Events, Verisoph

1939 Britain and France recognize Franco's government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story England and France recognized the Franco government on 27 February 1939; after Madrid's surrender the Axis troops were evacuated from Spain following a triumphal march through the capital in June 1939. ●●

1939 Toll of the Spanish Civil War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the war ended much of Spain was wrecked and at least 450,000 Spaniards had been killed, of which 130,000 were rebels and the rest Loyalists, with an unpopular military dictatorship imposed by non-Spanish forces. ●●

1939 Germany captures Czechoslovakia's arsenal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues Britain did not yield to superior force at Munich: in March 1939 when Germany overran Czechoslovakia it captured 469 superior tanks, 1,500 planes, 43,000 machine guns, and over a million rifles. ●●

1939 Germany seizes Memel and Italy seizes Albania ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Days after occupying the Czech rump, Germany seized Memel from Lithuania on 22 March 1939, and Italy seized Albania on 7 April 1939. ●●

1939 Czech gold reserves handed to Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley reports that in May 1939 six million pounds of Czech gold reserves held in London were turned over to Germany, with the untrue excuse that the British government could not give orders to the Bank of England. ●●

1939 FBI-Reichsgruppe Industrie cartel agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes British economic appeasement: a coal agreement was signed at Britain's request in late January 1939, and a general agreement between the Federation of British Industries and the Reichsgruppe Industrie was signed on 16 March 1939. ●●

1939 Hitler's 'export or die' speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his speech of 30 January 1939 Hitler declared that Germany must export or die, reflecting the critical German economic situation caused by the speed of rearmament and shortage of foreign exchange. ●●

1939 British unilateral guarantee to Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When news reached London of Hitler's demands on Poland, Britain suddenly issued a unilateral guarantee of Poland on 31 March 1939, later extended to Romania and Greece after Italy's attack on Albania. ●●

1939 Hitler's secret war conference on living space ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 23 May 1939 Hitler told a secret conference of his generals that Danzig was not the real issue, but rather expanding Germany's living space in the East, and that war with Poland and a life-and-death struggle with England lay ahead. ●●

1939 Wilson's secret offer to abandon Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites Dirksen's report that in July 1939 Sir Horace Wilson, Chamberlain's personal representative, told the German official Wohlthat that a nonaggression pact would enable Britain to rid herself of her commitments to Poland. ●●

1939 Soviet Union replaces Litvinov with Molotov ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To show its displeasure at British delays and quibbling over an alliance, the Soviet Union replaced foreign minister Litvinov, who favored the Western powers, with Molotov on 3 May 1939, a signal the West failed to heed. ●●

1939 Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ribbentrop signed a nonaggression pact with Molotov in Moscow; its published portion barred aggressive action between the signers, while a secret protocol delimited spheres of interest in eastern Europe and gave Russia a free hand in Bessarabia. ●●

1939 German invasion of Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German invasion of Poland at 4:45 a.m. on 1 September 1939 began the Second World War; Polish resistance collapsed by 16-17 September, and Britain and France declared war two days after the invasion. ●●

1939 German invasion of Poland begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Germany opened World War II in Europe with a dawn air assault on Poland on September 1, 1939, wiping out the Polish air force largely on the ground. Armored spearheads and dive-bombers broke Polish resistance into isolated fragments. ●●

1939 German submarine sinks the liner Athenia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In open disobedience to Hitler's orders, a German submarine torpedoed the passenger liner Athenia in the Atlantic on September 3, 1939, killing 112 people. It came the same day Britain and France declared war. ●●

1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop agreement divides Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 28, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a new agreement partitioning Poland. Lithuania shifted into the Soviet sphere and the German-Soviet boundary was drawn along the Bug River near the old Curzon Line. ●●

1939 Nazi-Soviet Trade Agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On August 19, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a trade agreement under which Germany extended 200 million marks in credit for machinery in exchange for Russian raw materials. It set up an economic partnership that lasted until the German invasion. ●●

