Events, Verisoph

1917 Anglo American Corporation incorporated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anglo American Corporation was incorporated to draw together a number of mining, investment and industrial companies already controlled by Ernest Oppenheimer, forming what Nkrumah calls the core of the Oppenheimer empire. ●●

1917 Creel's wartime propaganda bureau refuses the name ai_extracted 1 cit. The United States ran its First World War propaganda through the Committee on Public Information under George Creel. In his 1920 memoir Creel explained that they avoided the word propaganda because German use had tainted it, preferring to call their work education and information. ●●

1918 to 1930 1919-1930 Encephalitis lethargica epidemic wikidata 1 cit. no story information on the Encephalitis Lethargica epidemic ●●●

17 August 1918 Founding of the Thule Society 1 cit. The Thule Society was a German occult and nationalist study group centered on Germanic mysticism and antisemitism. It mixed esoteric interests with far-right politics in postwar Bavaria. politics / society ●●

1918 Berlin-to-Baghdad railway main line completed, 1918 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Berlin-to-Baghdad railway completed its main trunk line from the Austro-Hungarian border to Nusaybin in northern Mesopotamia by September 1918, a project of great economic and strategic weight for Germany and Turkey. ●●

1918 1918 Irish election returns Sinn Fein majority ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1918 election Ireland returned 73 Sinn Fein members seeking an Irish Republic, who organized their own Parliament in Dublin rather than going to Westminster, leading to civil war. ●●

1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk forced on Russia (March 3, 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 3, 1918, the Bolsheviks were forced to accept the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, by which Russia lost Finland, the Baltic provinces, Poland, the Ukraine, and Transcaucasia. ●●

1918 Wilson's Fourteen Points (January 8, 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Germany's October 1918 armistice request was based on Wilson's Fourteen Points of January 8, 1918, which promised open diplomacy, self-determination, and a League of Nations. ●●

1918 Kaiser abdicates amid German Revolution (November 8, 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the German Revolution spread and the navy at Kiel mutinied, the Kaiser abdicated on November 8, 1918, three days before the armistice. ●●

1918 Armistice ends the fighting (November 11, 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The armistice was signed at 5:00 a.m. on November 11, 1918, to take effect at 11:00 a.m., requiring Germany to evacuate occupied territory and surrender vast amounts of war equipment. ●●

1918 Germany promised a negotiated peace on the Fourteen Points (November 5, 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the peace was fraudulent in procedure: the defeated Powers were promised on November 5, 1918, that settlements would be negotiated and based on the Fourteen Points, a promise then abandoned. ●●

1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. Unable to stop the German advance, the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918, losing all the western borderlands including Poland, the Ukraine, and the Baltic areas. ●●

1918 Ebert-Groener pact with the Officers' Corps ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 10, 1918, Ebert agreed not to democratize the army if the Officers' Corps would defend the new government against the Independents and Spartacists. Quigley presents this as a counterrevolutionary bargain. ●●

1918 Phillimore drafts a British text for the League Covenant ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Walter Phillimore drew up one of the two British drafts for the Covenant of the League of Nations in 1918. Quigley notes the rival Cecil Draft was largely the work of Milner Group member Alfred Zimmern. ●●

1918 Milner backs Foch as Supreme Commander (March 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the German offensives of March 1918, Milner went to France and was the principal influence in appointing Foch as Supreme Commander in the west. He then became Secretary of State for War. ●●

1918 Smuts's League of Nations memorandum (Dec 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Curtis's mandates proposal, shown to Smuts, became the basis of Smuts's December 1918 memorandum, The League of Nations: A Practical Suggestion. Quigley says the mandates article of the Covenant grew from it. ●●

1918 Cecil's Birmingham speech on the League contested ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The day after the armistice, Cecil set out the kind of League he expected, one that would only delay war and leave state sovereignty intact. Quigley reads it as proof the Group never meant the League to enforce collective security. ●●

