Events, Verisoph

1971 U.S. Office of Education funds RAND change-agent studies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that by 1971 the U.S. Office of Education granted contracts to the RAND Corporation for seven volumes of change-agent studies aimed at accessing the private lives of children. ●●

1971 New York Times publishes the Pentagon Papers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Times began printing the secret Vietnam history leaked by Daniel Ellsberg. The disclosures enraged Nixon and Kissinger and spawned the Plumbers. ●●

1971 Chile authorizes nationalization of its copper industry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 11, 1971, the Chilean Congress, meeting in joint session, unanimously approved a constitutional amendment authorizing the nationalization of K (1971) ●●

1971 Sino-American rapprochement begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Diplomatic relations between the United States and China began normalizing after secret Kissinger visits, fundamentally reshaping Cold War geopolitics. ●●

1971 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pakistan and India clashed militarily with the United States and China supporting Pakistan while the Soviet Union backed India, demonstrating multipolar Cold War dynamics. ●●

1971 Nixon names five centers of world economic power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Nixon declared that five clusters of economic power now existed in the world: the United States, USSR, Western Europe, Japan, and China. ●●

1971 Skinner publishes Beyond Freedom and Dignity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuboff analyzes Skinner's 1971 essay arguing that freedom and dignity are psychological escapes masking ignorance, and that human progress demands abandoning these notions as obstacles to scientific control. ●●

1971 Alan Kay joins Xerox PARC ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kay left the time-sharing evangelists at SAIL to join Xerox's new personal-computing research group. ●●

1971 Ed Roberts publishes a calculator kit in Popular Electronics ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ed Roberts's do-it-yourself calculator article appeared on the magazine's cover. ●●

1971 Ray Tomlinson invents networked email ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tomlinson devised a way to send messages between users on different ARPANET mainframes. ●●

1971 Intel unveils the 4004 microprocessor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Intel publicly announces the 4004, a general-purpose computer processor on a single chip, originally designed for a Japanese calculator maker. ●●

1971 Don Hoefler coins the term Silicon Valley ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Trade columnist Don Hoefler begins writing a series called Silicon Valley USA, giving the region its lasting name. ●●

1971 Kenyatta lays cornerstone of the Dedan Kimathi Memorial Library ai_extracted 1 cit. After years of state-orchestrated amnesia about Mau Mau, Jomo Kenyatta began selective commemoration. In March 1971 he laid the cornerstone of the Dedan Kimathi Memorial Library near Nyeri and said the nearby site of Kimathi's capture should be clearly marked. ●

1971 GEMA and Kikuyu patronage under Kenyatta 8 cit. The Gikuyu, Embu and Meru Association, formed in 1971, became a powerful ethnic bloc close to President Kenyatta, and much land, appointment, and business flowed to his inner circle and home region. Settlement schemes moved Kikuyu families into the Rift Valley on land bought after the settlers left, storing up later grievance. Critics describe a state where access to resources tracked ethnic proximity to the president, an early form of what Kenyans later called our turn to eat. The association and the settlement patterns are documented; reading them as ethnic patronage is a widely held interpretation. economy / politics ●●

1971 The Chebyuk scheme tries and fails to settle the land question 5 cit. In 1971 the government set up the Chebyuk settlement scheme to resettle the Mosop, a forest-dwelling Sabaot group also called Ndorobo, out of the upper reaches of Mount Elgon. Successive phases redrew who got land, and the third phase from the mid 2000s split plots between the Mosop and the larger Soy group on a fifty-fifty basis. Many Soy families felt cheated of land they saw as theirs, and the disputes turned violent. politics / society ●●

1971 Mumias Sugar turns western Kenya into an outgrower factory zone 5 cit. The 1971 Mumias Sugar Company sessional paper turned sugar into a state-backed regional development project. Western Kenya was organized around cane, an industrial mill, roads, credit, outgrowers and deductions. The model promised local income, but it also tied farmers to a single buyer and a political economy of factory control. economy / politics / society ●●●●

1972 to 1973 Japan's first bubble economy in land and stocks ai_extracted 1 cit. Overdone BoJ monetary stimulus after the Nixon shock fueled speculative land purchases and a stock boom, with land prices exploding in 1972 and 1973 and the Nikkei rising from 3,000 in March 1972 to 5,000 by year-end. ●●●●

1972 Karl Schiller forced out over Bundesbank dispute ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1972 German economics and finance minister Karl Schiller argued for revaluing the DM against excessive U.S. credit creation; the Bundesbank under President Klasen refused and the popular minister was forced out of government, though the Bundesbank took his advice a year later. ●●●

