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  1. 1920 Grenfell, April 22, 1920 rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story 28. Ibid., Edward C. Grenfell File, letter from Edward C. ●●
  2. 1920 James Cox Favors League of Nations in 1920 Election rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1920 presidential election, Tom Lamont cast his vote for Democratic Governor James Cox of Ohio, who supported American membership in the League of Nations, over Republican Warren Harding's isolationist platform. ●●
  3. 1920 Morgan partners rescue William Durant ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In an overnight rescue session on November 18, 1920, Dwight Morrow and Morgan partners rescued General Motors founder William Durant, who faced $38 million in debts and margin calls. The Morgan bank bought his stock and forced his resignation. ●●
  4. 1920 Morgan sponsors General Motors stock offering ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1920, the House of Morgan sponsored a $64 million stock offering to finance General Motors expansion. The bank retained a sizable block and privately placed remaining shares with trusted investors. ●●
  5. 1920 Since the Nazis later accused Jewish bankers of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Since the Nazis later accused Jewish bankers of sabotaging the economy, it is worth noting that Paul and Max acted as a critical conduit of Wall Street money at a time when credit was scarce. Already ... ●●
  6. 1920 Warburgs sell AEG loan issue to the Guggenheims ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Already in 1920, the Warburgs pulled off a big transatlantic deal for the German electrical company, AEG, selling a quarter of its new loan issue to the Guggenheims. ●●
  7. 1920 Now and then, he grew wistful. In January rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Now and then, he grew wistful. In January 1920, he told Max that he looked forward to seeing his beloved German haunts again, but added, “I must live more in the past than the future.…”1 A month later... ●●
  8. 1920 Saxl’s students would report about him a similar rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Saxl’s students would report about him a similar heavy-handed-ness. By 1920, the Warburgs, despairing that Aby would ever emerge from his Swiss asylum, named Saxl the library’s acting director, with G... ●●
  9. 1920 Saxl named acting director of the Warburg Library ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1920, the Warburgs, despairing that Aby would ever emerge from his Swiss asylum, named Saxl the library’s acting director, with Gertrud Bing his deputy. ●●
  10. 1920 At first (1920) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story M. Warburg in 1920. He had fully inhabited the Warburg universe. ●●
  11. 1920 Libby Holman crooned one of their torch songs, “Can’t We Be... (1920) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Libby Holman crooned one of their torch songs, “Can’t We Be Friends?” in the Little Show of 1920. ●●
  12. 1920 1920 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The key problem was that even “at the end of the First World War Italy, economically speaking, was a semideveloped country.”45 Its per capita income in 1920 was probably equal to t... ●●
  13. 1920 1. DS. Letter from Jacob Schiff to Max rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1. DS. Letter from Jacob Schiff to Max Warburg, January 19, 1920. ●●
  14. 1920 14. SF-LB. Letter from Binswanger to Freud, January rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 14. SF-LB. Letter from Binswanger to Freud, January 7, 1920. ●●
  15. 1920 1. Warburg, Letters to His Sons, letter to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1. Warburg, Letters to His Sons, letter to Paul Felix and Edward Warburg, August 3, 1920. ●●
  16. 1920 Anti-fortunetelling laws enacted in New York and other states candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anti-fortunetelling laws were enacted in several states including New York, dating back to the 1920s. These laws were intended to protect people from con artists posing as psychics, though they risk impinging on people's religious freedoms if overly applied. ●●
  17. 1920 Gulag system launched in the Soviet Union ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The launching of the Gulag in the early 1920s included the decimation of the prerevolutionary elite and its large-scale exodus from Russia. ●●
