Events, Verisoph

1894 Cattell founds The Psychological Review, 1894 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that James McKeen Cattell, the first titled professor of psychology, founded The Psychological Review in 1894 and trained hundreds of doctoral candidates. ●●

1894 The Dreyfus affair ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1894 Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish artillery officer, was wrongly convicted of treason on fabricated evidence. The affair split France between its old royalist Catholic order and a modernizing, liberal one. ●●

1894 Greenbackers stage the first March on Washington ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1894 the Greenbackers, who wanted the dollar detached from gold to fund job creation, invented the idea of the March on Washington. The tactic became lasting in US political history. ●●

1894 Around 1894, when William Rainey Harper first proposed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Around 1894, when William Rainey Harper first proposed a medical school for the University of Chicago, Rockefeller countered with a novel proposal for a medical department devoted mainly or exclusively to research. ●●

1894 French President Sadi Carnot assassinated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His future medical agenda was defined in 1894 when President Sadi Carnot of France was stabbed by an assassin and died from the hemorrhaging of a severed blood vessel. ●●

1894 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Such visible activism handicapped Harper in courting local business, as he made clear in a letter to Bemis in July 1894: Your speech at the First Presbyterian Church has caused me a great deal of ... ●●

1894 Alfred Dreyfus falsely convicted of espionage ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer, was falsely accused of espionage in 1894, court-martialled on forged evidence, and sentenced to life imprisonment. The scandal deeply polarized France and damaged the standing of the entire Jewish community. ●●

1894 Japan defeats China, enabling Russian expansion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Japanese military victory over China enables Russian expansion in East Asia through control of Liaotung and railway concessions. Rothschild and Hansemann respond by proposing Anglo-German cooperation in China. ●●

1894 French Rothschilds resume underwriting Russian loans ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After years of refusing Russian loans on human rights grounds, the French Rothschilds agree to underwrite a major loan. Political considerations override concerns about Tsarist anti-Semitism. ●●

1894 Felix Warburg meets Frieda Schiff in Frankfurt rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Felix Warburg met Frieda Schiff on May 5, 1894 at a Frankfurt dinner. He declared immediately he would marry her, beginning a remarkable trans-Atlantic courtship resisted by her stern father Jacob Schiff. ●●

1894 1894, a military convention was signed in which Fr... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1894, a military convention was signed in which France agreed to aid Russia if Russia was attacked by Germany, or by Austria in combination with Ge ●●

1894 1894: By 1894 it had gone through eighty-nine editions and sold 1,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , all well indexed. “Enquirers are referred to the index at the end,” the title page instructed. By 1894 it had gone through eighty-nine editions and sold 1,188,000 copies. “The book served as a porta ●●

1894 1894: the index at the end,” the title page instructed. By 1894 it had gone rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the index at the end,” the title page instructed. By 1894 it had gone through eighty-nine editions and sold 1,188,000 copies. “The book served as a po ●●

1894 Event of 1894 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story vault Japan into the ranks of global powers. In 1886, after a brawl between Chinese sailors and Nagasaki police, a modern German-built Chinese warship sailed toward Japan, compelling a resolution. By the next decade, intensive naval construction and ●●

1894 Alan Turing is born in London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alan Mathison Turing was born at Warrington Lodge, London, on June 23, 1912, to Julius Mathison Turing, who worked for the Indian Civil Service, and E ●●

1894 In April 1894, Wills, the largest British Tobacco manufacturer, became concerned... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1894, Wills, the largest British Tobacco manufacturer, became concerned about American Tobacco Company’s increasing power in the leaf market, but after an investigation George Wills decided that “the American Tobacco Company was not in a position to dictate prices on its own purchases of leaf ●●

c. 1894 Nabongo Mumia allies with the British 4 cit. As Britain pushed inland, Mumia chose alliance over resistance, giving the Imperial British East Africa Company and later the colonial government a friendly base at Mumias and troops for their campaigns against neighbouring peoples. In return the British recognised him and in 1909 named him paramount chief over a wide area, an authority far larger than any precolonial Nabongo had held. The alliance preserved his throne but tied Wanga power to the colonial order that would later sideline it. politics / war ●●●