1972 Trilateral Commission idea floated at Bilderberg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The idea for the Trilateral Commission was first presented informally at the Bilderberg meeting in Europe in 1972 by David Rockefeller and Zbigniew Brzezinski. ●●

1972 Decline in top SAT scorers between 1972 and 1994 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites a drop in the number of students scoring above 750 on the SAT, from 2,817 in 1972 to 1,438 in 1994, on what he calls an easier test. ●●

1972 Watergate break-in at Democratic headquarters ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Five men, including former CIA officers, were arrested breaking into the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate. Helms learned the burglars had White House ties. ●●

1972 Nixon fires Richard Helms ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After his landslide re-election, Nixon dismissed Helms at Camp David and offered him an ambassadorship. Helms chose Iran. ●●

1972 Nixon gives the CIA to James Schlesinger ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nixon offered the agency to James Schlesinger, his loyal appointee, to turn it inside out. Schlesinger accepted with pleasure. ●●

1972 Le Duc Tho accepts Nixon's peace proposals ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 8, 1972, Le Due Tho accepted Nixon’s key proposals, and Hanoi finally gave up its demand that America collude with it in the installation of a communist government in Saigon. ●●

1972 The Godfather released ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather, based on Mario Puzzo's novel, garnered numerous awards including Best Picture and Best Actor for Marlon Brando as Don Corleone. ●●

1972 Tuskegee syphilis experiment revealed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1972 the revelation of a government experiment on syphilitic black men in Tuskegee—who were studied for forty years but never treated for their condition—provided startling new evidence tha... ●●

1972 Mamdani publishes The Myth of Population Control legendary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was not just more fine-grained re- search that led Mahmood Mamdani to go on the attack in The Myth of Population Control, which became an instant classic when published in 1972. ●●

1972 Blueprint for Survival published in The Ecologist ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First published in The Ecologist in January 1972, “Blueprint” is available at www.theecologist.info/page32.html. ●●

1972 First UN conference on the environment in Stockholm ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the first UN conference on the environ- ment in June 1972, an unprecedented gathering of activists and other nongovernmental representatives challenged the official program for focus- ing on ove... ●●

1972 Arthur Bremer shoots George Wallace ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On May 15, 1972, Arthur Bremer attempts to assassinate presidential candidate George Wallace using a Charter Arms .38 revolver, with fingerprint anomalies suggesting conspiracy ●●

1972 Jim Jones buys Geary Street synagogue ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda notes that Jim Jones bought an old synagogue on Geary Street in late 1972, establishing his operational headquarters in San Francisco. ●●

1972 Alan Kay proposes the interim Dynabook ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kay asked Xerox PARC managers to build thirty interim Dynabook machines for classroom testing. ●●

1972 Gates and Allen found Traf-O-Data ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The pair built a special-purpose computer to process traffic-counter tapes, naming their venture Traf-O-Data. ●●

1972 Alcorn completes the Pong prototype ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Al Alcorn finishes a working prototype of Pong for Atari, adding sound and a scoreboard that turn a training exercise into a hit game. ●●

1972 Nolan Bushnell incorporates Atari ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nolan Bushnell incorporates Atari and hires his first engineer, Al Alcorn, launching what becomes the video game industry. ●●

November 1973 Oil shock hits Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. The oil shock of November 1973 sent oil prices jumping and triggered panic buying of consumer staples in Japan, including the legendary Osaka toilet paper run. ●●●●

1973 to 1975 BoJ imposes tight window guidance to end the credit boom ai_extracted 1 cit. From the first quarter of 1973 the Bank of Japan imposed tight window guidance loan growth ceilings, ratcheting quotas down quarter after quarter, with the tight controls lasting until early 1975. ●●●

3 March 1973 CITES 1 cit. Convention regulating international trade in endangered species of wild animals and plants through a permit system. It protects tens of thousands of species. diplomacy / economy / environment ●●●

1973 Trilateral Commission founded (1973) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Trilateral Commission was founded in 1973. Wood argues it quietly adopted a modified version of historic Technocracy to build a New International Economic Order. ●●

1973 Wood argues Technocracy reemerged at Columbia in 1973 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wood asserts that some 40 years after the 1930s Columbia movement, Technocracy reemerged there in 1973 under a new name and sponsorship with a global rather than continental aim. ●●

1973 Trilateral Commission formed (1973) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Trilateral Commission was formed in 1973 by private citizens of Western Europe, Japan and North America to foster cooperation among the three regions. ●●

1973 NEA president Catherine Barrett on changing child-rearing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes NEA president Catherine Barrett, who said in 1973 that dramatic changes in the way children are raised were indicated and that teachers would be agents of change. ●●