1918 World War I ends (November 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story World War I ended in November 1918. Wood frames the technology-driven slaughter of the war as a catalyst for engineers' embrace of technocracy. ●●

1918 Mississippi becomes the last state to adopt compulsory schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that compulsory schooling spread state by state against strenuous opposition. Mississippi became the 48th and final state to enact a compulsory attendance law in 1918, 66 years after Massachusetts. ●●

1918 NEA issues 'Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues the 1918 NEA report Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education was one of the most influential education documents of the century. He reads it as a mandate to shift away from mental development toward behavior and vocational training. ●●

1918 Alexander Inglis publishes Principles of Secondary Education ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto centers his argument on Alexander Inglis's 1918 book Principles of Secondary Education, which he reads as an insider's account of the school transformation. He claims it reveals schooling's purpose as placing social and economic control beyond the reach of the public. ●●

1918 Gatto's claim of a 1918 Carnegie history meeting contested ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto asserts that in 1918 Andrew Carnegie funded a London meeting of the American Historical Association where, he claims, an agreement was made to rewrite American history for social efficiency. This is Gatto's contested reading of the event. ●●

1918 The Armistice ends the Great War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 11 November 1918 an armistice signed in a railway carriage near Compiegne ended the First World War. Some 11 million soldiers lay dead and Europe was buried under debt. ●●

1918 Proclamation of the German Republic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 9 November 1918, as the Kaiser fled, Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed a republic from a balcony to the Berlin crowds. The new German republic was born, though no such measure had been passed by the Reichstag. ●●

1918 'Squeeze Germany until the pips squeak' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During Britain's December 1918 election, a jingoistic press campaign demanded a harsh settlement with Germany. The slogan that the Allies should squeeze Germany until the pips squeak caught the public mood. ●●

1918 Schacht recruits Goldschmidt, seeding the Danatbank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1918 Schacht brought stockbroker Jacob Goldschmidt into the Nationalbank. Through aggressive mergers Goldschmidt built it into the Danatbank, Germany's third-largest bank, whose 1931 failure would help trigger the world crisis. ●●

1918 The Norman-Strong compact between the central banks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Just after the 1918 armistice, Benjamin Strong wrote to Montagu Norman warning that peace could bring 'economic barbarism.' Their friendship grew into a partnership between the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve that anchored world finance for a decade. ●●

1918 Approaching Armistice By the time the Allied armies pushed their formidable... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Approaching Armistice By the time the Allied armies pushed their formidable counteroffensive on the Western front in the summer of 1918, Wilson had amassed much world support as... ●●

1918 Late in the afternoon on October 4, 1918, Lamont stopped by the White House... rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Late in the afternoon on October 4, 1918, Lamont stopped by the White House to discuss how the two men could help each other.50 The Evening Post was a personal venture for... ●●

1918 —Woodrow Wilson, 19131 THE 1918 MIDTERM ELECTIONS TRANSFERRED CONTROL OF TH... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —Woodrow Wilson, 19131 THE 1918 MIDTERM ELECTIONS TRANSFERRED CONTROL OF THE SENATE FROM THE Democrats to the Republicans. In the process, Henry Cabot Lodge, a twenty-five-year... ●●

1918 Thomas Campbell founds industrial wheat farm in Montana ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thomas Campbell founded an industrial wheat farm in Montana with ninety-five thousand acres, applying factory principles to agriculture. It was financed by J.P. Morgan with subsidies from the U.S. Department of Interior and Agriculture. ●●

1918 Rockefeller endows the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1918, John D. Rockefeller gave $74 million to endow the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial, honoring his deceased wife. The foundation became a major force in advancing social sciences research. ●●

1918 This regimented upbringing would produce a young man rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This regimented upbringing would produce a young man with a powerful wanderlust and a craving for freedom and adventure. Already an ardent patriot in Max’s mold, the teenage Eric worked with his aunt,... ●●

1918 After the American envoy at the Hague, Garret, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the American envoy at the Hague, Garret, intimated that he might be willing to talk with an influential German, Max was recruited for a last, fruitless peace mission in March 1918. ●●

