Events, Verisoph

1920 The responses of Ford and General Motors to the inventory crisis of 1920–1921 ar... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The responses of Ford and General Motors to the inventory crisis of 1920–1921 are outlined in Lawrence H ●●

1920 29, 1920, quoted in Chandler, Strategy and Structure, p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 29, 1920, quoted in Chandler, Strategy and Structure, p ●●

1920 Henry Ford spreads the Jewish finance myth in America 1 cit. The carmaker Henry Ford used his newspaper, the Dearborn Independent, to publish The International Jew, a series that recycled the Protocols and blamed Jews for controlling banking and corrupting society. Millions of copies spread the lie across the United States and abroad, and Ford was later praised by the Nazis for it. The claim that Jews control finance is not a fact with two sides; it is a debunked libel that Ford knowingly promoted. politics / society ●●●

c. 1920 The Kipsigis and Other Kalenjin Lose Land 5 cit. The Kipsigis and neighbouring Kalenjin communities of Sotik and Kericho were pushed off grazing and farming land so the cool uplands could be planted with tea and settler crops. The 1905 Sotik punitive expedition was the violent hinge: a British force under Major L. R. H. Pope-Hennessy, using King's African Rifles, police, levies and machine guns, punished the Sotik/Kipsigis, seized cattle, and opened land for colonial control. Large tea estates later rose on ground that had carried cattle and millet. economy / politics / war ●●●●

c. 1920 The policy of non-development in the north 3 cit. Colonial policy in the north was, in effect, the deliberate absence of policy: almost no schools, roads, clinics, or public works were built, and the region was written off as a barren buffer good only for holding the frontier. Officials framed the pastoralist economy as backward and the land as worthless, justifying decades of neglect. Historians such as those who worked with Kenya's Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission treat this non-development as intentional rather than accidental. economy / politics ●●●

1920 Dedan Kimathi born in Nyeri District ai_extracted 1 cit. Kimathi was born around 31 October 1920 at Kanyinya in Tetu location, Nyeri District, in the Central Province of colonial Kenya. He never knew his father and was raised by his mother, taking her late husband's name, Wachiuri. ●●

1920 Colonial "customary law" invented in Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. Ranger argues that the most far-reaching inventions of tradition in colonial Africa happened when Europeans believed they were preserving ancient custom. Administrators codified flexible practice into rigid rules; what were called customary law, land rights and political structure were largely created by this colonial codification, assuming their fixed form in the 1920s. ●●●

c. 1920 Coffee and tea become the export backbone 1 cit. Through the 1920s and 1930s coffee and tea grew into Kenya's leading exports, sold mainly to Britain. Prices were set on distant markets, so the colony's income rose and fell with commodity cycles it did not control. The economy earned foreign currency from raw crops and spent it on imported manufactured goods. diplomacy / economy ●●

c. 1920 Western White Highlands become the Rift settler frontier 8 cit. The western or Rift side of the White Highlands, including Laikipia, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu, Kericho and Trans-Nzoia, became a settler frontier of ranches, wheat, tea, maize and dairy. Its core dispossessions hit Maasai, Nandi, Kipsigis, Sabaot and other communities, while Kikuyu squatters, Akamba workers, Luo, Luhya and other labour migrants became central to the farm economy. Indians built and serviced the railway-commercial layer but were kept out of the settler land preserve by the colour bar. economy / politics / society ●●●●

c. 1920 Timau soldier settlers take farms on the Nanyuki edge 3 cit. Archival settler databases record Timau farms taken by post-First World War soldier settlers, including James Scott at Farm 882 and Lionel Hickson at Embori. Hickson drew Embori under the Soldier Settlement Scheme and moved there in 1920; later accounts describe the farm as a 3,000-acre Timau holding at about 8,500 feet, later enlarged. This places Timau inside the same soldier-settler highland geography as Nanyuki and Laikipia. economy / politics / war ●●●●

c. 1920 Sisal estates lock up Taita-Taveta land 3 cit. Large sisal estates became a defining feature of Taita-Taveta land politics. The crop tied the district to export agriculture while local communities lived with labour recruitment, dryland pressure, wildlife boundaries and long-running claims that too much land sat under estates, ranches and parks. economy / society ●●●●

1920s to 1945 Wartime consolidation of Japanese banks ai_extracted 1 cit. To simplify credit allocation, the number of Japanese banks was drastically reduced from about fourteen hundred at the end of the 1920s to sixty-four by the end of the Second World War, organized under the National Financial Control Association. ●●●