  18. 1920 “He thought you would be an old man with a white beard, exuding learning and aca rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “He thought you would be an old man with a white beard, exuding learning and academic formality,” Brendon Bracken, Churchill’s aide, told Conant afterward.1405 But braced by the American’s belligerently pro-British views and put at ease by the tweed suit he chose to wear, the Prime Minister eventually warmed over lunch in the bomb-shelter basement at 10 Downing Street, proffering a Churchillian monologue during which he repeated one of his choicer recent coinages: “Give us the tools, and we will finish the job.” In 1920, at twenty-seven, when Conant was courting the woman he would marry—she was the only child of the Nobel laureate Harvard chemist T. ●●
  19. 1920 1920, France had a population of 41 million and Ge... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1920, France had a population of 41 million and Germany a population of 65 million, causing the French s ●●
  20. 1920 early as 1920, the then minister of industry, Walt... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as 1920, the then minister of industry, Walther Rathenau, had consoled the German military with the argumen ●●
  21. 1920 Fermi could write a friend that he had reached the point of teaching his Pisa teachers: “In the phys rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fermi could write a friend that he had reached the point of teaching his Pisa teachers: “In the physics department I am slowly becoming the most influential authority. ●●
  22. 1920 Event of 1920 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1920 he wrote a book called The Rising Tide of Color, which popularized the arguments for “World Eugenics” first put forth by Prescott Hall and E ●●
  23. 1920 partnership with the German movement resumed.22 Laughlin prepared rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story partnership with the German movement resumed.22 Laughlin prepared a detailed pro-German speech for the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Eugenics Research Association, held at Cold Spring Harbor in June of 1920. In the text, Laughlin analyzed Germany’s newly imposed democratic constitution point by point, ●●
  24. 1920 made Germany’s currency worthless nearly overnight, leading to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story made Germany’s currency worthless nearly overnight, leading to unprecedented hyperinflation.28 All of these factors contributed to Germany’s isolation from organized eugenics. Efforts by Davenport in 1920 and 1921 to include German scientists in the International Eugenics Commission were rebuffed. N ●●
  25. 1920 udied American eugenic science and formulated his ideas rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story udied American eugenic science and formulated his ideas accordingly. He was comfortable confiding to his dear friend Davenport just how those ideas fused with nationalism. For example, in November of 1920, about a year before Foundation of Human Heredity and Race Hygiene went to press, Baur wrote to ●●
  26. 1920 Verschuer lived the Nazi ideal long before Hitler rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Verschuer lived the Nazi ideal long before Hitler emerged. A virulent anti-Semite and a violent German nationalist, he was among the student Freikorps militia that staged the Kapp Putsch in March of 1920. Two years later, Verschuer articulated his eugenic nationalist stance in a student article ent ●●
  27. 1920 who gave birth twenty-seven times, each time producing rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story who gave birth twenty-seven times, each time producing twins, triplets or quadruplets, yielding a total of sixty-nine children47 Race and twins quickly became an issue for American eugenicists. In a 1920 lecture series, Davenport raised the issue of “racial difference in twin frequency” in the same ●●
  28. 1920 nport to John S. Billings, 3 May 1903: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nport to John S. Billings, 3 May 1903: APS B-D27 Cold Spring Harbor Beginnings Correspondence # 1. Davenport, “A Summary of Progress,” pp. 13-14. 64. Letter, Charles Davenport to Madison Grant, 3 May 1920: APS B- D27 Grant, Madison #3. See Stoddard, pp. xxix-xxxi, 306-308. 65. Davenport to Billings, ●●
  29. 1920 October, 1910: APS B:D27 APS B:D27 Harriman, Mrs. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story October, 1910: APS B:D27 APS B:D27 Harriman, Mrs. E #1. 23. Davenport to Harriman, 23 May 1910. 24. Davenport to Harriman, 23 May 1910. 25. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Mrs. E.H. Harriman, 20July, 1920: APS B:D27 APS B:D27 Harriman, Mrs. E#1. 26. See O.M. Means, Kirksville, Missouri: Its Business ●●
  30. 1920 ll. 60. Official Record of the Gift of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ll. 60. Official Record of the Gift of the Eugenics Record Office, pp. 21, 24, 25, 2S. 61. “Temperament of the Negro,” Eugenical News Vol. IV (1919) p. 43. 62. “Thalassophilia,” Eugenical News Vol. V(1920) p. 26. 63. Charles B. Davenport, Heredity In Relation To Eugenics (New York: Henry Holt & Comp ●●