1918 Later, when General Erich Ludendorff accused him of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Later, when General Erich Ludendorff accused him of trafficking with the enemy, Max pointed out that Count Hertling had sent him. In June 1918, Max made a speech on postwar economic policy before 175 ... ●●

1918 Max Warburg addresses Reichstag deputies on postwar policy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1918, Max made a speech on postwar economic policy before 175 Reichstag deputies visiting Hamburg and thus established himself as an expert on the mark’s postwar value and German foreign debt. ●●

1918 He and a servant carried the comatose Ballin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He and a servant carried the comatose Ballin to a Mittelweg clinic where they tried to pump his stomach, but the drugs produced a bleeding ulcer and Ballin’s heart gave way from the hemorrhaging. Max ... ●●

1918 Albert Ballin dies as the German Empire falls ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Max phoned the clinic, but didn’t get there before Ballin died at one o’clock in the afternoon on November 9, 1918—the day the Empire ended. ●●

1918 Where did a rational sophisticated Jew belong in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Where did a rational sophisticated Jew belong in the modern world? In July 1918, his brother-in-law, Wilhelm Hertz, invited Aby and Mary to a family gathering along with two anti-Semitic guests. ●●

1918 In July 1918, his brother-in-law, Wilhelm Hertz, invited rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1918, his brother-in-law, Wilhelm Hertz, invited Aby and Mary to a family gathering along with two anti-Semitic guests. ●●

1918 “This physically fear-ridden man was mentally the most rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “This physically fear-ridden man was mentally the most fearless man I have known,” he said.43 Max Adolph was unwell during the war and greatly affected by his father’s slippage into madness. By Octobe... ●●

1918 Max’s son, Eric, first saw combat in this rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Max’s son, Eric, first saw combat in this vicious internal war. Before Christmas 1918, he and his regiment stormed the Berlin Castle, occupied by a mutinous naval division; eight gunners died in an ab... ●●

1918 Before Christmas 1918, he and his regiment stormed candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before Christmas 1918, he and his regiment stormed the Berlin Castle, occupied by a mutinous naval division; eight gunners died in an abortive effort. ●●

1918 Since childhood, he noted, Aby had been ruled rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Since childhood, he noted, Aby had been ruled by obsessive fears and compulsive behavior. The 1918 breakdown, in his view, marked a transition from neurotic to psychotic behavior, with muscular tensio... ●●

1918 The 1918 breakdown, in his view, marked a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1918 breakdown, in his view, marked a transition from neurotic to psychotic behavior, with muscular tension that hadn’t yet subsided. ●●

1918 CHAPTER 37––Charnel House In the autumn of 1944 (1918) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On a damp, gray October day, he entered Aachen to observe firsthand the Third Reich’s ghastly legacy of gutted, skeletal buildings and dazed survivors... ●●

1918 While he harvested the distinctions of an illustrious... (1918) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While he harvested the distinctions of an illustrious career, receiving honorary degrees from Heidelberg, New York University, and Occidental College, Paul never recovered from the blow Woodrow Wilson had dealt him in 1918. ●●

1918 1918 Military Campaign rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Finally, even as the major battles ground to a halt, fighting and massacres occurred during the postwar border conflicts in, for example, eastern Europe, Armenia, and Poland; and n... ●●

1918 1918 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The swift collapse of Germany in October 1918 when its armies still controlled Europe from Belgium to the Ukraine came as a great shock to nationalist, right-wing forces, who tende... ●●

1918 3. MMW EW. “Memoir Extracts.” Letter from Eric rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3. MMW EW. “Memoir Extracts.” Letter from Eric Warburg to his parents, December 25, 1918. ●●

1918 6. PW. SI B4 F57, letter to Colonel rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6. PW. SI B4 F57, letter to Colonel House, October 17, 1918. ●●

1918 Russian Civil War devastates the country ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Russian civil war from 1918-1921 consumed several million lives and devastated the land, leaving deep scars on Russian society. ●●

