Events, Verisoph

1914 London Stock Exchange closes for the first time since 1773 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 31 July 1914 the London Stock Exchange shut its doors until further notice as the war crisis hit. It was the first closure since the exchange was founded in 1773. ●●

1914 Bank of England raises Bank rate to 10 percent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As gold drained from its vaults in the opening days of the war, the Bank of England's bullion reserves more than halved in days. On 1 August 1914 it raised interest rates to an unprecedented 10 percent to conserve gold. ●●

1914 Germany mobilizes and declares war on Russia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 31 July 1914 Germany answered Russia's mobilization with its own and demanded French neutrality. The next day it declared war on Russia and France mobilized in turn. ●●

1914 Germany declares war on France and invades Belgium ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 3 August 1914 Germany declared war on France and invaded neutral Belgium to reach it. The invasion brought Britain into the war. ●●

1914 Britain enters the war over Belgian neutrality ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain had guaranteed Belgian neutrality since 1839 and demanded Germany withdraw from Belgium. When the ultimatum expired at midnight on 4 August 1914, Britain was at war with Germany. ●●

1914 Reichsbank suspends gold convertibility of the mark ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Having built up large gold reserves after the 1911 Agadir crisis, Germany's Reichsbank acted fast as war loomed. On 31 July 1914 it suspended the gold convertibility of the mark. ●●

1914 New York Stock Exchange closes ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On 31 July 1914, after London's exchange suspended trading, New York's leading bankers met at the House of Morgan and decided to close the New York Stock Exchange. It was an emergency measure to halt the spreading panic. ●●

1914 Wall Street's worst day since the 1907 panic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 30 July 1914 news of Russia's general mobilization hit New York. Stocks fell 7 percent, their single largest down day since the panic of 1907. ●●

1914 Davison: 'the credit of all Europe has broken down' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Days after the war crisis broke, Morgan partner Henry Davison telegraphed his colleague Thomas Lamont describing the collapse of European credit. His message captured how the global financial system had seized up in August 1914. ●●

1914 Benjamin Strong becomes first governor of the New York Fed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pressed by Davison and Warburg that it was his public duty, Benjamin Strong accepted leadership of the new central bank. On 5 October 1914 he was elected the first governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. ●●

1914 Banque de France evacuates its gold reserves ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As German armies advanced in August 1914, the Banque de France secretly executed its emergency plan. On 18 August it shipped 1,300 tons of gold, worth $800 million, to safe sites in the south, emptying its Paris vaults. ●●

1914 German army reaches the outskirts of Paris ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late August 1914 the German army swept through Belgium and northern France in a great flanking movement. By 29 August it was just twenty-five miles from Paris. ●●

1914 Gold standard suspended at outbreak of war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The gold standard was officially suspended in Germany and France in August 1914 as the war began. Britain kept the legal fiction of gold convertibility, though submarine risk made gold exports unfeasible. ●●

1914 —Jack Morgan, personal letter to President Woodrow Wilson, September 4, 191... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —Jack Morgan, personal letter to President Woodrow Wilson, September 4, 1914 BOTH FEDERAL RESERVE AND DOMESTIC ANTITRUST ISSUES WERE SOON overshadowed by more ominous events... ●●

1914 Franz Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 28, 1914, a Slavic nationalist in Sarajevo murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne. The battle lines were drawn. Austria positioned itself against... ●●

1914 Was this a sign of tighter ties to the money trust titans? Was Wilson close... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Was this a sign of tighter ties to the money trust titans? Was Wilson closer to the bankers than he had appeared? With whispers of such queries hanging in the hot summer air, at... ●●

1914 But contrary to the conventional read-back from the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But contrary to the conventional read-back from the winners' side ofWorld War I , Russian, Ottoman, German, and Habsburg empires arrived at 1914, like... ●●

1914 Panama Canal opens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The canal, which opened in 1914, gave the United States sovereignty over the Canal Zone and a unique stake in the new nation (1914) ●●