  31. 1920 Wendell Holmes: The Shaping Years 1841-1870 (Cambridge, MA: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wendell Holmes: The Shaping Years 1841-1870 (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1957), p. 25. 124. Letter, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. to Sir Frederick Pollock, 1 February 1920, Holmes-Pollock Letters: The Correspondence of Mr: Justice Holmes and Sir Frederick Pollock 1874 ●●
  32. 1920 17. 26. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, p. 115. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17. 26. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, p. 115. 27. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, p. 123. 28. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, p. 112. 29. Margaret Sanger, Woman and the New Race (New York: Brentano’s, 1920), Chapter 6. 30. H. G. Wells, Introduction to Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, p. xvi. 31. “Intel ●●
  33. 1920 lind to Lucien Howe, 18 February 1918:APS 77 rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story lind to Lucien Howe, 18 February 1918:APS 77 ERO Series V. Letter, Dr. Harry Best to Lucien Howe, 26 February 1918:APS 77 ERO Series v: Eugenics Record Office, “Cost for the Blind,” memorandum, circa 1920: APS 77 ERO Series V. Letter, Harry H. Laughlin to Lucien Howe, 13 November 1920: APS 77 ERO Se ●●
  34. 1920 Eugenics,” The Journal of Heredity, Vol. X, No. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Eugenics,” The Journal of Heredity, Vol. X, No. 8 (November 1919), p. 318. “Abstracts of Papers,” Eugenical News, Vol. XI (1926), p. 114. “The Blind: Follow-Up Census Survey,” Eugenical News, Vol. V (1920), p. 43. 8. Letter, The New Era Printing Company to Harry H. Laughlin, 12 December 1918: APS 77 ●●
  35. 1920 3:12. Letter, Walter A. Plecker to Harry H. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3:12. Letter, Walter A. Plecker to Harry H. Laughlin, 24 November 1928: Truman 0-4-3:12. 15. Smith, pp. 60-61. Richard B. Sherman, “‘The Last Stand’: The Fight for Racial Integrity in Virginia in the 1920’s,” The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 54 Issue I (February, 1988), p. 78. 16. Bureau of Vit ●●
  36. 1920 X (1924), p. 73. See Library of Congress, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story X (1924), p. 73. See Library of Congress, “Today in History,” at memory.loc.gov. 68. Plecker to Davis, 4 October 1924. Department of Commerce, “U.S. Census Estimate of Indians in Virginia, Vol. Ill, 1920 Population,” n.d.: UVA Library 7284A Powell Papers, Box 56, Folder 1921. See Plecker to Adams, ●●
  37. 1920 nkansas.net. 10. “Course Outline of Eugenics,” 1933, p. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nkansas.net. 10. “Course Outline of Eugenics,” 1933, p. 14: Truman E-2-2:17. Harry H. Laughlin, “A Bill,” n.p., circa 1917: Truman C-2-4:5. Letter, Prescott F. Hall to Charles B. Davenport, 1 October 1920: APS B:D 27. 11. Prescott F. Hall, “Immigration Restrictions and World Eugenics,” Journal of He ●●
  38. 1920 17 March 1921 :APS B:D 27 - Grant, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17 March 1921 :APS B:D 27 - Grant, Madison #4. Letter, Madison Grant to Charles B. Davenport, 29 January 1921:APS B:D 27 -Grant, Madison #4. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Madison Grant, 27 November 1920:APS B:D 27 - Grant, Madison #4. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Madison Grant, 6 January 1921 : ●●
  39. 1920 H. Laughlin, 21 November 1922, pp. 756, 760. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story H. Laughlin, 21 November 1922, pp. 756, 760. 23. House Committee, Statement of Dr. Harry H. Laughlin, 21 November 1922, pp. 725, 752, 759. 24. “Biological Research in Immigration,” memorandum, circa 1920: Truman C-2-4:5. Letter, Harry H. Laughlin to Frank Babbott, 18 February 1922: Truman C-4-3:5. L ●●
  40. 1920 ography and Degenration, p. 163. C. P. Blacker, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ography and Degenration, p. 163. C. P. Blacker, Eugenics: Galton and After (Westport, CT: Hyperion Press, Inc.), p. 237. Mazumdar, pp. 82,85. 42. Letter, Francis Benedict to Karl Pearson, 20 November 1920: UCL, Pearson Papers, 653/2. Letter, Francis Benedict to Karl Pearson, 13 December 1920: UCL, ●●
  41. 1920 Hyperion Press, Inc.), p. 237. Mazumdar, pp. 82,85. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hyperion Press, Inc.), p. 237. Mazumdar, pp. 82,85. 42. Letter, Francis Benedict to Karl Pearson, 20 November 1920: UCL, Pearson Papers, 653/2. Letter, Francis Benedict to Karl Pearson, 13 December 1920: UCL, Pearson Papers, 653/2. 43. Mazumdar, pp. 77, 85-87, 289, 328. 44. Mazumdar, p. 72. Report ●●