1939 Japan defeated at Nomonhan; truce signed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A major Japanese defeat by Soviet forces at Nomonhan on the Manchurian-Mongolian frontier ended with a truce on September 16, 1939, one day before Soviet forces entered Poland. The defeat helped turn Japanese expansion southward rather than against Siberia. ●●

1939 The Venlo incident ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Venlo on the Dutch frontier on November 8, 1939, S.S. Security Police posing as anti-Hitler negotiators shot a Dutch officer and abducted two British intelligence agents into Germany. The episode suggested Britain was seeking a way out of the war. ●●

1939 Anglo-French mutual-assistance pact with Turkey ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France and Britain signed a mutual-assistance pact with Turkey on October 19, 1939. A secret clause excused Turkey from taking up arms against Russia, which left the Soviet Union unreassured. ●●

1939 Soviet Union attacks Finland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Finland rejected Soviet territorial demands, the Soviet Union attacked at several points on November 28, 1939, launching the Winter War. The Finns, though outnumbered, used terrain and winter weather to devastate early Soviet assaults. ●●

1939 Soviet Union expelled from the League of Nations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In its most efficient act, the League condemned the Soviet Union in eleven days in December 1939 and expelled it as an aggressor over Finland. Quigley notes the contrast with the fifteen months it had spent on Japanese aggression, which brought no punishment. ●●

1939 British radar chain begins continuous operation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A chain of British radar stations, laid out in 1937, began continuous operation in April 1939 and could detect aircraft up to 100 miles away. Superior British scientific inventions, especially radar, were decisive in the Battle of Britain. ●●

1939 Neutrality Acts revised for cash-and-carry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1939 Congress revised the Neutrality Acts to let the Entente powers buy supplies, repealing the munitions embargo and putting all belligerent purchases on a cash-and-carry basis. Loans were still forbidden and Americans barred from belligerent ships. ●●

1939 U.S. cancels its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1939 Washington gave the required six-month notice to cancel its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan. This opened the door to a range of economic pressures, and the 'moral embargo' was extended to raw materials vital to Japan's war machine. ●●

1939 Frisch and Meitner name nuclear 'fission' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1939 Frisch and Meitner reported quantitative results of uranium fission in Nature, introducing the word 'fission' and the Atomic Age. ●●

1939 Roosevelt reads Einstein's atomic warning ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Szilard, Wigner, and Teller prompted Einstein to warn Roosevelt about a possible atomic bomb; the President read the memorandum on 11 October 1939. ●●

1939 Colonial subjects at the start of World War II, 1939 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that when World War II began in 1939, roughly six hundred million people, a quarter of humanity and mostly nonwhite, were colonial subjects of European states. ●●

1939 Hodson leaves Round Table for the Ministry of Information (1939) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the Second World War broke out in 1939, H. V. Hodson left the Round Table editorship for the Ministry of Information. Quigley asserts that ministry was completely controlled by the Milner Group. ●●

1939 1939 White Paper reverses Palestine policy (May 1939) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the failed London conference, the government issued a new policy statement (Cmd. 6019) in May 1939. Quigley calls it a drastic reversal of previous statements and a turn in favor of the Arabs. ●●

1939 Clarence Streit launches Union Now ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Streit first presented his federal-union plan in lectures at Swarthmore College and in his book Union Now. Quigley links the effort to the Rhodes Scholarship network and Milner Group figures like Aydelotte. ●●

1939 Occupation of Bohemia and Moravia as a turning point ai_extracted 1 cit. Quigley marks Germany's March 1939 occupation of Bohemia and Moravia as the point where the Milner Group turned against appeasement, while the Chamberlain group did not. ●●

1939 National Service Act of 1939 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Amery, Grigg, Lothian, and The Times drove the conscription campaign that produced the National Service Act, the Group's chief post-March 1939 cause. ●●

1939 Lady Astor turns on Chamberlain in the Commons ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the occupation of Bohemia and Moravia, Lady Astor pressed Chamberlain to condemn Germany's action and was met with the retort "You caused it yourself," a sign Quigley reads as the Group's shift away from appeasement. ●●

