932 Japanese conquest of Manchuria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story neffectual that they did more harm than good. At the time of the Japanese conquest of Manchuria in 1932, the League had no machinery for sanctions. ●●

1932 Illustrated edition of Initiates of the Flame published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A more lavishly illustrated edition of Manly Hall's Initiates of the Flame was published, featuring illustrations by his friend and collaborator J. Augustus Knapp, who would also illustrate The Secret Teachings of All Ages. ●●

1932 Chadwick announces discovery of the neutron ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in a letter to the British journal Nature, physicist James Chadwick of the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory, announced the possible existence of a neutron. ●●

1932 Joliot-Curies report protons from beryllium radiation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the Joliot-Curies reported to the Academy of Sciences their discovery that paraffin wax emitted high-velocity protons when bombarded by beryllium radiation. ●●

1932 Reichswehr plans secret rearmament and Treaty breach ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the second half of 1932 the Reichswehr leadership began planning for an outright Treaty breach through a significant increase in peacetime military strength. ●●

1 October 1932 Mosley founds the British Union of Fascists 1 cit. Oswald Mosley, a former Labour minister, founds the British Union of Fascists, modeled on Mussolini's movement. Its blackshirt marches and antisemitism provoke street clashes, and the party is banned during the Second World War. politics ●●