1894 Mackeys Masonic encyclopedia publishes the scales as a justice symbol 2 cit. Masonic reference literature treats the pair of scales as an old symbol of justice, fair dealing, and right judgment. This is a real Masonic symbolic connection, but it is symbolic and educational. It is not evidence that a courthouse using scales is operating under Masonic law. culture / religion / society ●●●

1895 Bubonic plague reaches Bombay, 1895 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bubonic plague was introduced to Bombay from China in 1895 and killed about two million people over the following six years. ●●

1895 Quigley credits the group with the Jameson Raid and the Boer War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley claims the secret group was behind major imperial events. Among these he lists the 1895 Jameson Raid and the 1899-1902 Boer War, along with control of the Rhodes Trust. ●●

1895 Brassey made Governor of Victoria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley counts Thomas Brassey among those drawn into the Rhodes secret society. Brassey was appointed Governor of Victoria in 1895 and helped create the Commonwealth of Australia in 1900. ●●

1895 Jameson's raid into the Transvaal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Leander Starr Jameson led a raid into the Transvaal with Rhodesian police in 1895. Quigley calls it one of the chief events leading up to the Boer War. ●●

1895 The Times prints the fraudulent 'women and children' letter ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says The Times published a fraudulent 'women and children' letter dated 20 December 1895 to justify the Jameson Raid. He states Jameson himself concocted it a month earlier and sent it to Flora Shaw. ●●

1895 Jameson Raid investigated by the Select Committee (31 Dec 1895) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley discusses the failed Jameson Raid into the Transvaal and its cover-up. He frames it as an example of the machinations of Rhodes's secret society, investigated by a Parliamentary Select Committee. ●●

1895 NEA calls for teaching evolution as fact ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that in 1895 the National Education Association announced that school science courses should teach evolution as fact rather than theory. He links the shift to how schooling sorted students by supposed fitness. ●●

1895 France invades Madagascar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France invaded Madagascar, removed Queen Ranavalona III from power, and declared the island a French colony. The conquest opened the way to heavy taxation of the Malagasy population. ●●

1895 A battle had been brewing since 1895, when Pierpont decided rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A battle had been brewing since 1895, when Pierpont decided not to reorganize the bankrupt Union Pacific, which he scoffed at as “two streaks of iron rust across the plains.”54 His willingness to writ... ●●

1895 He estimated that true competition prevailed in fewer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He estimated that true competition prevailed in fewer than 10 percent of all petroleum markets and noted that kerosene prices had risen unreasonably from 1895 (when Archbold took charge) to 1906, creating widespread consumer discontent. ●●

1895 Rockefeller pledges $3 million to University of Chicago ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1895, Gates went to Chicago armed with a letter from Rockefeller pledging another three million dollars for the school’s endowment—possibly the largest such sum ever given at one time by... ●●

1895 Jameson Raid fails in the Transvaal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cecil Rhodes's private military invasion of the Transvaal fails to overthrow Kruger's government. Natty Rothschild immediately seeks to rebuild Anglo-Boer relations. ●●

1895 1895 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even granted the high level of Japanese patriotic fervor and the memory of its staggering successes against far larger opponents in 1895 (China) and 1905 (Russia), what it was now ... ●●

1895 Paul Warburg marries Nina Loeb ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paul Warburg married Nina Loeb in October 1895 at her family's New Jersey summer home. Their romance revived when they reunited as best man and maid of honor at Felix's wedding in March. ●●

1895 who called themselves physicists and the larger, associated network of chemists. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story who called themselves physicists and the larger, associated network of chemists. ●●

1895 Groves could hardly build Hanford until he knew more about the plant that would go there. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Groves could hardly build Hanford until he knew more about the plant that would go there. ●●

1895 Rontgen discovers X-rays ai_extracted 1 cit. no story one month after Rutherford arrived at Cambridge, the German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X rays radiating from the fluorescing glass wall of a cathode-ray tube. ●●

1895 Information history in 1895 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story aced metal staples with insulated fasteners. They attached dry batteries and speaking tubes and added spare wire to bridge the gaps. ●●