1939 Chamberlain's guarantee to Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley reads Chamberlain's unilateral guarantee to Poland as a gesture to voters, worded to cover Polish independence but not territorial integrity so that frontier revision could still proceed. ●●

1939 British and German industry sign the Dusseldorf cartel agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A master agreement between British and German industry, negotiated at Dusseldorf, was signed in London. Quigley frames it as part of the Chamberlain group's economic concessions to Germany. ●●

1939 German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only after the Nazi-Soviet pact did Halifax turn Britain's unilateral guarantee to Poland into a formal mutual-assistance pact, meant to warn Hitler that public opinion would force Britain into war. ●●

1939 Lothian named Ambassador to the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As war began, Lord Lothian was sent to Washington. Quigley says the Group, having built its foreign policy on closer union with the US, stationed more than a dozen members there to draw America into the war. ●●

1939 U.S. defense budget in 1939 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that in 1939, on the eve of war, the U.S. defense budget was $11 billion in year-2000 dollars, and that by his writing it was twenty-four times higher in peacetime. He uses the comparison to argue the leadership fears its own people. ●●

1939 CFR's 1939 War and Peace Studies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book cites the 1939 War and Peace Studies as evidence of the Council on Foreign Relations' power within the State Department. It presents the CFR as an evolution of the Network's earlier group, The Inquiry. ●●

1939 Franco dictatorship takes over Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book covers the arc from the Spanish-American War of 1898 to the Franco dictatorship that took over Spain in 1939. It presents Franco's victory as the result of non-Spanish forces and a deceptive nonintervention policy. ●●

1939 The 1939 Battle of Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book states that in the 1939 Battle of Poland millions of Polish civilians were executed or murdered. It presents Hitler's attack on Poland as finally forcing the Network's hand toward World War II. ●●

1939 Operation Himmler and the 1939 attack on Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book describes Operation Himmler, in which Nazis staged fake Polish attacks using concentration camp prisoners in German uniforms. It says these were used to justify attacking Poland in 1939. ●●

1939 Soviets execute thousands of Polish officers at Katyn ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The preponderance of available evidence in this still-controversial episode points to the conclusion that Soviet security troops executed approximately 8,000 nationalist Polish army officers taken prisoner during 1939, then stacked the bodies like cordwood in mass graves at an isolated outpost. ●●

1939 Soviet Union relocates half a million khutor farmers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Beginning in 1939, the Soviet state forcibly relocated khutor dwellers who had been living on individual farmsteads outside collective villages. This resettlement affected more than half a million peasants and deprived them of their dispersed holdings. ●●

1939 Discovery of delayed neutrons in fission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The “most significant fact assuring us that the chain reaction could be controlled,” says Compton, was one of the Richard Roberts team’s earliest discoveries at the Carnegie Institution’s Department of Terrestrial Magnetism following Bohr’s announcement of the discovery of fission in 1939—in Compton’s words, that “a certain small fraction of the neutrons associated with the fission process are not emitted at once but come off a few seconds after fission occurs.”1680 With a pile operating at k only marginally above 1.0, such delayed neutrons would slow the response sufficiently to allow time for adjustment.1681 For once Compton made a quick decision: with control seemingly assured, he allowed Fermi to build CP-1 in the west stands. ●●

1939 League of Nations expels the Soviet Union ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The last act of the League of Nations, which no longer contained Germany, Japan, or Italy, was to expel the Soviet Union after it attacked Finland in ●●

1939 Bohr announces the discovery of fission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and had attended the conference there on January 25 at which Niels Bohr announced the discovery of fission. ●●

1939 Turing joins the Bletchley Park codebreakers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September of 1939, Turing joined the Foreign Office’s Government Code and Cypher School, sequestered at a Buckinghamshire estate known as Bletchley ●●

1939 Frick decree compels German twins to register ai_extracted 1 cit. no story llnesses.” He listed rheumatism, stomach ulcers, cancer, heart defects, anemia and leukemia as the conditions he was focusing on. Verschuer assured, “A good deal of material has been collected.”60 In 1939, Interior Minister Frick issued a public decree compelling all twins to register with their loc ●●