1914 Arguably a much worse stock market crash had occurred at the end of July 1914, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arguably a much worse stock market crash had occurred at the end of July 1914, when the outbreak of the First World War precipitated such a total meltdown that the world’s principal stock markets – including New York’s – simply had to close their doors. ●●

1914 Amid talk of war and fears of a 1914-style market shutdown, Greenspan slashed rates again, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Amid talk of war and fears of a 1914-style market shutdown, Greenspan slashed rates again, from 3. ●●

1914 34 The Japanese were insured; between 1879 and 1914 their insurance industry had grown from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 34 The Japanese were insured; between 1879 and 1914 their insurance industry had grown from nothing into a vibrant sector of the economy, offering cover against loss at sea, death, fire, conscription, transport accident and burglary, to name just some of the thirteen distinct forms of insurance sold by more than thirty companies. ●●

1914 By the end of 1914, Russian bonds were down 8. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of 1914, Russian bonds were down 8. ●●

1914 114 Could anything trigger another breakdown of globalization like the one that happened in 1914? rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 114 Could anything trigger another breakdown of globalization like the one that happened in 1914? ●●

1914 Anti-Morgan Agitation During World War I rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With America officially neutral, the House of Morgan's Export Department faced inflammatory criticism from isolationists and anti-Morgan agitators. Protesters blamed Morgan partners for the deaths of innocent civilians caused by American arms sales to the Allies. ●●

1914 Asquith approves Morgan purchasing plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 16, 1914, Prime Minister Herbert Asquith met with Harry Davison and approved the House of Morgan's proposal to serve as the purchasing agency for Allied supplies, reviewing the contract paragraph by paragraph. ●●

1914 British Treasury sends purchasing mission to New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British Treasury sent officials George Paish and Basil Blackett to New York in October 1914 to address war profiteering and coordinate Allied purchases through a single agency to prevent price inflation. ●●

1914 Allen Dulles Graduates from Princeton rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Allen Welsh Dulles graduated from Princeton and soon departed for Ewing Christian College in central India to teach English. ●●

1914 Jack Morgan Opposes War candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When war broke out in 1914, J. P. Morgan issued appeals to belligerents to stop the fighting, demonstrating his opposition to the conflict. ●●

1914 Touring the Far East in 1914, Rose heard rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Touring the Far East in 1914, Rose heard fears from public-health officials that a fresh outbreak of yellow fever could result from ships passing through the new canal. ●●

1914 Rockefeller Jr. testifies to House mining subcommittee ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Summoned to give testimony before the House Subcommittee on Mines and Mining in March 1914, Junior saw himself perpetuating his father’s noble legacy. “Father was the greatest business witness ever on the stand,” he said. ●●

1914 In early June 1914, still fretting about his rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early June 1914, still fretting about his finances, he received a cryptic telegram from the Rockefeller Foundation, inviting him to New York to discuss a special labor project for its new economic-research unit. ●●

1914 “I learned that in the old days during rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I learned that in the old days during the strike out west.”46 In May 1914, while still reeling from the Ludlow Massacre, Junior asked Arthur Brisbane to recommend someone who might burnish the family image, and Brisbane suggested thirty-six-year-old Ivy Ledbetter Lee, executive assistant to the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad. ●●

1914 Rockefeller Prepares Kykuit for Cettie rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1914, John Rockefeller preceded his wife to Kykuit to prepare the remodeled house for her comfortable residence. He was concerned about her frail condition making the journey from Cleveland. ●●

1914 Harold McCormick resigns as International Harvester treasurer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1914, Harold McCormick resigned as treasurer of International Harvester to remain in Switzerland with Carl Jung. He ceded operational control to his brother Cyrus while retaining board membership. ●●

1914 Paul agreed to testify if all nominees were rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paul agreed to testify if all nominees were treated alike. In early July 1914, three “popular” nominees sailed through without questioning, while Paul and Thomas D. ●●

1914 Soon regretting this, he proposed instead that new rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Soon regretting this, he proposed instead that new war-credit banks be set up to service German industry. Max, Fritz, and Melchior worked on statutes for the new Hamburg Bank of 1914, a financing mode... ●●