  42. 1920 International Organisation of Eugenics,” p. 3. 5. Letter, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story International Organisation of Eugenics,” p. 3. 5. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Madison Grant, 10 October 1919: APS B:D27 - Grant, Madison #1. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Madison Grant, 2 April 1920: APS B:D27 -Grant, Madison #3. Letter, Madison Grant to Charles B. Davenport, 7 April 1920: APS ●●
  43. 1920 rant, 10 October 1919: APS B:D27 - Grant, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rant, 10 October 1919: APS B:D27 - Grant, Madison #1. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Madison Grant, 2 April 1920: APS B:D27 -Grant, Madison #3. Letter, Madison Grant to Charles B. Davenport, 7 April 1920: APS B:D27 - Grant, Madison #3. Letter, Madison Grant to Charles B. Davenport, 13 April 1920: A ●●
  44. 1920 Science, edited by Mark B. Adams (New York: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Science, edited by Mark B. Adams (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 80-83. “Pan’s Plans,” Eugenical News, Vol. IX (1924), p. 80. 24. “Belgium Society of Eugenics,” Eugenical News Vol. V (1920), p. 63. “Revue D’Eugenique,” Eugenical News Vol. VI (1921), p. 43. “Societe Belge D’Eugenique,” ●●
  45. 1920 X (1924), p. 80. 24. “Belgium Society of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story X (1924), p. 80. 24. “Belgium Society of Eugenics,” Eugenical News Vol. V (1920), p. 63. “Revue D’Eugenique,” Eugenical News Vol. VI (1921), p. 43. “Societe Belge D’Eugenique,” Eugenical News Vol. V (1920), p. 54. 25. “Revue D’Eugenique,” p. 43. “Societe Belge D’Eugenique,” p. 54. “Belgium Society o ●●
  46. 1920 ety, Inc.: B. Early History and Development,” Organized rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ety, Inc.: B. Early History and Development,” Organized Eugenics, January 1931, p. 3. “Race Hygiene in Scandinavia,” Eugenical News, Vol. IV (1919), p. 88. “Der Nordske Race,” Eugenical News, Vol. V (1920), p. 2. “Personal Notes,” Eugenical News, Vol. VII (1922), p. 113. “Notes and News,” Eugenical ●●
  47. 1920 October 1, 1914 to September 30, 1916, pp. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story October 1, 1914 to September 30, 1916, pp. 678, 682, 686. Patrick Almond Curtis, “Eugenic Reformers, Cultural Perceptions of Dependent Populations, and the Care of the Feebleminded in Illinois: 1909- 1920,” (Ph. D. diss., University of Illinois at Chicago, 1983), p. 89. See Paul Popenoe and Roswell ●●
  48. 1920 ical Laboratory Plans for Unified Operation. RAC 1.11717/10/64 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ical Laboratory Plans for Unified Operation. RAC 1.11717/10/64 as cited by Paul J. Weindling, “From Philanthropy to International Science Policy: Rockefeller Funding of Biomedical Sciences in Germany 1920-1940,” in Nicolass A. Rupke, ed., Science, Politics and the Public Good: Essays in Honor of Mar ●●
  49. 1920 w.pbs.org.Lenz, p. 20. 226. Weindling, p. 314. See rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story w.pbs.org.Lenz, p. 20. 226. Weindling, p. 314. See Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936). See letter, Erwin Baur to Charles B. Davenport, 24 November 1920: APS B:D27 - Davenport & Baur. See Deborah E. Lipstadt, Beyond Belief (New York: The Free Press ●●
  50. 1920 cs in Germany,” Eugenics Review, January 1921, reprinted rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story cs in Germany,” Eugenics Review, January 1921, reprinted in Harry Laughlin Reprints (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington, n.d.). “Eugenical Research Association,” Eugenical News, Vol. V (1920), p. 44. “Eugenics Research Association - Eighth Annual Meeting,” Eugenical News, Vol. V (1920) ●●
  51. 1920 , DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington, n.d.). “Eugenical rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington, n.d.). “Eugenical Research Association,” Eugenical News, Vol. V (1920), p. 44. “Eugenics Research Association - Eighth Annual Meeting,” Eugenical News, Vol. V (1920), p. 52. “National Eugenics in Germany,” Eugenical News, Vol. V (1920), pp. 55-56. 24. Letter, ●●
  52. 1920 in Munich from 1917 to 1945,” History of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in Munich from 1917 to 1945,” History of Psychiatry xi (2000), p. 239. See Paul J. Weindling, “From Philanthropy to International Science Policy: Rockefeller Funding of Biomedical Sciences in Germany 1920-1940,” in Nicolaas A. Rupke, ed., Science, Politics and the Public Good: Essays in Honor of Mar ●●
  53. 1920 id to Rest,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 164 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story id to Rest,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 164 (13) 26 June 2001, p. 1860. Weindling, “From Philanthropy to International Science Policy: Rockefeller Funding of Biomedical Sciences in Germany 1920-1940,” p. 121. See Abraham Flexner, Medical Education in Europe: A Report to the Carnegie Found ●●