1918 Spanish flu pandemic of 1918-1919 provides historical parallel rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Historical influenza pandemic offers epidemiological model for potential multi-wave COVID-19 progression. ●●

1918 Crowley reports contact with Amalantrah ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 24, 1918 at 9:30 PM, Crowley reported communicating with an intelligence claiming the name Amalantrah. He asked this entity questions about Qabalistic interpretations of Greek words, attempting to understand mystical meanings. ●●

1918 wholesome diplomacy” based on “the same high code ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story re wholesome diplomacy” based on “the same high code of honor that we demand of individuals.”53 In 1918, Wilson stated as a requirement of peace the h ●●

1918 Had the victors convening at Versailles made a sim... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Had the victors convening at Versailles made a similar alliance in 1918, the world might never have suffered a Second World War. The Holy Alliance was ●●

1918 CHAPTER NINE The New Face of Diplomacy: Wilson and... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER NINE The New Face of Diplomacy: Wilson and the Treaty of Versailles On November 11, 1918, British Prime Minister David Lloyd George announced ●●

1918 Isaiah Bowman, summed up Wilson’s ideas in a memor... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Isaiah Bowman, summed up Wilson’s ideas in a memorandum drafted aboard the ship transporting them to the Peace Conference in December 1918. ●●

1918 This was how Wilson had perceived the role of coll... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This was how Wilson had perceived the role of collective security as the end of the war approached in September 1918: National purposes have fallen mo ●●

1918 Max Hoffmann, Chief of Staff of the Eastern front,... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Max Hoffmann, Chief of Staff of the Eastern front, understood the balance of forces and put forward brutal terms in January 1918. ●●

1918 ltimatum generated the first significant communist... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ltimatum generated the first significant communist debate on foreign policy, which began in January 1918. ●●

1918 they had developed a ten-pound incendiary bomb of almost pure magnesium, the Elektron, that burned a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story they had developed a ten-pound incendiary bomb of almost pure magnesium, the Elektron, that burned at between 2000° and 3000° and that water could not dowse. ●●

1918 DAVID STEVENSON, With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rotic Capital DOUGLAS EDWARDS, I’m Feeling Lucky: The Confessions of Google Employee Number 59 JOHN BRADSHAW, In Defence of Dogs CHRIS STRINGER, The Origin of Our Species LILA AZAM ZANGANEH, The Enchanter: Nabokov and Happiness DAVID STEVENSON, With ●●

1918 icians had a function to perform in the world.”6 After the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus the public became aware for the first time that we mathematicians had a function to perform in the world.”6 After the Armistice was signed in No ●●

1918 who was born in Paris in 1918 and came to America as an exch rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “In Lwów,” says Françoise Ulam, who was born in Paris in 1918 and came to America as an exchange student in August 1938, “the members of the Polish ma ●●

1918 Stapledon to Miller, January 12, 1918, in Crossley, ed., Tal rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Stapledon to Miller, January 12, 1918, in Crossley, ed., Talking Across the World, p ●●

1918 The Sunday Express, launched in 1918, spent over two million pounds be... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Sunday Express, launched in 1918, spent over two million pounds before it broke even with a circulation of over 250,000.7 Similar processes were at work in the United States, where the start-up c ●●

1918 Nathan, Peking Politics, 1918–1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism (Ann Arbor, MI rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nathan, Peking Politics, 1918–1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism (Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Chinese Studies, 1998), pp. ●●

1918 In stark contrast to the reluctant revolutionaries of November 1918, who had done their best to supp rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In stark contrast to the reluctant revolutionaries of November 1918, who had done their best to suppress the popular uprising against World War I and the Wilhelmine monarchy, the Nazis did not hesitate to combine the ballot box with physical force. ●●

1918 As in his national address on 1 February, his central theme was the turning point in German history rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As in his national address on 1 February, his central theme was the turning point in German history marked by the defeat and revolution of 1918. ●●