1895 He points to the relative success of Japanese administration in building institutions in Taiwan in t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He points to the relative success of Japanese administration in building institutions in Taiwan in the years that it was ruled as a colonial dependency (from the Sino-Japanese War of 1895 to Japan’s defeat in 1945). ●●

1895 Japan defeats China in Sino-Japanese War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Japan defeated China in the 1895 Sino-Japanese War, which led to the loss of Taiwan, and of Korea as a vassal state. ●●

1895 France conquers Madagascar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The colonial power which overthrew the monarchy, late in the colonial process in 1895, was not Britain but France, and for decades a further paradox afflicted Madagascar, as anticlerical French republican governments allowed Catholic clergy a free ha ●●

1895 Anti-Saloon League founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yet as the cleavage grew between liberal Protestants and conservative Evangelicals, the Anti- Saloon League established in 1895, eventual victors in the campaign for the Amendment, seemed more and more the voice of angry small-town Evangelical Americ ●●

1895 Legislative action rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With regard to the Boers’ side, Professor Quigley tells the amazing story: By a process whose details are still obscure, a brilliant young graduate of ●●

1895 In the newer dynamite business these same companies maintained control through a candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the newer dynamite business these same companies maintained control through another horizontal combination—the Eastern Dynamite Company, a holding ●●

1895 Mira Wilkins, “An American Enterprise Abroad: American Radiator Company in Europ rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mira Wilkins, “An American Enterprise Abroad: American Radiator Company in Europe, 1895–1914,” Business History Review, 43:326–346 (Autumn 1969) provi ●●

1895 In 1895, just before it went into receivership, the company decided to spend a m... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1895, just before it went into receivership, the company decided to spend a million dollars to build a selling organization in the urban east, its primary market ●●

1895 In 1895 Coffin set up in Schenectady a standardizing laboratory for the company... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1895 Coffin set up in Schenectady a standardizing laboratory for the company as a whole ●●

1895 Africa Inland Mission opens its first station in Ukambani 2 cit. The American evangelical Africa Inland Mission, founded by Peter Cameron Scott, opened its first station at Nzaui among the Kamba in 1895. Scott died within a year, but the mission survived and spread across central and eastern Kenya, becoming one of the largest Protestant bodies in the country. Its later headquarters at Kijabe grew into a major mission center with schools and a press. religion / society ●●

1895 The East Africa Protectorate Takes Over the Coast 5 cit. When the British East Africa Company failed, the Crown took over in 1895 as the East Africa Protectorate. It administered the coastal strip still in the name of the Sultan of Zanzibar. politics ●●

c. August 1895 Bukusu resistance at the Lumboka and Chetambe forts 4 cit. When British forces under Charles Hobley moved to subdue the Bukusu (then called Kitosh), the people took refuge in their walled forts at Lumboka and Chetambe. In 1895 the British stormed the forts with Maxim guns and allied levies, and the assault on Chetambe's fort killed hundreds who had no answer to automatic fire. The defeat broke organised Bukusu resistance and stands as one of the sharpest early collisions between western Kenya and colonial power. politics / war ●●●

c. 1895 British troops storm Chetambe's Fort and kill scores of Bukusu defenders 4 cit. The Bukusu resisted British incursion in the 1890s from fortified hills near Bungoma, including Lumboka and Chetambe's Fort. In 1895 a British punitive column armed with a machine gun overran Chetambe's Fort, killing many defenders who fought with spears, shields and bows. A peace agreement at Mumias afterward forced weapon surrender and acceptance of colonial rule. politics / war ●●

1896 to 1898 Philippine Revolution wikidata 1 cit. no story 1896-1898 conflict against Spanish colonial authorities ●●●

1896 Omens of imperial decline: Adowa and the Boer War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley points to early signs of European weakness: the Italians massacred by the Ethiopians at Adowa in 1896 and Britain held in check by the Boer republics in 1899-1902. ●●

1896 Rhodes tells Brett he still wants his secret society ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues Rhodes never abandoned the secret society idea. As evidence he cites a February 1896 remark to R. B. Brett, years after the sixth will. ●●