  54. 1920 See Abraham Flexner, Prostitution in Europe (New York: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story See Abraham Flexner, Prostitution in Europe (New York: The Century Company, 1914). Weindling, “From Philanthropy to International Science Policy: Rockefeller Funding of Biomedical Sciences in Germany 1920-1940,” pp. 121, 123. Kristie Macrakis, Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germ ●●
  55. 1920 n Russia,” Eugenical News Vol. IV (1919), p. rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story n Russia,” Eugenical News Vol. IV (1919), p. 52. 48. “II-2-a Racial differences in twin frequency,” undated lecture notes: APS B:D27 Davenport-Twins #4. “Twins in the Census,” Eugenical News Vol. IV (1920), p. 16. Charles B. Davenport and Morris Steggerda, Race Crossing in Jamaica (Washington: Carne ●●
  56. 1920 ic Information and Medical Expense Insurance.” June 2000. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ic Information and Medical Expense Insurance.” June 2000. Curtis, Patrick Almond. “Eugenic Reformers, Cultural Perceptions of Dependent Populations, and the Care of the Feebleminded in Illinois: 1909-1920.” Ph. D. diss., University of Illinois at Chicago, 1983. Hassencahl, Francis Janet. “Harry H. L ●●
  57. 1920 isited: The Plecker- Laughlin Correspondence: 1928-1930.” American Journal rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story isited: The Plecker- Laughlin Correspondence: 1928-1930.” American Journal of Medical Genetics Vol. 16 (1983). Sherman, Richard B. “‘The Last Stand’: The Fight for Racial Integrity in Virginia in the 1920’s.” The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 54 Issue 1 (February 1988). Shevell, Michael. “Racial ●●
  58. 1920 . Sanger, Margaret. The Pivot of Civilization: In rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story . Sanger, Margaret. The Pivot of Civilization: In Historical Perspective. Ed. Comp. Michael W. Perry. Seattle, WA: Inkling Books, 2001. Sanger, Margaret. Woman and the New Race. New York: Brentano’s, 1920. Schmuhl, Hans-Walter. Hirnforschung und Krankenmord, Das Kaiser- Wilhelm-Institut für Hirnfors ●●
  59. 1920 . Ernst Rüdin: Eine kritsche Biographie. Berlin: J. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story . Ernst Rüdin: Eine kritsche Biographie. Berlin: J. Springer-Verlag, 1993. Weindling, Paul J. “From Philanthropy to International Science Policy: Rockefeller Funding of Biomedical Sciences in Germany 1920-1940.” In Nicolass A. Rupke, ed., Science, Politics and the Public Good: Essays in Honor of Mar ●●
  60. 1920 France repeals its 1920 anti-contraception law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even France finally repealed its 1920 law against contracep- tion, in part because of complaints from elected representatives and govern- ment officials worried about high fertility in the overseas... ●●
  61. 1920 While state authority did break down briefly in the 1920s, ’30s, and ’40s during the period of warlo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While state authority did break down briefly in the 1920s, ’30s, and ’40s during the period of warlordism, civil war, and Japanese occupation, a strong centralized state was soon reestablished under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party in 19 ●●
  62. 1920 Though most Americans assume democracy arrived with the adoption of the Constitution in the late eig rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Though most Americans assume democracy arrived with the adoption of the Constitution in the late eighteenth century, the franchise was severely limited in 1787 and was progressively opened up to white men without property, African Americans, and wome ●●
  63. 1920 The middle classes, whose savings and security were destroyed in the postwar inflation and economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The middle classes, whose savings and security were destroyed in the postwar inflation and economic turmoil, were ripe for recruitment into the new Fascist parties that sprang up in the 1920s. ●●
  64. 1920 US troops land at Vladivostok ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then 7,000 men were landed in Vladivostok and remained until January 1920, as part of an allied occupation force ●●
  65. 1920 1920: “Official quarters’ describe the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1920: “Official quarters’ describe the Bolshevist menace in the Middle East as ominous” 11 Jan ●●
  66. 1920 Fleming, “The Western Intervention in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fleming, “The Western Intervention in the Soviet Union, 1918-1920”, New World Review (New York), Fall 30 31 32 1967; see also Fleming, The Cold War and its Origins, 1917-1960 (New York, 1961), pp ●●