1918 If we are to believe the most recent account of his activities, Krupp was initially suspicious of Hi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If we are to believe the most recent account of his activities, Krupp was initially suspicious of Hitler’s regime and was above all concerned to preserve the autonomy of the peak association of German business.” In so doing he appears to have been ba ●●

1918 Rather than obstructing political change as it had done in Germany’s first revolution in 1918-19, bi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rather than obstructing political change as it had done in Germany’s first revolution in 1918-19, big business was an active partner in many key facets of Hitler’s National Revolution. ●●

1918 Hitler and his acolytes were firmly convinced that the development of the German-standard of living rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hitler and his acolytes were firmly convinced that the development of the German-standard of living had been held back since 1918 by an unholy alliance formed between selfish bourgeois liberals and primitivist socialists.*? ●●

1918 The new mood in the Ministry is well summed up by a quip circulating amongst the established civil s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The new mood in the Ministry is well summed up by a quip circulating amongst the established civil servants, who described Goering’s newcomers as the ‘council of workers and soldiers’, a throw- back to the revolutionary days of 1918.'** Hans Kehrl, a ●●

1918 It was this coalition, after all, that had defeated Germany in 1918. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was this coalition, after all, that had defeated Germany in 1918. ●●

1918 In the council of the Four Year Plan, he explicitly invoked the nightmare of the Nazi regime, a coll rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the council of the Four Year Plan, he explicitly invoked the nightmare of the Nazi regime, a collapse in the food supply like that which had unleashed revolution in 1918. ●●

1918 1918-19 - Mexico: After withdrawal rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1918-19 - Mexico: After withdrawal of the Pershing expedition, our troops entered Mexico in pursuit of bandits at least three times in 1918 and six in 1919 ●●

1918 Fleming, “The Western Intervention in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fleming, “The Western Intervention in the Soviet Union, 1918-1920”, New World Review (New York), Fall 30 31 32 1967; see also Fleming, The Cold War and its Origins, 1917-1960 (New York, 1961), pp ●●

1918 First World War forces a redivision of colonial territory rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1914-18 war, in Nkrumah's account, redivided the globe's colonial sectors among the victorious powers even as it opened the door for the Bolshevik challenge to imperialism. ●●

c. 1918 The Kikuyu Squatter Crisis 1 cit. Many Kikuyu families lived as resident laborers, or squatters, on settler farms, granted small plots to cultivate and graze livestock in exchange for their labor. A series of Resident Native Labourers Ordinances progressively cut the acreage, grazing rights, and days squatters could work their own plots, squeezing them toward wage dependence. The steady erosion of squatter rights through the 1920s and 1930s produced a landless, embittered population that later formed a base of Mau Mau support. economy / society ●●

c. 1918 The Kikuyu Squatters Move onto the Farms 2 cit. As the reserves filled and land ran short, many Kikuyu moved onto settler farms as squatters, a word that translated the Kikuyu ahoi, tenants living on another's land. In return for their labour they were let farm a patch and graze a few animals, and for a time they built real homes and herds in the Rift Valley. This bargain, land to use in exchange for work, was the foundation of the squatter economy and later the heart of the quarrel over it. economy / society ●●●

c. 1918 The Squatter System on the Settler Farms 6 cit. Landless Kikuyu families moved onto European farms as resident labourers, or squatters, giving their labour in exchange for the right to cultivate a plot and graze a few animals. The Resident Natives Ordinance of 1918 and later laws steadily cut their land and stock rights, turning a tenancy into near-serfdom. When settlers tightened the terms in the 1930s and 1940s, evicted squatters carried their anger back to the crowded reserves, one of the roots of the Mau Mau revolt. economy / society ●●

c. 1918 The disarmament and pacification of Turkana 5 cit. A series of military patrols through the late 1910s and 1920s broke Turkana resistance, seized firearms and huge numbers of livestock, and left the community disarmed among armed and raiding neighbours. The campaigns treated the Turkana as a problem to be subdued rather than a people to be governed and served. Turkana was then left largely without schools, roads, or administration for decades. politics / war ●●