1896 Rhodes ready to confess over the raid (Feb 1896) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley recounts Lord Esher (Brett) meeting Rhodes on his return from South Africa. He says Rhodes was prepared to confess everything but was dissuaded to protect Joseph Chamberlain. ●●

1896 Steam airplane reportedly flies along the Potomac ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto claims that heavier-than-air flight was achieved by 1896, before the Wright brothers, when a pilotless steam airplane with a 40-foot wingspan made trips along the Potomac River near Washington. ●●

1896 Bryan's 'Cross of Gold' speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the 1896 Democratic convention William Jennings Bryan attacked the gold standard on behalf of farmers and debtors, demanding silver be added as a reserve metal. His 'cross of gold' oration became one of the most famous in American politics. ●●

1896 Morgan helps the Ochs family buy the New York Times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He not only assisted other banks (for a price); in 1896, he had helped the Ochs family buy the New York Times. What the papers didn’t report at the time was that Morgan had not... ●●

1896 African kingdoms inflicted defeats on European armies-the Zulu candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story African kingdoms inflicted defeats on European armies-the Zulu (for a time) against the British in 1 879, Ethio pia against the Italians in 1896-but t... ●●

1896 Lima Crude Oil Field Expansion rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The emergence of the giant Lima refinery accelerated the demise of Cleveland and Pittsburgh as refining centers, and by 1896 Standard Oil phased out its largest Cleveland refinery. The Lima refiner... ●●

1896 Rockefeller and Carnegie Philanthropy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced,” Carnegie declared bluntly.43 Rockefeller was greatly influenced by Carnegie and when the Carnegie Library opened in Pittsburgh in 1896 dashed off a cong... ●●

1896 When they had burned long enough—100 days—to transmute about 1 atom in every 4,0 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When they had burned long enough—100 days—to transmute about 1 atom in every 4,000 into plutonium the irradiated slugs could be pushed out the back of the pile simply by loading fresh slugs in at the front.1896, 1897 The hot slugs would fall into a deep pool of pure water that would safely confine their intense but short-lived fission-product radioactivity. ●●

1896 Francis Walker analyzes population and immigration rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Francis Amasa Walker, superintendent of US censuses, analyzes immigration and birth rates as sources of population growth ●●

1896 McKinley wins the realigning 1896 election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first was the election of 1896 that brought William McKinley to the presidency and gave the Republican Party a dominating majority in Congress. ●●

1896 27 The 1896 defeat of Democrat/Populist William Jennings Bryan was a so-called realigning election t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 27 The 1896 defeat of Democrat/Populist William Jennings Bryan was a so-called realigning election that shifted the balance of electoral power for the next generation to a Republican majority based on business interests in the Northeast, and the splitting off of a solidly Democratic South from the rest of the populist movement. ●●

1896 In contrast to the post–Civil War decades of shifting control of Congress between the two parties, t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In contrast to the post–Civil War decades of shifting control of Congress between the two parties, the Republicans controlled both houses and the presidency after the realigning election of 1896. ●●

1896 68 His less opinionated successor, Menelik II, brought the empire to an rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 68 His less opinionated successor, Menelik II, brought the empire to an unprecedented size, and delivered the most lasting defeat suffered by a colonial power during the nineteenth century when he crushed the invading Italians at Adwa in 1896 ●●

1896 86 Both rival candidates to fill the patriarchal vacancy in Constantinople now rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 86 Both rival candidates to fill the patriarchal vacancy in Constantinople now made enthusiastic noises about recognizing the validity of Anglican clerical orders that had been so comprehensively rejected by the Pope in 1896 in Apostolicae Curae ●●

1896 ”38 In 1896 George Eastman set up his experimental department with managers trai... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”38 In 1896 George Eastman set up his experimental department with managers trained in chemical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and other universities ●●

16 February 1896 Weyler's Reconcentración Order in Cuba 1 cit. Spanish Captain-General Valeriano Weyler ordered rural Cuban civilians herded into fortified towns to cut off support for independence guerrillas. The word "reconcentración" entered the language here, years before the British used "concentration camp" in South Africa. Conditions in the camps were squalid, with little food or sanitation provided. politics / war ●●●