1914 Founding of the Hamburg Bank of 1914 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Max, Fritz, and Melchior worked on statutes for the new Hamburg Bank of 1914, a financing model copied throughout Germany. ●●

1914 During their fin-de-siècle idyll, they had enjoyed a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During their fin-de-siècle idyll, they had enjoyed a hybrid identity, summering in German spas and marrying Germans while indulging their American patriotism at home. Before August 1914, this was no c... ●●

1914 Before August 1914, this was no contradiction, and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before August 1914, this was no contradiction, and presented no conflict. ●●

1914 Like Paul, Felix sympathized with Germany and championed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Like Paul, Felix sympathized with Germany and championed American neutrality. When Paul joined the Fed in 1914, Felix took over his M. ●●

1914 When Paul joined the Fed in 1914, Felix rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Paul joined the Fed in 1914, Felix took over his M. ●●

1914 But probably nothing prepared him for the burst rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But probably nothing prepared him for the burst of candor that would suddenly erupt from Schiff during the war. As the war progressed, Max regarded England in a far more malevolent light than he had i... ●●

1914 Responding to the chauvinism stirred by war, Jews rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Responding to the chauvinism stirred by war, Jews flocked to serve under an imperial flag emblazoned with an Iron Cross and eagle. In August 1914, Jewish groups issued impassioned calls to arms, urgin... ●●

1914 In August 1914, Jewish groups issued impassioned calls candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In August 1914, Jewish groups issued impassioned calls to arms, urging the community to enlist and refute anti-Semitic libels about their questionable patriotism. ●●

1914 Aby undertook one diplomatic mission. In 1914, Italy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Aby undertook one diplomatic mission. In 1914, Italy wavered whether to side with Germany or defect to the Entente powers. ●●

1914 “During a period of war people act as rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “During a period of war people act as in a fever and reasoning is impossible,” he wrote McAdoo.70 What mattered, he said, was to refute any insinuations of disloyalty and “leave no doubt in the people... ●●

1914 The critical paragraph of his May 27, 1914, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The critical paragraph of his May 27, 1914, letter ran as follows: “Much to my regret, Mr. ●●

1914 In these circumstances, I deem it my duty rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In these circumstances, I deem it my duty to state to you myself that it is my firm belief that the interest of the country will best be served if my name be not considered by you in this connection.”... ●●

1914 The Position of the Powers, 1885–1914 In the face of such u rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Position of the Powers, 1885–1914 In the face of such unnervingly specific figures, that a certain power possessed 2.7 percent of world manufacturing production in 1913, or that another had an in ●●

1914 Instead of being a cluster of rivaling small states, partly rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Instead of being a cluster of rivaling small states, partly under foreign sovereignty and always under the threat of foreign intervention, there was now a solid block of thirty million people growing ●●

1914 It was, in the first place, immensely wealthy, both at home rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was, in the first place, immensely wealthy, both at home and abroad, though the British Treasury felt itself under heavy pressure in the two decades before 1914 as the newer technology more than do ●●

1914 From the plausible evidence which does exist, however, it se rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From the plausible evidence which does exist, however, it seems that Russia in the decades prior to 1914 was simultaneously powerful and weak—depending, as ever, upon which end of the telescope one pe ●●

1914 Its coal output was rising even faster, from 6 million tons rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Its coal output was rising even faster, from 6 million tons in 1890 to 36 million tons in 1914. It was the world’s second-largest oil producer. ●●

1914 The Russian railway network, already some 31,000 miles in 19 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Russian railway network, already some 31,000 miles in 1900, was constantly augmented, so that by 1914 it was close to 46,000 miles. Foreign trade, stabilized by Russia’s going onto the gold standa ●●

1914 The agitation to preserve an “open door” in China and the ma rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The agitation to preserve an “open door” in China and the massive interest shown in making the United States the dominant economic force in Latin America were only two of the manifestations of this co ●●