1973 Pinochet's coup topples Allende ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A swift military coup overthrew Allende, who killed himself in the presidential palace. General Augusto Pinochet took power and the CIA forged a liaison with his junta. ●●

1973 Helms destroys his secret tapes on leaving the CIA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before his departure, Helms had hundreds of recorded conversations and the LSD mind-control records destroyed. By his official last day, every tape was gone. ●●

1973 Schlesinger orders the CIA to report illegal activities ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Director Schlesinger directed every employee to report any past acts outside the agency's charter. The order produced the compilation later known as the 'family jewels.' ●●

1973 CIA fails to foresee the Yom Kippur War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Yom Kippur and Ramadan coincided, Egypt attacked Israel and the CIA had predicted no war. The agency admitted it did not cover itself with glory. ●●

1973 Military coup overthrows the Afghan monarchy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Young military officers in Afghanistan staged a coup in 1973, overthrowing the monarchy and establishing a government that accepted aid from both the Soviet Union and the United States. ●●

1973 Nyerere launches Ujamaa villagization in Tanzania ai_extracted 2 cit. In 1973, President Julius Nyerere launched a massive forced resettlement campaign to concentrate Tanzania's population into planned villages. At least 5 million Tanzanians were relocated as part of this development and socialist agenda. ●●

1973 Arab-Israeli War and Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy ai_extracted 2 cit. no story War erupted between Arab states and Israel, following which Kissinger conducted shuttle diplomacy to achieve ceasefire and freeze the Soviet Union out of peace efforts. ●●

1973 OPEC oil embargo triggers global recession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story OPEC nations imposed an oil embargo in response to American support for Israel, causing steep fuel price increases and triggering a global economic recession. ●●

1973 Congress ends U.S. bombing of Cambodia ai_extracted 1 cit. precedented level and a civil war sustained by the United States left the country in utter ruins. Though Congress legislated an end to the bombing in August 1973, U.S. government participation in the ongoing slaughter continued until the Khmer Rouge ●●

1973 OPEC launches oil boycott and price increases ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1973, when OPEC, led by Saudi Arabia,used substantial price increases and an oil boycott in an attempt to force Washi ●●

1973 SLA murders Marcus Foster ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda asserts that the SLA claimed responsibility for the murder of Dr. Marcus Foster, Superintendent of the Oakland school system, in 1973 by two white men who used makeup to look black. ●●

1973 Xerox Alto is completed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Alto, Kay's 'interim Dynabook,' was finished with a bitmapped display and mouse-driven interface. ●●

1973 Community Memory terminal opens in Berkeley ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A public-access computer terminal linked to a shared mainframe opened at a Berkeley record store. ●●

1973 Gates and Allen program the Bonneville Power grid ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The two spent Gates's final semester of high school programming the agency's electrical grid management system. ●●

1973 Federal judge invalidates the ENIAC patent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Judge Earl Larson rules that Eckert and Mauchly derived their computer patent from Atanasoff's earlier work, invalidating the ENIAC patent. ●●

1973 Kahn sets out to interconnect packet networks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Kahn, having moved from BBN to ARPA, begins work on a way to connect the ARPANET with other incompatible packet networks. ●●

1973 Cerf sketches the internetworking gateway design ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vint Cerf sketches the gateway architecture, connecting separate packet networks, that becomes the basis for the Internet Protocol. ●●

1973 Fadiman's literal-migration reading and Peatrik's critique contested 1 cit. In a 1973 article J. A. Jeffrey Fadiman read Mbwaa literally, placing a Meru origin on the coast near Manda Island around 1700 and dating the migration from age-set lists. Anne-Marie Peatrik dismantles this: the coastal location rests on mistranslating "rutiri rwa urio," which means the right-hand side of the body and kinship, not a cardinal direction, and the Meru have no words for north or south. She also argues the age-set dating confuses the history of an institution with the history of settlement, so the migration reading collapses. culture / society ●●●

c. 1973 Stagflation breaks the old Keynesian consensus 2 cit. The 1970s brought high inflation together with weak growth and unemployment, a combination that old Keynesian fine-tuning handled poorly. The Great Inflation, oil shocks and collapsing confidence gave monetarists and new classical economists their opening against the postwar Keynesian consensus. economy / politics ●●●●●

17 April 1973 Kenya Air Force command is finally Kenyanized 1 cit. The Kenya Air Force kept British commanders for years after its 1964 creation. MOD commander records show Group Captain Ian Stockwell, Fred Rothwell and David Edwards leading the force before Colonel Dedan Gichuru took command on 17 April 1973. Full Kenyan command came almost a decade after independence. politics / war ●●●