1921 Sanger founds the American Birth Control League 1 cit. Margaret Sanger founded the American Birth Control League in 1921 to campaign for legal access to contraception. The organization was later renamed and became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. politics / society ●●●●

1921 Dominion status for southern Ireland, 1921 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that Lionel Curtis, as Adviser on Irish Affairs, played an important role in granting dominion status to southern Ireland in 1921. ●●

1921 Irish Free State created (December 1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Articles of Agreement of December 1921 gave Southern Ireland dominion status as the Irish Free State, with Northern Ireland remaining under the 1920 Act. ●●

1921 Feisal installed as King of Iraq under British protection (1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the French expelled Feisal from Syria, Britain set him up as king in Iraq under British protection in 1921 and later placed his brother Abdullah as King of Transjordan. ●●

1921 Treaty of Riga sets Poland's eastern frontier (March 1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Polish-Soviet war, the settlement signed at Riga in March 1921 gave Poland a frontier 150 miles east of the Curzon Line, bringing in a million White Russians and four million Ukrainians. ●●

1921 Full reparations bill of 132 billion marks presented (May 1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1921 Germany was presented with the full reparations bill of 132 thousand million gold marks, accepted under a six-day ultimatum threatening occupation of the Ruhr. ●●

1921 Kronstadt mutiny ends War Communism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Peasant uprisings, urban riots, and the March 1921 mutiny of the sailors at Kronstadt forced the abandonment of War Communism in favor of the New Economic Policy of free commerce and limited private ownership. ●●

1921 Douhet's The Command of the Air published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that the Combined Bomber Offensive tried to carry out the largely erroneous ideas of Italian general Giulio Douhet, whose 1921 book The Command of the Air claimed air power alone could win wars by breaking civilian morale. He calls the theory almost wholly wrong yet pernicious in its influence. ●●

1921 Douhet's prophecy of air power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as 1921 the Italian general Giulio Douhet preached that the next war would be ended within twenty-four hours by destroying all enemy cities from the air. ●●

1921 Quigley: Council on Foreign Relations as a Morgan front ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that the Council on Foreign Relations, the New York branch of Curtis's Institute of International Affairs, was a front for J. P. Morgan and Company allied with a small American Round Table Group. ●●

1921 Reza Pahlavi seizes control of Iran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1921 and 1925, the Cossack Brigade officer Reza Pahlavi gradually took over the Iranian government and deposed the young Shah Ahmad. As Reza Shah he pursued modernization on the model of Kemal Ataturk. ●●

1921 Smuts arranges an armistice in Ireland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1921 Smuts went on a secret mission to Ireland. He arranged an armistice and opened negotiations between Lloyd George and the Irish leaders. ●●

1921 Anglo-Irish armistice (11 July 1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Smuts helped persuade the Irish to negotiate, an armistice went into effect on 11 July 1921 and the conference began three days later. Curtis served as secretary to the conference. ●●

1921 India granted fiscal autonomy (1921) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1921 India was granted fiscal autonomy and at once adopted a protective tariff, to the injury of British textile manufacturing. Quigley lists it among rights the British extended in steady succession. ●●

1921 Kronstadt Commune revolts against Taylorist labor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that the 1921 Kronstadt Commune rebellion charged that the Bolsheviks were planning to introduce Taylor's sweat-labor system. He says the rebels were right. ●●

1921 The London reparations schedule and 'fulfillment' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1921 a conference in London set Germany's reparations bill at about $12.5 billion, with annual payments of $600-800 million. Germany accepted and declared a policy of 'fulfillment,' though it never believed it could pay. ●●

1921 Thus, in April 1921, a month after Harding took office, Lamont set sail on... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, in April 1921, a month after Harding took office, Lamont set sail on the Adriatic for a six-week trip to England, France, Holland, and Belgium. Though it was described in... ●●

1921 Reza Khan stages coup in Tehran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 20, Reza Khan leads two thousand soldiers into Tehran to arrest the prime minister and cabinet in a swift military coup. ●●

1921 Kronstadt uprising crushed by the Bolsheviks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early 1921, the Bolshevik party turned its guns on rebellious sailors and workers in Kronstadt in response to widespread peasant resistance. This prompted Lenin to abandon War Communism and introduce the New Economic Policy. ●●

1921 Soviet famine kills millions after the civil war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Deaths from hunger and epidemics in 1921-22 nearly equaled the combined toll of World War I and the Soviet civil war. This humanitarian catastrophe followed the Bolshevik requisitioning campaigns. ●●