1914 industry, utilities, and services (which totaled around $7 b rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story industry, utilities, and services (which totaled around $7 billion by 1914). Although some of this westward flow of bullion was reversed by the returns on European investments and by American payments ●●

1914 That was yet another of the common pre-1914 assumptions whic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That was yet another of the common pre-1914 assumptions which the Great War itself would prove wrong. ●●

1914 Similarly, the historical record suggests that there is rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The France of 1914 was, absolutely, more powerful than that of 1850—but this was little consolation when France was being eclipsed by a much stronger Germany. Britain today has far greater wealth, and ●●

1914 As the twentieth century approached, therefore, the pace rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Behind the frequent colonial quarrels and international crises of the pre-1914 period, however, the decade-by-decade indices of economic power were pointing to even more fundamental shifts in the glob ●●

1914 1914 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Total War and the Power Balances, 1914–1918 Before examining the First World War in the light of the grand strategy of the two coalitions and of the military and industrial resour... ●●

1914 1914 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Consequently, in 1914, even as the bulk of the army was attacking in the west, the Prussian General Staff was nervously redeploying two corps to reinforce its exposed eastern front... ●●

1914 1914 Military Campaign rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the bloody fighting at Ypres in November 1914 convinced Falkenhayn of the hopelessness of achieving a swift victory in the west, a further eight German divisions were transfer... ●●

1914 1914 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, according to one arcane calculation already mentioned earlier, the United States pre-1914 growth was such that it probably would have overtaken Europe in total output in the ... ●●

1914 1914 Diplomatic Agreement rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Furthermore, in certain instances the reemer-gence of extra-European and colonial issues was cutting right across the former 1914–1918 alliance structure. ●●

1914 1914 Military Technology rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before 1914, Germany had paid for such imports by its booming export of manufactures: in the 1930s, this was no longer possible, since German industry was now being redirected into... ●●

1914 34. New York American, May 18, 1914 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 34. New York American, May 18, 1914. ●●

1914 30. JS. B440 F8, letter from Max Warburg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 30. JS. B440 F8, letter from Max Warburg, December 22, 1914. ●●

1914 31. JS. B440 F8, letter from Max Warburg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 31. JS. B440 F8, letter from Max Warburg, November 11, 1914. ●●

1914 6. Hamburger Echo, December 8, 1914 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6. Hamburger Echo, December 8, 1914. ●●

1914 17. AW Kopierbuch 6 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17. AW Kopierbuch 6 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter to Onkel Empel, August 9, 1914. ●●

1914 18. AW Kopierbuch 5 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 18. AW Kopierbuch 5 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter to Veth, September 2, 1914. ●●

1914 Guaranty Trust sent Minotto to South America candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On October 25, 1914, Guaranty Trust sends Jacques Minotto to South America. Minotto later becomes involved in German espionage during World War I. ●●

1914 Federal Reserve Bank of New York incorporated ai_extracted 2 cit. no story The certification of incorporation of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York is filed on May 18, 1914. ●●

1914 World War I 1914-1917 costs Russia millions of casualties rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story World War I from 1914-1917 cost Russia millions of casualties and massive economic dislocation, marked the first occasion for massive American military projection into Europe. ●●

1914 Germany's Defeat in World War I rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crowley uses Germany in 1914 as a cautionary example of a nation that understood its will but failed to eliminate internal opposition and understand victory conditions, leading to its defeat. He frames the war as resulting from Germany violating magical principles. ●●

1914 THE BALANCE OF POWER PETRIFIES When war broke out ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story THE BALANCE OF POWER PETRIFIES When war broke out in 1914, the Franco-Russian Alliance was already twenty-three years old, and the Austro-German Allia ●●

1914 Finally, in 1914, a crisis arose from which no one... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Finally, in 1914, a crisis arose from which no one shrank. ●●

1914 October 3, 1914, Roosevelt wrote to the British am... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 3, 1914, Roosevelt wrote to the British ambassador to Washington (conveniently forgetting his earlier judgm ●●