1973 African company ownership widens inside Kenya capitalism 2 cit. By the early 1970s, African participation in registered Kenyan companies had grown sharply. This was not socialism. It was Africanisation inside a capitalist structure: ownership shifted toward Africans, but the commanding framework remained private property, banks, export crops, state patronage and access to political office. economy / politics ●●●

1974 Inflation peaks with 26 percent consumer price rise ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1974, following the credit boom and oil shock, Japan's consumer price index rose 26 percent year-on-year and the wholesale price index 37 percent, creating social friction. ●●●

1974 to 1975 Japan sinks into its biggest postwar recession ai_extracted 1 cit. After the credit tightening, bad debts piled up, industrial production dropped 19 percent between late 1973 and early 1975, and real GDP growth fell to virtually nil in 1974, ending Japan's high-growth era. ●●●●

c. 1974 Bank runs on credit associations ai_extracted 1 cit. As insolvencies from speculative real estate lending surfaced during the mid-1970s bust, several shaky credit associations faced full-scale bank runs, and MoF and BoJ officials were dispatched to Aichi Prefecture to reassure depositors. ●●

1974 Alternating MoF-BoJ governorship tradition begins ai_extracted 1 cit. The tradition of alternating the Bank of Japan governorship between Ministry of Finance alumni and trueborn BoJ men began in 1974, when BoJ governor Sasaki was succeeded by ex-MoF man Morinaga. ●●

August 1974 UN World Population Conference in Bucharest 1 cit. The 1974 UN World Population Conference in Bucharest adopted a World Population Plan of Action, though developing nations pushed back against Western pressure to curb births. It marked the peak of the mid-century view that population growth was a crisis to manage. economy / politics ●●●

1974 Richard Gardner's 'The Hard Road to World Order' (1974) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Richard Gardner's article The Hard Road to World Order appeared in Foreign Affairs in 1974, arguing sovereignty should be eroded piece by piece rather than by frontal assault. ●●

1974 Brzezinski defines 'New World Order' to Veja ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1974 Brzezinski was interviewed by the Brazilian newspaper Veja and asked to define the New World Order, calling for the international system to be changed into a global one. ●●

1974 First 'Fast Track' trade legislation passed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Congress passed the first Fast Track (Trade Promotion Authority) legislation in 1974, one year after the Trilateral Commission's founding. It let the President negotiate trade deals with limited congressional review. ●●

1974 Trilateral Commission report Crisis of Democracy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites the 1974 Trilateral Commission report Crisis of Democracy, quoting its call for a program to lower the job expectations of college graduates. He uses it as evidence that elites planned to manage educated discontent. ●●

1974 Seymour Hersh exposes CIA domestic spying ai_extracted 1 cit. The New York Times published Seymour Hersh's front-page story revealing the CIA had spied on antiwar Americans at home. The disclosure triggered a year of congressional investigations into the agency. ●●

1974 Turkey invades Cyprus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Greek junta's coup against Archbishop Makarios, Turkish forces landed and split Cyprus in two. Two NATO armies fought with American weapons. ●●

1974 Richard Nixon resigns the presidency ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nixon resigned after admitting he had ordered the CIA to obstruct the Watergate investigation. It was the final blow of the scandal. ●●

1974 Grenada gains independence from Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He dominated Grenada for most of the next quarter century, led it to independence in 1974 (though it remained part of the British Commonwealth), and b (1974) ●●

1974 Watergate scandal and Nixon's resignation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Watergate scandal forced President Nixon to resign in August 1974, severely damaging American credibility and government trust during critical geopolitical tensions. ●●

1974 Kissinger memo details Project AZORIAN cover story ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A May 1974 memo to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger explained the cover story for Project AZORIAN, the CIA submarine recovery operation using the Hughes Glomar Explorer. ●●

1974 World Population Conference convenes in Bucharest ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Cadbury had anticipated, the first time population control proponents managed to assemble political leaders from almost every country—the 1974 World Population Conference in Bucha- rest—the proc... ●●

1974 Villot orders bishops to prepare for Bucharest conference ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The secretary of state, Cardinal Jean-Marie Villot, ordered the national episcopal conferences to begin preparing for the World Population Conference in 1974, ensuring that the Church view was repr... ●●

1974 Congressional Budget Office established ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office was established in 1974 to provide Congress with greater technocratic support in drawing up budgets, but in the end the making of an American budget is a highly decentralized and nonstrategic process in com ●●

1974 Patty Hearst kidnapped by the SLA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda asserts that on February 4, 1974, publishing heiress Patty Hearst was kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army and subjected to brainwashing. ●●

