Events, Verisoph

1919 Dawson quarrels with Northcliffe and leaves The Times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1919 Dawson quarreled with proprietor Lord Northcliffe and left the editor's chair. Quigley says the episode showed the group it could not control The Times without owning it. ●●

1919 Commons motion for subordinate legislatures (4 June 1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 4 June 1919 Edward Wood moved in the Commons that the time had come to create subordinate legislatures within the United Kingdom, carried 187 to 34. Quigley says nothing came of it. ●●

1919 Ministry of Health established (1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley credits Milner's wartime reconstruction committee with producing the Ministry of Health, set up in 1919. He treats it as one of the Group's lasting marks on British social policy. ●●

1919 RIIA organized at the Hotel Majestic (30 May 1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Institute was organized at a joint conference of British and American experts at the Hotel Majestic on 30 May 1919, during the Paris Peace Conference. Quigley says the real decisions were made by the Milner Group. ●●

1919 Quigley: Council on Foreign Relations taken over by the Morgan group (1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the New York Council on Foreign Relations, RIIA's American branch, was taken over almost entirely after its 1919 founding by the Peace Conference experts closest to J. P. Morgan and Company. ●●

1919 Government of India Act becomes law (December 1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After heavy criticism and revision, the Government of India Bill emerged with its main outlines unchanged and became law in December 1919. Quigley says its principles of dyarchy and responsibility were Curtis's. ●●

1919 Amritsar Massacre ai_extracted 1 cit. Quigley cites the 1919 Amritsar Massacre as the chief bit of bad luck that wrecked Indian cooperation with the reforms of that year, turning Gandhi against the British. ●●

1919 Draft Treaty of Versailles presented to Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The original draft treaty was handed to the German delegates, who were aghast at its severity and drew up a 443-page criticism. Concessions were later made under pressure Quigley traces back to the Milner Group. ●●

1919 Quigley: Milner Group's appeasement began in 1919 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that the Cliveden Set was only the visible face of the Milner Group, and that the Group's program of appeasement and treaty revision began as early as 1919, not the mid-1930s. ●●

1919 Quigley: Cecil Hurst drafts loopholes into the Covenant ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that at the Peace Conference Cecil Hurst persuaded the American expert David Hunter Miller to replace the sanction articles 10-16 with Hurst's own drafts, deliberately built with loopholes so sanctions need never bite. ●●

1919 Term 'technocracy' first used publicly by W.H. Smythe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The word technocracy was first used publicly by W.H. Smythe in a 1919 article titled Industrial Management. ●●

1919 Veblen helps found the New School ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Economist Thorstein Veblen helped found the New School for Social Research in 1919. It was there he met Howard Scott, later leader of the U.S. Technocracy movement. ●●

1919 Veblen and Scott start the Technical Alliance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1919 Thorstein Veblen and Howard Scott formed the Technical Alliance to organize a 'soviet of technicians'. Wood calls it a precursor to the Technocracy movement. ●●

1919 Calhoun's Social History of the Family ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Arthur Calhoun's 1919 Social History of the Family, which announced that the child was passing from its family into the custody of community experts. ●●

1919 Cubberley publishes 'Public Education in the United States' ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Gatto uses Ellwood P. Cubberley's celebratory history, first published in 1919 and revised in 1934, as an insider source on the compulsion campaign. He argues it reveals more than Cubberley intended. ●●

1919 Wave of anti-Bolshevik education laws, 1919 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that by 1919 many states passed laws against Bolshevism, including English-only instruction and criminal penalties in Idaho and Utah for skipping Americanization classes. ●●

1919 John Dewey founds the Progressive Education Association, 1919 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1919, using Rockefeller money, John Dewey founded the Progressive Education Association while a professor at Columbia Teachers College. ●●

1919 Royal Institute of International Affairs founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book asserts, following Quigley, that the Network formed the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) in 1919 as a front group. It says similar institutes followed in British dominions and the United States. ●●

1919 US Senate rejects the League of Nations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says that in November 1919, after months of debate, the US Senate voted not to join the League of Nations over concerns about ceding sovereignty. It calls this the point where the Network's League effort came up short. ●●

1919 Milner Group begins undermining the peace settlement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book cites Quigley that the Milner Group began a program of appeasement and revision of the post-war settlement as early as 1919. It presents this as a deliberate move to rebuild Germany. ●●

1919 The Paris Peace Conference opens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Paris Peace Conference opened in January 1919 to settle the terms of peace. No issue caused more trouble and delay than German reparations. ●●