1918 Masaryk times Czechoslovakia's independence for the press ai_extracted 1 cit. Bernays recounts advising on the timing of Czechoslovakia's declaration of independence. He says Thomas Masaryk moved the announcement to a Monday so newspapers worldwide would have more space to cover it. ●●

23 March 1919 Mussolini founds the Fasci di Combattimento 1 cit. Benito Mussolini gathers war veterans and nationalists in Piazza San Sepolcro to found the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento. The movement gives fascism its name and its first organized form. politics ●●●●

1919 to 1920 Thule Society and Early Nazi Circles 1 cit. Members and contacts of the Thule Society helped fund and shape the German Workers' Party, which became the Nazi Party. The link is documented, though claims of deeper occult control over Nazism are exaggerated. politics / society ●●

1919 Norman and Morgan atop the financial world, 1919-1931 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that the international bankers reached their zenith in 1919-1931, when Montagu Norman and J. P. Morgan dominated finance, international relations, and much else. ●●

1919 Founding of Chatham House and its US counterpart, 1919 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says the Milner group founded the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) in 1919, financed chiefly by Abe Bailey and the Astors, with a sister body in the US, the Council on Foreign Relations. ●●

1919 Government of India Act of 1919 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Montagu-Chelmsford report was drafted into a bill, revised by a Joint Committee under Lord Selborne, and became the Government of India Act of 1919, the most important Indian constitutional law before 1935. ●●

1919 Rowlatt Act passed (March 1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The conservative group pushed through the Rowlatt Act in March 1919, continuing wartime restrictions on civil liberties to control nationalist agitation, prompting Gandhi to call for civil disobedience. ●●

1919 Amritsar Massacre (April 13, 1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story General Dyer fired into a dense, penned-in crowd at Amritsar, inflicting 1,516 casualties including 379 deaths, an atrocity the Hunter Committee declined to fully condemn. ●●

1919 Postwar blockade blamed for 800,000 deaths (1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites Max Sering that the blockade of Germany, continued for nine months after the armistice, caused the deaths of 800,000 persons. ●●

1919 Council of Four drafts the Treaty of Versailles (1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Council of Four (Lloyd George, Wilson, Clemenceau, Orlando) held over two hundred meetings from March to June 1919 and put the Treaty of Versailles into form in three weeks. ●●

1919 Treaty of Versailles signed at the Hall of Mirrors (June 28, 1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 28, 1919, five years after Sarajevo, the Treaty of Versailles was signed in the Hall of Mirrors, where the German Empire had been proclaimed in 1871, by all delegations except the Chinese. ●●

1919 France drafts a strong League with its own army (1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the first League committee meeting in 1919 France sought a League with its own army, general staff, and police powers against aggressors, a proposal the Anglo-Americans rejected as militarism. ●●

1919 Third (Communist) International formed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The anti-nationalist minority of Socialists, chiefly Germans and Russians, became the nucleus of the Third, or Communist, International, formed under Russian leadership in 1919. ●●

1919 Weimar constitution drafted ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The National Assembly elected on June 19, 1919, drew up a parliamentary constitution under Professor Hugo Preuss, providing a president, a bicameral legislature, and a cabinet responsible to the lower house. ●●

1919 German Workers' Party founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German Workers' Party was founded by Munich locksmith Anton Drexler on January 5, 1919, as a nationalist, Pan-German workers' group. Hitler joined it later that year. ●●

1919 Brand serves as a financial adviser at the Paris Peace Conference ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, R. H. Brand was financial adviser to Lord Robert Cecil, chairman of the Supreme Economic Council. Quigley presents him as a central figure in postwar international finance. ●●

1919 Curtis a chief founder of the Royal Institute of International Affairs ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley credits Curtis as one of the chief founders of the Royal Institute of International Affairs in 1919. Through the 1920s Curtis worked on it and the League without attracting public attention. ●●