1939 Nazi-Soviet pact and invasion of Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. Zuboff traces how just one week after propaganda whitewashed Stalin's regime, he signed a pact with Hitler, attacked Poland in September, and invaded Finland in November. ●●

1939 Allied empires outproduce Axis in GDP by 60% ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1939, as the war started, the combined GDP of the British and French empires exceeded that of Germany and Italy by 60 per cent. ●●

1939 Krauch launches the Schnellplan emergency programme ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To reach World War I levels by the end of 1939, Krauch launched the Schnellplan, a short-range emergency programme with absolutely top priority amongst all the Wehrmacht’s many programmes. ●●

1939 Reich adopts the New Finance Plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To ease its cash flow problems the Reich adopted a new expedient in the form of the New Finance Plan (Neuer Finanzplan) of 20 March 1939. ●●

1939 Ribbentrop signs the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the early hours of 24 August 1939, Hitler’s Foreign Minister Ribbentrop signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, which included secret provisions for the division of Eastern Europe into separate spheres of influence. ●●

1939 Roosevelt signs the Cash and Carry Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Within weeks of the outbreak of war, the isolationists lost the argument in Congress.** On 3 November 1939 President Roosevelt signed into law the ‘cash and carry’ bill that lifted the strict American neutrality provisions banning the sale of weapons ●●

1939 Hitler approves munitions programme favoring heavy artillery ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Based on figures that Hitler had cribbed from the standard history of the Great War, it gave priority above all to howitzers and heavy mortars — the decisive weapons of trench war- fare.” On 12 December 1939 Hitler personally approved the final versi ●●

1939 Ju 88 bomber mass-production begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The long-awaited mass-production of the Ju 88 finally began in the autumn of 1939. ●●

1939 Stibitz completes the Complex Number Calculator ai_extracted 1 cit. no story George Stibitz's relay-based Complex Number Calculator at Bell Labs is completed, able to handle complex-number arithmetic. ●●

March 1939 The Bank for International Settlements handles Reichsbank gold 1 cit. The Bank for International Settlements, the Basel clearing house owned by central banks, transferred gold belonging to Czechoslovakia to the German Reichsbank after Germany seized the country in 1939. During the war it went on accepting Reichsbank gold, some of it looted. The transactions later became a case study in how a neutral financial body kept dealing with the Reich. diplomacy / economy ●●●

c. 1939 Kibaki starts mission schooling in colonial Nyeri 2 cit. As a child, Kibaki entered the Catholic mission school world around Karima and Gatuyaini in Nyeri. The Presidential Library account says missionaries from Karima Mission were recruiting boys for schooling and that Kibaki was nominated by his father. This was the first institutional step in the route from rural Othaya into colonial-era education networks. religion / society ●●●

22 June 1940 Armistice of 22 June 1940 wikidata 1 cit. no story armistice between France and Nazi Germany in World War II ●●●

1940 Proclamation of the New Economic Order ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1940 the Konoe cabinet proclaimed the New Economic Order, composed of a New Financial System, a New Fiscal Policy, and a New Labor System, as Japan approached entry into World War II. ●●●●

1940 Industrial Standardization Law ai_extracted 1 cit. The Industrial Standardization Law of 1940 set norms and standards rigorously enforced by the military, making quality control a lasting feature of Japanese manufacturing. ●●

1940 to 1950 Wartime switch to bank funding ai_extracted 1 cit. Between 1940 and 1950 Japanese firms radically switched their external funding from the stock market to bank borrowing, which averaged 60 percent of liabilities versus 40 percent equity; bank financing predominance persisted until the late 1980s. ●●●

1 January 1940 to 1945 The BIS keeps operating under wartime pressure 1 cit. With American Thomas McKittrick as president, the BIS stayed open throughout World War II while much of its board and business were tied to Axis powers. Critics later charged that it handled looted gold and served German interests, while defenders said it preserved a neutral channel among central banks. economy / politics / war ●●●●

1940 Quigley: banker-engendered deflation caused World War II ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the banker-engendered deflationary crisis of 1927-1940 can hardly be overestimated in importance. He claims it crippled democracies and gave an impetus to aggression, becoming a chief cause of World War II. ●●