  67. 1920 It is not strange that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It is not strange that in his address in New York, September 17, 1959, Premier Khrushchev should remind us of the interventions, “the time you sent your troops to quell the revolution”, as he put it.” In what could be taken as a portent of superpower ●●
  68. 1920 1920 - China - March rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1920 - China - March 14: A landing force was sent ashore for a few hours to protect lives during a distur- bance at Kiukiang ●●
  69. 1920 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Federal Reserve Board met in a meeting which was not disclosed to the public—they met on the 18th of May 1920; it was a secret meeting—and they sp ●●
  70. 1920 Federal Reserve Board triggers 1920 credit contraction ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Under action taken by the Reserve Board on May 18, 1920, there resulted a violent contraction of credit ●●
  71. 1920 The sudden and continuing drop in demand from the summer of 1920 until the sprin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The sudden and continuing drop in demand from the summer of 1920 until the spring of 1922 was, therefore, the first period of hard times that the mode ●●
  72. 1920 The recession of 1920–1921 transformed General Motors from an entrepreneurial to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The recession of 1920–1921 transformed General Motors from an entrepreneurial to a managerial enterprise ●●
  73. 1920 This type of structure, with its general office and its autonomous, integrated d rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This type of structure, with its general office and its autonomous, integrated divisions, began to be adopted, though rather slowly, by other large in ●●
  74. 1920 During the 1920s, a relatively small number of oil, chemical, rubber, and automo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1920s, a relatively small number of oil, chemical, rubber, and automobile companies followed the pioneering firms overseas ●●
  75. 1920 The techniques for improved coordination evolved out of the pressing need in lat... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The techniques for improved coordination evolved out of the pressing need in late 1920 to regain control over inventories, especially purchases ●●
  76. 1920 The responses of Ford and General Motors to the inventory crisis of 1920–1921 ar... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The responses of Ford and General Motors to the inventory crisis of 1920–1921 are outlined in Lawrence H ●●
  77. 1920 29, 1920, quoted in Chandler, Strategy and Structure, p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 29, 1920, quoted in Chandler, Strategy and Structure, p ●●
  78. 1921 Dominion status for southern Ireland, 1921 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that Lionel Curtis, as Adviser on Irish Affairs, played an important role in granting dominion status to southern Ireland in 1921. ●●
  79. 1921 Irish Free State created (December 1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Articles of Agreement of December 1921 gave Southern Ireland dominion status as the Irish Free State, with Northern Ireland remaining under the 1920 Act. ●●
  80. 1921 Feisal installed as King of Iraq under British protection (1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the French expelled Feisal from Syria, Britain set him up as king in Iraq under British protection in 1921 and later placed his brother Abdullah as King of Transjordan. ●●
  81. 1921 Treaty of Riga sets Poland's eastern frontier (March 1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Polish-Soviet war, the settlement signed at Riga in March 1921 gave Poland a frontier 150 miles east of the Curzon Line, bringing in a million White Russians and four million Ukrainians. ●●
  82. 1921 Full reparations bill of 132 billion marks presented (May 1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1921 Germany was presented with the full reparations bill of 132 thousand million gold marks, accepted under a six-day ultimatum threatening occupation of the Ruhr. ●●
  83. 1921 Kronstadt mutiny ends War Communism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Peasant uprisings, urban riots, and the March 1921 mutiny of the sailors at Kronstadt forced the abandonment of War Communism in favor of the New Economic Policy of free commerce and limited private ownership. ●●
  84. 1921 Douhet's The Command of the Air published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that the Combined Bomber Offensive tried to carry out the largely erroneous ideas of Italian general Giulio Douhet, whose 1921 book The Command of the Air claimed air power alone could win wars by breaking civilian morale. He calls the theory almost wholly wrong yet pernicious in its influence. ●●