1974 SLA shootout with Los Angeles police ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda describes the May 17, 1974 SWAT team attack on an SLA house that resulted in deaths including Donald DeFreeze, the group's leader, but Patty Hearst escaped. ●●

1974 MITS decides to build a computer on the Intel 8080 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After studying the Intel 8080's instruction set, Ed Roberts concluded MITS could build an affordable do-it-yourself computer kit. ●●

1974 Gates and Allen see the Altair on Popular Electronics ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paul Allen bought the January 1975 issue in December 1974 and rushed it to Bill Gates, launching their eight-week coding sprint. ●●

1974 Steve Jobs takes a job at Atari ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After returning from a pilgrimage to India, Jobs went to work for Nolan Bushnell and Al Alcorn at Atari. ●●

1974 Hayek awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 1 cit. Friedrich Hayek shares the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for their work on money, economic fluctuations, and the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena. The award gave fresh international visibility to Austrian School and free-market economics after decades in which Keynesian economics had dominated the mainstream. economy / science ●●●

c. 1974 BATUK established as a permanent presence at Nanyuki 3 cit. The British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) became a standing garrison based at Nanyuki, supporting infantry battalions and other units that rotate through Kenya each year. It uses ranges across the Laikipia plateau and surrounding conservancies for live-fire and jungle training. Decades after independence, a permanent British military footprint remained on Kenyan soil. politics / war ●●

1974 Cooperatives become a state ministry and a rural finance pillar 2 cit. By 1974 cooperatives had become important enough to receive full ministerial status. That institutionalized them as pillars of rural production, savings, credit, land access and marketing. This is double-edged. Cooperatives give ordinary people a way to pool capital and acquire land or market crops collectively. But if officials, managers or political patrons capture the cooperative, they control loans, titles, factories, deductions, licences and payment schedules. economy / politics / society ●●●●

1975 Fiscal stimulus packages fail to revive the economy ai_extracted 1 cit. The government launched a string of fiscal stimulus packages in February, March, and June 1975 and repeatedly cut interest rates, but the economy did not respond while BoJ credit controls stayed tight. ●●

April 1975 to February 1978 Mieno heads the BoJ Banking Department ai_extracted 1 cit. From April 1975 to February 1978, Yasushi Mieno headed the Bank of Japan's Banking Department, in charge of implementing window guidance, during the recovery engineered by raising loan growth ceilings. ●●

15 November 1975 Founding of the Group of Seven (G7) 1 cit. Leaders of France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK and the US hold the first economic summit at the Chateau de Rambouillet amid oil shock and recession. Canada joined in 1976, making it the G7. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●

30 April 1975 Fall of Saigon and South Vietnam 1 cit. On 30 April 1975 North Vietnamese forces captured Saigon, ending the Republic of Vietnam. The fall closed the Vietnam War and led to the unification of the country under communist rule. politics / war ●●●●

1975 to 1976 Church Committee hearings 1 cit. The Senate committee chaired by Frank Church investigated intelligence abuses in 1975 and 1976, documenting MK-Ultra, CIA media ties, assassination plots, and domestic spying. Its public reports remain the primary record for many of these programs. politics / society ●●●●

15 November 1975 First G7 summit at Rambouillet 1 cit. Leaders of six major industrial democracies met at Rambouillet in France to coordinate on economic policy, joined the next year by Canada to form the G7. The summits became a regular forum for the leading Western economies. economy / politics ●●●●

1975 Senator Frank Church warns of total tyranny ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1975 Senator Frank Church, chairing a Senate panel on US intelligence agencies, warned that surveillance technology could enable total tyranny under a dictator. Wood cites the warning as prophetic of today's surveillance state. ●●

1975 Franco's long rule and death ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book notes Franco held power from 1939 until his death in 1975, killing tens of thousands of opponents. It says his funeral drew Network figures including US vice president Nelson Rockefeller. ●●

1975 Ford warns the CIA could be destroyed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At a White House luncheon for New York Times editors, President Ford said the reputations of every president since Truman could be ruined if the CIA's deepest secrets spilled, including assassinations. He was trying to keep the agency's past buried. ●●

1975 Colby warns America is losing Vietnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA director Bill Colby told the White House that South Vietnam was about to collapse. Kissinger refused to negotiate a peaceful end to the war. ●●

1975 Fall of Saigon ai_extracted 1 cit. no story North Vietnamese rockets and artillery hit Saigon's airport as the city fell. The CIA station chief Tom Polgar scrambled to evacuate Americans and Vietnamese allies before the capital was overrun. ●●