1919 Versailles terms unveiled to Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1919 the peace terms were presented to Germany, which was to lose an eighth of its territory, disarm, and pay reparations. Article 231, the 'article of shame,' branded Germany solely responsible for the war. ●●

1919 Keynes publishes 'The Economic Consequences of the Peace' ai_extracted 3 cit. In November 1919 John Maynard Keynes published his attack on reparations, arguing that a ruined Germany could never pay. The book sold over 100,000 copies in six months and made him world-famous. ●●

1919 US Senate rejects the Treaty of Versailles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As America turned isolationist, the peace treaty failed in the Senate. On 19 November 1919 it was rejected by a vote of 55 to 39, keeping the United States out of the postwar European settlement. ●●

1919 Keynes begins speculating on currencies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the latter half of 1919, Keynes bet that wartime inflation would undermine belligerent currencies. He went short on the French franc, German Reichsmark, and Italian lira while buying currencies of countries that had sat out the war. ●●

1919 Year 1919: He was so mortified by the Anglo-Persian Agreement rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He was so mortified by the Anglo-Persian Agreement of 1919 that he applied for residence in Switzerland and told his family he would live the rest of his life in exile. During the ... ●●

1919 8 On June 11, 1919, Baruch, Lamont, Davis, and McCormick discussed the more... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 8 On June 11, 1919, Baruch, Lamont, Davis, and McCormick discussed the more pressing issue of Wilson’s final proposed answer to Germany on reparations. Lamont remained touched by... ●●

1919 Senator Edge introduces the Edge Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Based on Lamont’s earlier disposition toward private assistance, Senator Walter Evans Edge introduced Senate Bill 2472 (which became the Edge Act of 1919), authorizing American... ●●

1919 By June 1919, Vanderlip had been kicked out of National City.48 Charles Mit... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By June 1919, Vanderlip had been kicked out of National City.48 Charles Mitchell, the brash outsider, rose within the bank embracing the notion of short-term profit ahead of... ●●

1919 He returned to the United States on February 24, 1919, but traveled back to... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He returned to the United States on February 24, 1919, but traveled back to Europe on March 5, where he remained until July 8.2 It was and would remain the longest period of time... ●●

1919 Paris Peace Conference opens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In all, thirty-two nations were involved in the Paris Peace Conference, which began in January 1919 (Germany was not included). But the Big Four—President Wilson, British prime... ●●

1919 37 On August 19, 1919, Wilson made an unprecedented presidential appearance... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 37 On August 19, 1919, Wilson made an unprecedented presidential appearance before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee to argue for ratification of the Treaty of Versailles.... ●●

1919 Morgan & Company in October 1919, followed by a $100 million loan to the Fr... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Morgan & Company in October 1919, followed by a $100 million loan to the French government in September 1920.9 As a result of his trip, in May 1921, Lamont secured another $100... ●●

1919 35 Later, as governor of Massachusetts from 1919 to 1920, he oversaw approp... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 35 Later, as governor of Massachusetts from 1919 to 1920, he oversaw appropriations and expenditures with great parsimony. His ideas of private and public business came from his... ●●

1919 Mackenzie King elected Canadian Liberal leader ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1919, he was elected leader of the Liberal Party in Canada and two years later became prime minister, serving in that post off and on for a record twenty-two years and forging much of the modern Canadian welfare state. ●●

1919 Hamburg City Council elected in free, secret elections ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The revolutionaries made little headway with the food and fuel shortages and the growing ranks of jobless workers. On March 26, 1919, the City Council—henceforth to be elected in free, secret election... ●●

1919 CHAPTER 15––Phantom Castle, Phantom Peace In early 1919, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER 15––Phantom Castle, Phantom Peace In early 1919, Germany wasn’t yet at peace; hostilities merely shifted from the western front to domestic streets. ●●

1919 Germany signs the Treaty of Versailles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He said he thought it best if the government had advisers who were in agreement with its policies. The new Cabinet consented to the Allied terms, and on June 28, 1919, a new German delegation signed t... ●●

1919 In the Jews, right-wing zealots found a vulnerable rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the Jews, right-wing zealots found a vulnerable domestic group whom they could use as a proxy for those foreigners whom they couldn’t touch. In 1919 Adolf Hitler began to proselytize among angry ve... ●●

1919 In 1919 Adolf Hitler began to proselytize among candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1919 Adolf Hitler began to proselytize among angry veterans in Munich beer halls. ●●