1896 Uganda Railway construction begins 1 cit. Britain began building the Uganda Railway from Mombasa toward Lake Victoria to secure the interior and the headwaters of the Nile. Critics in Parliament mocked it as the Lunatic Line for its cost and uncertain purpose; Hansard later put the total cost at about GBP 5.5 million, against an early GBP 2.24 million estimate and offer. The line became the spine of colonial Kenya, deciding where towns rose, where settlers took land, and how the economy was organized around exports. economy / politics / technology ●●●

May 1896 Construction of the Uganda Railway begins at Mombasa 6 cit. Britain began building a railway from Mombasa toward Lake Victoria to secure the route to Uganda and the Nile headwaters. Critics in Parliament mocked the cost and doubtful purpose, dubbing it the Lunatic Line; Hansard later put the total cost at about GBP 5.5 million, against an early GBP 2.24 million estimate and offer. The project would reshape the interior and the makeup of its population. economy / politics ●●

1897 Indian famine of 1897 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1897 the monsoon rains failed in India, causing a loss of 18 million tons of food crops and one million lives from famine, a disaster repeated in 1899-1900. ●●

1897 Reflation from rising gold output after 1897 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prices had been rising slowly from about 1897 because of increased gold output from South Africa and Alaska, easing the agricultural distress that had prevailed since 1873. ●●

1897 Milner appointed High Commissioner to South Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Through Goschen's patronage Milner rose through a series of posts. In 1897 he became High Commissioner to South Africa, the turning point Quigley builds his account around. ●●

1897 John Dewey's Pedagogic Creed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Dewey's 1897 Pedagogic Creed, in which Dewey wrote that the teacher is a social servant set apart to maintain the proper social order. ●●

1897 The Banque de France's gold arms race with Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 1897 governor Georges Pallain had the Banque de France steadily accumulate gold to prepare for a war of revenge against Germany. By July 1914 it held over $800 million in bullion, the largest hoard in the world. ●●

1897 Karl Lueger becomes mayor of Vienna ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Karl Lueger allowed to become mayor of Vienna ●●

1897 In 1897, Pierpont’s brother-in-law Walter Hayes Burns died a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1897, Pierpont’s brother-in-law Walter Hayes Burns died and was replaced by Jack’s cousin Walter Spencer Morgan Burns. The senior Burns’s death left the London bank short of experienced hands. ●●

1897 After 1897, he gave steadily to the Metropolitan Museum of A candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After 1897, he gave steadily to the Metropolitan Museum of Art and became its board president in 1904. The board of trustees often met in his house. ●●

1897 On summer vacation with his family in the candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On summer vacation with his family in the Catskill Mountains in 1897, Gates tackled a book of door-stopping length: Principles and Practice of Medicine, a thousand-page tome by William Osler of the Johns Hopkins Medical School, the most renowned contemporary physician. ●●

1897 Though Rockefeller studiously avoided the campus and visited rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Though Rockefeller studiously avoided the campus and visited only three times (1897, 1901, and 1903), he got little credit for this self-abnegation. The public was quick to pounce on his every move as yet another ruse. ●●

1897 After they had toured some pretentious “châteaux” on rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After they had toured some pretentious “châteaux” on Long Island’s north shore, Junior said that Kykuit, by comparison, was “far less elaborate than many houses we have seen” but “more perfect of its kind, more harmonious and more charming.”41 John and Abby enlisted the services of Ogden Codman, the Boston interior designer who helped Edith Wharton refurbish her Newport home and coauthored a book with her, The Decoration of Houses, in 1897. ●●

1897 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As he later explained, “I felt that at fifty it was due me to have freedom from absorption in active business affairs and to devote myself to a variety of interests other than money making, which h... ●●

1897 Standard Oil Production Committee Formed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With Archbold at the helm, by contrast, the dividends surged, jumping to 31 percent in 1896 and 33 percent in 1897 and 1899. ●●