1921 Frank Knight distinguishes uncertainty from risk ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Frank Knight argued in 1921, ‘Uncertainty must be taken in a sense radically distinct from the familiar notion of Risk, from which it has never been properly separated . ●●

1921 Harding requires state approval of foreign loans ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 25, 1921, President Harding announced that foreign loans must be certified by the State, Treasury, and Commerce departments as being in the national interest. Jack Morgan pledged that bankers would keep the State Department fully informed. ●●

1921 Dempsey-Carpentier fight aids French relief ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anne Morgan's American Friends for Devastated France co-sponsored the July 1921 championship fight between Jack Dempsey and Georges Carpenter as part of their fundraising efforts to rebuild French villages and support schools, hospitals, and libraries. ●●

1921 Paul Warburg launches the International Acceptance Bank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1921, Paul, encouraged by Max, launched the International Acceptance Bank in New York. ●●

1921 Giving a great fillip to the Warburg library candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Giving a great fillip to the Warburg library was the founding of Hamburg University, a cause so dear to Aby’s heart. On August 19, 1921, he was named an honorary professor in absentia. ●●

1921 MMW MW 11, letter from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story MMW MW 11, letter from Max Warburg to Herr Huldermann, December 28, 1921. 3. ●●

1921 CHAPTER 42––The Cousins Club Siegmund Warburg had the spark... (1921) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the early postwar years, he again pictured Western economies slouching toward Armageddon. After a New York visit in 1947, he told Fritz, “A real de... ●●

1921 Soviet crop failure triggers the 1921 famine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then, in 1921, Soviet crops failed, a disaster so colossal that the Joint set up soup kitchens there, and even the U.S. ●●

1921 In 1921, Lola had married Rudolf Hahn, who came from a... (1921) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1921, Lola had married Rudolf Hahn, who came from a powerful Jewish industrial family associated with the Warburgs. ●●

1921 In 1921, the new commerce secretary, Herbert Hoover, called... (1921) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1921, the new commerce secretary, Herbert Hoover, called him to Washington and asked if he would become assistant secretary of commerce—a junior Cabinet post for a twenty-five-year-old! ●●

1921 In late 1921, Jimmy and Kay moved to Riverside Drive so... (1921) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late 1921, Jimmy and Kay moved to Riverside Drive so Jimmy could enter the IAB as a junior officer. ●●

1921 Even a forceful protest from Averell Harriman—who had, at... (1921) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even a forceful protest from Averell Harriman—who had, at Max’s behest, financed a transatlantic cable for the company in 1921—couldn’t save his seat. ●●

1921 19. SF-LB, letter from Freud to Binswanger, November rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 19. SF-LB, letter from Freud to Binswanger, November 3, 1921. ●●

1921 21. SF-LB, letter from Binswanger to Freud, November rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 21. SF-LB, letter from Binswanger to Freud, November 8, 1921. ●●

1921 Paulo Freire born in Recife ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paulo Freire was born in 1921 in Recife, the center of one of the most extreme situations of poverty and underdevelopment in the Third World. His childhood experience of family poverty following the Great Depression profoundly influenced his later educational philosophy. ●●

1921 Compton sent Szilard’s request to Lyman Briggs, whose responsibilities within th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Compton sent Szilard’s request to Lyman Briggs, whose responsibilities within the OSRD included patent matters; Briggs thought the Army ought to handle it.1921 Szilard waited until the end of December, heard nothing and advanced further into the field. ●●

1921 Oppenheimer went off to Cambridge to attack the center where he could. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oppenheimer went off to Cambridge to attack the center where he could. ●●

1921 the director of the university physics institute, an exceptional physicist and a Senator of the King rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the director of the university physics institute, an exceptional physicist and a Senator of the Kingdom. ●●

1921 Szilard waited until the end of December, heard nothing and advanced further into the field. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Szilard waited until the end of December, heard nothing and advanced further into the field. ●●

1921 Event of 1921 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wilson’s successors tried to implement his visionary program through other complementary and essentially Wilsonian means. In the 1920s and 1930s, America and its democratic partners made a major commitment to a diplomacy of disarmament and peaceful a ●●

1921 Einstein sails to America for the first time ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Einstein and Elsa sailed from Holland on March 21, 1921, for their first visit to America. The trip was planned to promote the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and advance the Zionist cause. ●●