1919 Weimar Assembly adopts the German constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Of the one hundred billion mark offer, he said, “Well, they are not getting even that now. They have surprises awaiting them.”30 On July 31, 1919, the Weimar Assembly adopted a constitution. ●●

1919 CHAPTER 16––The Murder Exploding Detachment Separated by war rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER 16––The Murder Exploding Detachment Separated by war and a news blackout, the Warburgs didn’t heal their transatlantic wartime breach until June 1919. ●●

1919 Thank goodness, he assures me that all goes rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thank goodness, he assures me that all goes well with my children and grandchildren abroad.”1 Charlotte would die of a heart attack two years later, having seen her sons surpass her most immoderate am... ●●

1919 After Germany signed the peace treaty in 1919, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Germany signed the peace treaty in 1919, a backlog of musty mail also tumbled in on the amazed American Warburgs. ●●

1919 CHAPTER 17––The Royal Couple Aman of stern willpower, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER 17––The Royal Couple Aman of stern willpower, Jacob Schiff made few concessions to age in his last years. During the 1919 summer, he took eight-hour hikes at Bar Harbor, refusing to admit the... ●●

1919 During the 1919 summer, he took eight-hour hikes rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1919 summer, he took eight-hour hikes at Bar Harbor, refusing to admit the least fatigue afterward. ●●

1919 Postwar changes in Europe had isolated many Jews rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Postwar changes in Europe had isolated many Jews in new nation-states carved from the old, collapsed empires and the Joint sped relief to poor Jews in Poland, Romania, Austria, and Hungary, setting up... ●●

1919 In 1919, Siegmund was seventeen and in a quandary about his... (1919) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1919, Siegmund was seventeen and in a quandary about his future when uncle Max took things in hand. ●●

1919 1919 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6The Coming of a Bipolar World and the Crisis of the “Middle Powers”: Part Two, 1919–1942 ●●

1919 1919 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The sharp British response at Amritsar in 1919, the Dutch imprisonment of Sukarno and other Indonesian nationalist leaders and breaking-up of the trade unions in the late 1920s, th... ●●

1919 1919 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This is by no means to say that the diplomacy of London and Paris was identical; because of their quite different geographical-strategical positions, and the varying pressures brou... ●●

1919 2. MMW EW. “Memoir Extracts.” Letter from Eric rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2. MMW EW. “Memoir Extracts.” Letter from Eric Warburg to Max Warburg, January 27, 1919. ●●

1919 1. Letter from Charlotte Warburg to unnamed gentleman rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1. Letter from Charlotte Warburg to unnamed gentleman, June 16, 1919. (Courtesy of Anita Warburg.) ●●

1919 2. Adler, Jacob H. Schiff, Vol. II, p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2. Adler, Jacob H. Schiff, Vol. II, p. 209. Letter from Jacob Schiff to Max Warburg, August 26, 1919. ●●

1919 24. DS. Letter from Jacob Schiff to Max rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 24. DS. Letter from Jacob Schiff to Max Warburg, August 26, 1919. ●●

1919 Woodrow Wilson proposes the League of Nations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Woodrow Wilson brings a vision of liberal world order to the post-World War I settlement, anchored in the League of Nations proposal ●●

1919 Barron records conversation with E.H. Doheny on Wall Street and Bolshevism rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Financial journalist Barron aboard S.S. Aquitania records a conversation with oil magnate E.H. Doheny where Doheny names William Boyce Thompson, Thomas Lamont, and Charles R. Crane as capitalists teaching or supporting Bolshevism. ●●

1919 Soviet Bureau established in New York ai_extracted 2 cit. no story The Soviet Bureau is established in early 1919 in the World Tower Building at 110 West 40th Street, New York City, to represent Soviet interests in the United States. ●●

1919 Nyberg becomes first Soviet operative representative in United States candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1919, Nyberg, a Finnish immigrant who arrived in January 1912, becomes the first operative Soviet representative in the United States, serving as an activist propagandist. ●●

1919 State Department blocks Soviet Bureau business dealings ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On May 7, 1919, the State Department intervenes to prevent continued business intervention on behalf of the Soviet Bureau by American firms. ●●

1919 Frank Polk cables American legation regarding Russian commercial matters candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On January 11, 1919, Frank Polk of the State Department cables the American legation in Stockholm regarding negotiations for Russian commerce. ●●