1914 his second State of the Union address on December ... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his second State of the Union address on December 8, 1914, and after the European war had been raging for four months, Wilson rejected an increase ●●

1914 He had graduated from the University of Washington in 1914, studied engineering rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He had graduated from the University of Washington in 1914, studied engineering intensely for two years at MIT and gone on to West Point, where he graduated fourth in his class in 1918. ●●

1914 ally against a German foe. A remarkable change occ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ally against a German foe. A remarkable change occurred in British foreign policy between 1890 and 1914. ●●

1914 The Kaiser, regarding these developments as tests ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Kaiser, regarding these developments as tests of his manhood, told his chancellor on February 25, 1914: “Russo-Prussian relations are dead once an ●●

1914 1914, the confrontation between Germany and Austri... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1914, the confrontation between Germany and Austria-Hungary on the one side, and the Triple Entente on the other, had turned deadly earnest. ●●

1914 February 1914—six months before the war—he wrote a... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1914—six months before the war—he wrote a prophetic memorandum for the Tsar: The main burden of the war ●●

1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ai_extracted 1 cit. no story power, and the casus belli as accidental as the preceding diplomacy had been reckless. On June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Habsburg throne, ●●

1914 the Germans too great an honor, for the Kaiser and... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the Germans too great an honor, for the Kaiser and his advisers had no more of a long-range plan in 1914 than they had had during any previous crisis. ●●

1914 But by 1914, legitimacy was no longer a common bon... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But by 1914, legitimacy was no longer a common bond. ●●

1914 The paradox of July 1914 was that the countries wh... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The paradox of July 1914 was that the countries which had political reasons to go to war were not tied to rigid mobilization ●●

1914 roying the world order in which their nations had ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story roying the world order in which their nations had coexisted for nearly a century. By the winter of 1914–15, military strategy and foreign policy had l ●●

1914 litary understanding—very limited indeed—which was... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story litary understanding—very limited indeed—which was given effect between Great Britain and France in 1914, there had been no other bond between the two ●●

1914 But for Wilson and the peacemakers at Versailles, ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But for Wilson and the peacemakers at Versailles, the cause of the war of 1914–18 had to be ascribed to some evil which had to be punished. When the h ●●

1914 some of the arguments of imperial Germany for a Br... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story d some of the arguments of imperial Germany for a British alliance, declaring that “the position of 1914 is today reversed. ●●

1914 For Stresemann, these interests were straightforwa... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For Stresemann, these interests were straightforward: to restore Germany to its pre-1914 stature, to dispose of the financial burdens of reparations, ●●

1914 drew from this assessment the Realpolitik conclusi... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He drew from this assessment the Realpolitik conclusion that he had before him an opportunity to rebuild Germany to at least its pre-1914 level and pr ●●

1914 Weizmann found a circular on his desk from the British War Office “inviting every scientist in posse rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Weizmann found a circular on his desk from the British War Office “inviting every scientist in possession of any discovery of military value to report it. ●●

1914 had questioned a witness at an appropriations hearing, “What is a physicist? rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story had questioned a witness at an appropriations hearing, “What is a physicist? ●●

1914 Wells' The World Set Free predicts atomic war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story novel, The World Set Free, predicted atomic bombs, atomic war and world government. ●●

1914 ROBERT BICKERS, The Scramble for China: Foreign Devils in the Qing Empire, 1832-1914 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story polis: The Way We’ll Live Next DAVID GILMOUR, The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, its Regions and their Peoples NIALL FERGUSON, Civilization: The West and the Rest TIM FLANNERY, Here on Earth: A New Beginning ROBERT BICKERS, The Scramble for C ●●

1914 Event of 1914 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But history punishes strategic frivolity sooner or later. World War I broke out because political leaders lost control over their own tactics. For nearly a month after the assassination of the Austrian Crown Prince in June 1914 by a Serbian nationali ●●

1914 Information history in 1914 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story en in the modern world, lacked an alphabet. The drums metamorphosed speech. ●●