  85. 1921 Douhet's prophecy of air power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as 1921 the Italian general Giulio Douhet preached that the next war would be ended within twenty-four hours by destroying all enemy cities from the air. ●●
  86. 1921 Quigley: Council on Foreign Relations as a Morgan front ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that the Council on Foreign Relations, the New York branch of Curtis's Institute of International Affairs, was a front for J. P. Morgan and Company allied with a small American Round Table Group. ●●
  87. 1921 Reza Pahlavi seizes control of Iran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1921 and 1925, the Cossack Brigade officer Reza Pahlavi gradually took over the Iranian government and deposed the young Shah Ahmad. As Reza Shah he pursued modernization on the model of Kemal Ataturk. ●●
  88. 1921 Smuts arranges an armistice in Ireland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1921 Smuts went on a secret mission to Ireland. He arranged an armistice and opened negotiations between Lloyd George and the Irish leaders. ●●
  89. 1921 Anglo-Irish armistice (11 July 1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Smuts helped persuade the Irish to negotiate, an armistice went into effect on 11 July 1921 and the conference began three days later. Curtis served as secretary to the conference. ●●
  90. 1921 India granted fiscal autonomy (1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1921 India was granted fiscal autonomy and at once adopted a protective tariff, to the injury of British textile manufacturing. Quigley lists it among rights the British extended in steady succession. ●●
  91. 1921 Kronstadt Commune revolts against Taylorist labor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that the 1921 Kronstadt Commune rebellion charged that the Bolsheviks were planning to introduce Taylor's sweat-labor system. He says the rebels were right. ●●
  92. 1921 The London reparations schedule and 'fulfillment' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1921 a conference in London set Germany's reparations bill at about $12.5 billion, with annual payments of $600-800 million. Germany accepted and declared a policy of 'fulfillment,' though it never believed it could pay. ●●
  93. 1921 Thus, in April 1921, a month after Harding took office, Lamont set sail on... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, in April 1921, a month after Harding took office, Lamont set sail on the Adriatic for a six-week trip to England, France, Holland, and Belgium. Though it was described in... ●●
  94. 1921 Reza Khan stages coup in Tehran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 20, Reza Khan leads two thousand soldiers into Tehran to arrest the prime minister and cabinet in a swift military coup. ●●
  95. 1921 Kronstadt uprising crushed by the Bolsheviks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early 1921, the Bolshevik party turned its guns on rebellious sailors and workers in Kronstadt in response to widespread peasant resistance. This prompted Lenin to abandon War Communism and introduce the New Economic Policy. ●●
  96. 1921 Soviet famine kills millions after the civil war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Deaths from hunger and epidemics in 1921-22 nearly equaled the combined toll of World War I and the Soviet civil war. This humanitarian catastrophe followed the Bolshevik requisitioning campaigns. ●●
  97. 1921 Frank Knight distinguishes uncertainty from risk ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Frank Knight argued in 1921, ‘Uncertainty must be taken in a sense radically distinct from the familiar notion of Risk, from which it has never been properly separated . ●●
  98. 1921 Harding requires state approval of foreign loans ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 25, 1921, President Harding announced that foreign loans must be certified by the State, Treasury, and Commerce departments as being in the national interest. Jack Morgan pledged that bankers would keep the State Department fully informed. ●●
  99. 1921 Dempsey-Carpentier fight aids French relief ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anne Morgan's American Friends for Devastated France co-sponsored the July 1921 championship fight between Jack Dempsey and Georges Carpenter as part of their fundraising efforts to rebuild French villages and support schools, hospitals, and libraries. ●●
  100. 1921 Paul Warburg launches the International Acceptance Bank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1921, Paul, encouraged by Max, launched the International Acceptance Bank in New York. ●●