1919 Congressman Mason introduces House Resolution 132 ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On June 23, 1919, Congressman Mason introduces House Resolution 132 instructing the State Department to investigate Wall Street banking connections to the Bolsheviks. ●●

1919 Manly Hall's first public speaking on reincarnation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At approximately nineteen years old, Manly Hall delivered his first public talk on reincarnation in a rented room above a bank in Santa Monica. He and a friend collected thirty-five cents from listeners, which they used to buy ice cream sundaes. ●●

1919 Charles Fort publishes The Book of the Damned ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paranormal researcher Charles Fort published his first book, The Book of the Damned, cataloguing reports of strange anomalies from newspapers worldwide including floating airships, frogs falling from the sky, and spontaneous combustion, to challenge scientific materialism and orthodoxy. ●●

1919 Russo-Polish War ends in Russian defeat ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Russo-Polish War of 1919-1920 ended with a Russian defeat, demonstrating weakened Russian military capacity after the civil war. ●●

1919 Secretary Lansing receives report on Rockefeller backing of Kolchak candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In August 1919, the secretary of state receives reports indicating Rockefeller interests have provided funds to Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak in Siberia against the Bolsheviks. ●●

1919 List of Illustration Page 6 Woodrow Wilson address... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story List of Illustration Page 6 Woodrow Wilson addresses the Paris Peace Conference, January 25, 1919. Page 10 Washington’s Farewell Address, manuscript d ●●

1919 Right: Woodrow Wilson, July 1919. Page 56 Left: Wi... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Right: Woodrow Wilson, July 1919. Page 56 Left: William of Orange. ●●

1919 THE MAPS French Expansion from 1648 to 1801 320 Ge... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story THE MAPS French Expansion from 1648 to 1801 320 German Expansion from 1919 to 1939 321 William Ill’s Grand Alliance from 1701 to 1713 322 Alliances in ●●

1919 POWER VACUUMS Both the Peace of Westphalia (1648) ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story POWER VACUUMS Both the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the Treaty of Versailles (1919) created power vacuums on the borders of military heavyweights. ●●

1919 Wilson presents League Covenant to Peace Conference ai_extracted 1 cit. no story y such attitudes would resolve crises without war, Wilson told the Peace Conference on February 14, 1919: …throughout this instrument [the League Cove ●●

1919 Therefore, when the peacemakers revealed their han... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Therefore, when the peacemakers revealed their handiwork in June 1919, the Germans were shocked and embarked on two decades of systematically undermin ●●

1919 produced only “aggression and selfishness and war.... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ys produced only “aggression and selfishness and war.”18 After the plenary session of February 14, 1919, at which Wilson unveiled the League Covenant, ●●

1919 letter to Colonel House in 1919, André Tardieu, a ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In a letter to Colonel House in 1919, André Tardieu, a principal French negotiator at Versailles, predicted that the failure to set up v ●●

1919 Bela Kun establishes Hungarian Soviet Republic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when Lenin’s Hungarian protégé Bela Kun and his Communist and Social Democratic followers established a shortlived Soviet republic in Hungary in the disordered aftermath of Austro-Hungarian defeat, Szilard decided it was time to study abroad. ●●

1919 This placed the statesmen of 1919 in a precarious position rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nna even while ensuring that it would be surrounded by great masses to contain any future temptations to aggrandizement. For the new diplomacy, which promised to reorder international affairs on moral and not strategic principles, no such calculation ●●

1919 Information history in 1919 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story neat little packets, that measure, as it were, just three inches each way. ”♦ On his return to the United States, Wiener joined the faculty of MIT in 1919, the same year as Vannevar Bush. ●●

1919 Event of 1919 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1919 a top Vatican official assured Gibbons that Rome “looks to America to be the leader in all things Catho- lic, and to set an example to other n ●●

1919 Greek-Turkish War and population exchange in Asia Minor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus the mixed Greek and Turkish populations in Asia Minor and the eastern Aegean who had lived side by side since the time of the Byzantine Empire sorted themselves out during the Greek-Turkish War of 1919–1922. ●●

1919 By the end of 1919, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of 1919, when the defeat of the Allies and the White Army appeared likely, the New York Times treated its readers to headlines and stories such as the following: 30 Dec ●●

1919 During February and March 1919, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During February and March 1919, a US Senate Judiciary Subcommittee held hearings before which many “Bolshevik horror stories” were presented ●●

1919 Mencken, 1919 How is it rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mencken, 1919 How is it that the Korean War escaped the protests which surrounded the war in Vietnam ●●