1940 Amery's call forces Chamberlain from office ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The split between the anti-Bolshevik and three-bloc groups burst into the open when Leopold Amery cried to Chamberlain across the floor of the Commons on 10 May 1940, 'In the name of God, go!', leading to Chamberlain's fall. ●●

1940 British interdict German coal to Italy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As part of economic warfare, Britain cut off seaborne German coal exports from the Baltic to Italy on March 5, 1940, three months before Italy entered the war. The move disrupted the Italian economy and strained German rail transport. ●●

1940 Soviet-Finnish Peace Treaty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Winter War ended with the Soviet-Finnish Peace Treaty of March 12, 1940, made at the insistence of Finnish commander Baron Mannerheim. Its terms were harsher than the original Soviet demands, taking the whole Karelian Isthmus and the Hango base. ●●

1940 France orders Weygand to bomb Soviet oil fields ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 11, 1940, French premier Reynaud ordered General Weygand to raid the Soviet Caucasus oil wells from Syria as soon as possible. The plan reflected an Anglo-French inclination to fight Russia rather than Germany, but Weygand could not act before France fell. ●●

1940 Hitler orders occupation of Denmark and Norway ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hitler issued formal orders on March 1, 1940 to occupy both Denmark and Norway, planning the operation with Norwegian Nazi Vidkun Quisling. The aim was to secure the Swedish iron-ore route through Narvik before Britain could cut it. ●●

1940 Denmark surrenders to Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Denmark yielded to a German ultimatum on April 8, 1940 as German divisions overran the country and seaborne forces landed in Copenhagen. The same morning German agents and troops began seizing Norwegian airfields, ports, and radio stations. ●●

1940 Churchill replaces Chamberlain as prime minister ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As German armies struck west on May 10, 1940, Chamberlain resigned and Winston Churchill formed a national government. His arrival was received with relief by a public that wanted a fighter to rally resistance. ●●

1940 Dunkirk evacuation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between May 28 and June 4, 1940, the British Expeditionary Force evacuated 337,131 men from the beaches at Dunkerque under constant air attack, using 887 vessels of all kinds. Hitler had ordered no intensive ground assault on the perimeter. ●●

1940 King Leopold surrenders the Belgian army ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 27, 1940, King Leopold made an unconditional surrender of Belgian forces to the Germans, over his government's objections and without ensuring the Allied command was informed. The British at once began evacuating through Dunkerque. ●●

1940 Franco-German armistice at Compiegne ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France's armistice with Germany was negotiated in the same railway carriage at Compiegne where Germany had surrendered in 1918 and took effect on June 25, 1940. Hitler, expecting Britain to make peace, gave France surprisingly lenient terms. ●●

1940 Petain replaces Reynaud, seeks armistice ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Unable to win Cabinet agreement to keep fighting from overseas, Reynaud resigned on June 16, 1940 and was replaced by Marshal Petain. Surrounded by defeatists, Petain immediately asked Germany for an armistice. ●●

1940 Turning point of the Battle of Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The turning point of the Battle of Britain came on September 15, 1940, when 56 German invading planes were shot down. Germany's failure to win air superiority forced the postponement and then cancellation of the invasion of Britain. ●●

1940 Germany, Italy, and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The three Axis powers signed a military alliance on September 27, 1940, pledging mutual aid if one was attacked by a power not already in the war. The pact was aimed chiefly at deterring the United States from intervening. ●●

1940 Soviet Union demands Bessarabia from Romania ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 26, 1940, the Soviet Union gave Romania twenty-four hours to cede Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. Germany, which had a stake in Romanian oil, objected only to the demand for Bukovina. ●●

1940 Iron Guard government under Antonescu takes power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 5, 1940, an Iron Guard government under Ion Antonescu took office in Bucharest after the territorial losses of that summer destroyed Romanian moderates. Its first act was to depose King Carol and replace him with his son Michael. ●●