1897 It was true that after 1897 the pursuit of Weltpolitik was m rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was true that after 1897 the pursuit of Weltpolitik was motivated to a considerable extent by the calculation that this would be politically popular and divert attention from Germany’s domestic-pol ●●

1897 Felix Warburg becomes Kuhn, Loeb partner ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Felix was admitted as a partner in Kuhn, Loeb & Co., Jacob Schiff's firm. His charm and ebullience made him quickly Americanized despite being the first Warburg to leave Europe in 14 generations. ●●

1897 Thomson identifies the electron ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in his identification of what he called the “negative corpuscle”—the electron, the first atomic particle to be identified. ●●

1897 Thomson demonstrated that the beam of glowing matter in a cathode-ray tube was not made up of light rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thomson demonstrated that the beam of glowing matter in a cathode-ray tube was not made up of light waves, as (he wrote drily) “the almost unanimous opinion of German physicists” held. ●●

1897 Event of 1897 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ation of Afghanistan has been achieved by foreigners only unintentionally, when the tribes and sects coalesce in opposition to an invader. Thus what American and NATO forces met in the early twenty-first century was not radically different from the s ●●

1897 Bell System hires mathematician George Campbell ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ate substrate of meaning, perhaps best left to philosophers. The Bell System had none of those, but the company had hired its first mathematician in 1897: George Campbell, a Minnesotan who had studied ●●

1897 Nelson Mandela as president symbolized the commitment to a Christian reconciliation when rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nelson Mandela as president symbolized the commitment to a Christian reconciliation when he proclaimed that the old Afrikaner national anthem Die Stem (‘The Call’) should continue to stand alongside the serene Xhosa Christian hymn written in 1897 by ●●

1897 The only specialized nonoperating officer he consulted was the head of the legal... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The only specialized nonoperating officer he consulted was the head of the legal department—an office formally established only in 1897 ●●

1897 In addition to a sizable patent and law department, the company added in 1897 a... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In addition to a sizable patent and law department, the company added in 1897 a publicity bureau whose task was to publicize broader developments within the industry as well as within the company ●●

1897 American Association of Public Accountants founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1897 members of these firms helped to form the American Association of Public Accountants, which included railroad comptrollers as well as executives from accounting firms ●●

c. 1897 Mass Deaths in Cuba's Reconcentration Camps 1 cit. Disease and starvation killed huge numbers of Cubans confined under the reconcentración policy over 1896-1898. Historians' estimates of the toll vary widely, from roughly 150,000 to over 300,000 dead, out of a rural population of about 1.5 million forced into the camps. US press coverage of the suffering helped build American public support for war with Spain. society / war ●●

1897 German indirect rule through the Tutsi monarchy 1 cit. Germany claimed Rwanda as part of German East Africa and chose to rule indirectly through the existing king and Tutsi aristocracy. Convinced by Hamitic race theory that Tutsi were natural rulers, German officers backed the court and used it to extend control. This favoritism began turning a flexible social order into a fixed hierarchy backed by colonial power. diplomacy / politics ●●

1898 Sinking of the Maine and the Spanish-American War, 1898 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The battleship Maine's mysterious explosion in Havana harbor in February 1898 gave interventionists the pretext to bring the United States into war with Spain over Cuba. ●●

1898 Battle of Omdurman, 1898 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1898 a British force under Kitchener fought south against the Sudanese and won a decisive victory at Omdurman, reestablishing Anglo-Egyptian control of the Sudan. ●●

1898 Spanish defeat by the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the compromise with the West in Spain was undermined by the Restoration Monarchy of 1875-1931 and by Spain's defeat at the hands of the United States in 1898, which widened the gap between progressives and reactionaries. ●●

1898 Rhodes pledges to support Milner without reserve ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues Rhodes saw Milner as his heir in leading the society. He quotes an 1898 conversation with Stead in which Rhodes said he would support Milner absolutely, peace or war. ●●

1898 D.A.R. begins issuing school propaganda lectures, 1898 ai_extracted 1 cit. Gatto states that in 1898 the Daughters of the American Revolution began issuing designed propaganda lectures on American history and government. ●●