1919 Ho Chi Minh appeals to US over French Indochina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1919, following the First World War, Ho Chi Minh had appealed to US Secretary of State Robert Lansing for America’s help in achieving basic civil liberties and an improvement in the living conditions for the colonial subjects of French Indochina ●●

1919 1919 - Turkey: Marines from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1919 - Turkey: Marines from the U.S.S ●●

1919 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Writing in the year 1919, just a few months after the end of the war, John Moody says: Not only did England and France pay for their supplies with mon ●●

1919 The nine-man executive committee appointed at Du Pont in 1919 included only two... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The nine-man executive committee appointed at Du Pont in 1919 included only two members of the clan ●●

1919 France gains control of the Saar coal and chemical industries ai_extracted 1 cit. no story French capitalists secured control of the Saar's coal and chemical industries as a reparations prize after the First World War, only for a later plebiscite to return the territory to Germany. ●●

1919 Forced Labour and the Reserves as Labour Pools 1 cit. In 1919 Governor Edward Northey issued circulars pressing African chiefs and officials to round up men to work on settler farms, a thinly veiled system of forced labour that stirred protest even in Britain. Taxes payable only in cash, together with land shortage in the reserves, pushed men out to earn wages on white farms whether they wished to or not. The reserves were designed to work as reservoirs of cheap labour, crowded enough that people had to leave to survive. economy / politics ●●

1919 The utilities' peacetime propaganda drive against public ownership ai_extracted 1 cit. The National Electric Light Association ran a long campaign to keep the power supply in private hands. Editor Mark Crispin Miller records it as the largest peacetime propaganda drive in U.S. history, aimed at discouraging public ownership of utilities. ●●

c. 1919 Soldier settlers occupy surveyed farms in Trans-Nzoia 1 cit. After the First World War, a soldier-settlement scheme placed demobilised European soldiers on surveyed farms in Trans-Nzoia. The scheme helped make the district one of the strongest settler farming zones in the White Highlands. economy / politics ●●●●

1919 Kisima Farm anchors Timau large-scale farming 2 cit. Kisima Farm was founded in Timau in 1919 and incorporated in 1943. Today it presents itself as a Kenyan-owned mixed farm focused on arable crops, floriculture, seed potatoes, forestry and community projects. The farm makes Timau visible as a place where settler-era highland farm structure survived into modern agribusiness rather than disappearing at independence. economy / society ●●●●

24 February 1920 Founding of the Nazi Party 1 cit. The German Workers' Party proclaims its 25-point program at the Hofbrauhaus and renames itself the National Socialist German Workers' Party. Hitler soon takes control of the small movement. politics ●●●

16 September 1920 Wall Street bombing 1 cit. A horse-drawn wagon packed with explosives detonated outside the offices of J.P. Morgan on Wall Street, killing 38 people. The attack was widely blamed on Italian anarchists but was never solved. economy / politics ●●

1920 Japan's population surges, 1920-1960 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the demographic explosion reached Asia, Japan's population climbed from 55 million in 1920 to 94 million by 1960. ●●

1920 Period of Chinese warlordism (1920-1941) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley identifies a period of 'warlordism' from 1920 to 1941, when independent army chiefs controlled the interior by exploiting the peasantry while the Republican government held only the coast and river valleys. ●●

1920 San Remo conference sets Middle East mandates (April 1920) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At San Remo in April 1920 the Great Powers set up four mandates: Syria and Lebanon to France, Iraq and Palestine including Transjordan to Britain, over Arab objections. ●●

1920 Bela Kun's Red terror and Horthy's rise in Hungary (1920) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Bela Kun's six-month Red terror and flight before a Romanian invasion, reactionaries took power in Hungary with Admiral Horthy as regent and Count Bethlen as prime minister. ●●

1920 United States leaves the victorious coalition (1920) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes the United States left the wartime coalition following the Republican victory over Wilson in the 1918 congressional and 1920 presidential elections, weakening treaty enforcement. ●●

1920 United States becomes the world's greatest creditor (1920) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The war changed the United States from a debtor owing about 3 billion dollars to a creditor owed 4 billion, plus about 10 billion in intergovernmental war debts, displacing Britain financially. ●●

1920 Quigley: Montagu Norman as head of world banking control (1920-1944) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley presents Montagu Norman, governor of the Bank of England for an unprecedented 24 years from 1920 to 1944, as the commander-in-chief of the world banking system and architect of Britain's decline. ●●