1940 British air attack on the Italian fleet at Taranto ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 11, 1940, twenty-one British planes made a torpedo attack on the Italian fleet in Taranto harbor, sinking three of six battleships for the loss of two planes and one pilot. It was an early demonstration of carrier air power against battleships. ●●

1940 Italy attacks Greece from Albania ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mussolini launched an attack on Greece from Albania on October 28, 1940, against the unanimous advice of his generals. It was stopped within three weeks and a Greek counterattack drove deep into Albania. ●●

1940 Wavell attacks Graziani in Egypt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 7, 1940, General Archibald Wavell attacked Graziani's much larger Italian force in Egypt with 31,000 men and 225 tanks. In two months he captured 130,000 Italians and advanced 600 miles for the loss of only 500 killed. ●●

1940 Destroyers-for-bases deal with Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1940 Roosevelt, by executive action, gave Britain fifty old World War I destroyers in exchange for ninety-nine-year leases on naval and air bases from Newfoundland to Trinidad. He also proclaimed a limited National Emergency. ●●

1940 Selective Service Act of 1940 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1940 Congress passed the Selective Service Act to build up the armed forces by compulsion, providing one year of training for 900,000 men. The men were not to be used outside the Western Hemisphere. ●●

1940 Japan sets up a puppet government at Nanking ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1940 Japan installed a puppet Chinese government at Nanking. Its lack of real power convinced no one, as the interior of China remained loyal to Chiang Kai-shek's government at Chungking. ●●

1940 City bombing begins by accident over London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The bombing of cities began when lost German planes dumped their loads on London on August 24, 1940, contrary to orders. The RAF retaliated on Berlin the next night, and Goering announced deliberate city bombardment soon after. ●●

1940 National Defense Research Committee created ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As France fell in 1940, Vannevar Bush persuaded Roosevelt to create the National Defense Research Committee, which he chaired, linking science to the U.S. war effort. ●●

1940 Sengier ships Congo uranium ore to New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the fall of France, Edgar Sengier of Union Miniere shipped 1,250 tons of high-grade Katanga uranium ore to New York, where it sat unwanted for over two years. ●●

1940 Amery's "In the name of God, go!" and Chamberlain's fall ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the bitter Commons debate of 8 May 1940 Amery flung Cromwell's words at the government benches. The split vote led to Chamberlain's replacement by Churchill and Amery's return to office. ●●

1940 Halifax sent to Washington after Lothian's death ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Lothian died in December 1940 the Washington embassy was judged so important that Halifax was moved there from the Foreign Office while keeping his War Cabinet seat. ●●

1940 Walter Lippmann indicts modern education, 1940 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes Walter Lippmann, who in a December 1940 address to the science association argued that modern education had stripped away the Western cultural tradition and was destroying Western civilization. ●●

1940 NKVD deports tens of thousands of Balts to Siberia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Other examples include the NKVD’s forced deportation of some 35,000 to 50,000 “suspect” Latvians, Lithuanians, and Estonians to Siberian exile in 1940 and 1941, which has remained a rigidly enforced secret inside the USSR ever since. ●●

1940 Rentschler becomes National City Bank chairman ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gordon Rentschler became chairman of National City Bank after James Perkins died in July 1940. Rentschler coordinated war bond distribution and aligned the bank with FDR's war financing strategy. ●●

1940 FDR reelected to a third term ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Franklin D. Roosevelt won the presidency for the third time on November 5, 1940, though with lower popular and electoral percentages than his prior election. This gave him continued power to lead America into its wartime mobilization. ●●

1940 France signs armistice with Nazi Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 22, 1940, French Premier Marshal Petain submitted to the Nazi blitzkrieg and signed an armistice, leaving Britain to fight alone. ●●

1940 J. P. Morgan becomes a public corporation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1940, J. P. Morgan and Company announced its transformation from a private partnership to a publicly traded corporation. ●●

1940 Auer delivers first ton of uranium oxide to War Office ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Auer, the thorium specialists, purveyors of gas mantles and radioactive toothpaste, delivered the first ton of pure uranium oxide processed from Joachimsthal ores to the War Office in January 1940. ●●