1921 Arrived at Battery in Manhattan, New York rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Einstein arrived at Battery in lower Manhattan on the afternoon of April 2, 1921, wearing a faded gray wool coat and black felt hat, carrying a shiny briar pipe and worn violin case. ●●

1921 Einstein visits the White House and meets Harding ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 25, 1921, Einstein visited the White House where President Warren G. Harding confessed he did not understand the theory of relativity. Washington Post ran a cartoon of Harding puzzled over 'Theory of Relativity' while Einstein puzzled over 'Theory of Normalcy.' ●●

1921 Information history in 1921 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ds. The linguist Edward Sapir wrote of “symbolic atoms” formed by a language’s underlying phonetic patterns. ●●

1921 Event of 1921 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” Beginning in 1921, meetings of the ILO had occasioned calls for a more balanced distribution of world population ●●

1921 committees that included Belgian or French scientists. Nor rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story committees that included Belgian or French scientists. Nor did they have the money to travel, even within Europe. The International Congress of Hygiene, for instance, originally scheduled for May of 1921 in Geneva, was cancelled because “the low value of the currency of many countries and the high v ●●

1921 the second edition of the first great German rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the second edition of the first great German eugenic text, Foundation of Human Heredity and Race Hygiene (Grundriss der menschlichen Erblichkeitslehre und Rassen-hygiene), which had been published in 1921. Germany’s three leading race eugenicists, Erwin Baur, Fritz Lenz and Eugen Fischer, authored ●●

1921 th things Catholic, purchasing a valued copy of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story th things Catholic, purchasing a valued copy of a rare Madonna.14 As Katzen-Ellenbogen wandered through Europe, he impressed many people as a kind humanitarian. He met one woman briefly on a train in 1921 and discussed his favorite Madonna. More than two decades later, even after learning of his not ●●

1921 sible.54 All that changed when Hitler came to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story sible.54 All that changed when Hitler came to power in 1933. Germany surged ahead in its study of twins. The German word for twins is Zwillinge. There were tens of thousands of twins in the Reich. In 1921 alone, 19,573 pairs were born, plus 231 sets of triplets. In 1925, 15,741 pairs of twins were b ●●

1921 the First Christian. Interviews with Mrs. Harold McClure, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the First Christian. Interviews with Mrs. Harold McClure, as cited by Frances Janet Hassencahl, “Harry H. Laughlin, ‘Expert Eugenics Agent’ for the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, 1921 to 1931.” (Ph. D. diss., Case Western Reserve University, 1970), pp. 45-46. Mark H. Laughlin, A ●●

1921 : The Proposed World Constitution”: Truman B-S-2B:7. Harry rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story : The Proposed World Constitution”: Truman B-S-2B:7. Harry H. Laughlin, unpublished manuscript, “The Principles of Nation-Rating”: Truman B-S-I:6. Letter, Harry H. Laughlin to H.G. Wells, 19 February 1921: Truman B-S-4B:12. Letter, Hamilton Fish Armstrong to Harry H. Laughlin, 11 June 1941: Truman C ●●

1921 : Makers of the IQ Controversy (New York: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story : Makers of the IQ Controversy (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1985), pp. 139, 140. 76. Robert M. Yerkes, Memoirs of the National Academy of Science, (Washington D.C.: National Academy of Science, 1921), p. 790-791. Brigham, p. 152. 77. Fancher, pp. 102-103, 140. Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., s ●●

1921 913: APS B:D27-Harriman, Mrs. E.H. #3. 30. “A rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 913: APS B:D27-Harriman, Mrs. E.H. #3. 30. “A County Survey,” Eugenical News, Vol. I (1916) p. 24. 31. Memorandum on Immigration enclosed with letter, Charles B. Davenport to Madison Grant, 6 January 1921: APS B:D27 - Grant, Madison #3. 32. National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor, The Nationa ●●

1921 Family Traits No. A:0772-I : MS. COLL. No. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Family Traits No. A:0772-I : MS. COLL. No. 0772, ERO, APS Series I. 65. Record of Family Traits No. 40688. 66. Eugenics Record Office, Family Tree A:0-3a: MS. COLL. No. 77, ERO, APS Series I, A:01 #6,1921-1930. 67. Charles B. Davenport and Harry H. Laughlin, Eugenics Record Office Bulletin No. 13: H ●●

1921 hy, pp. 107-108. Stephen S. Wise, “The Synagogue rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hy, pp. 107-108. Stephen S. Wise, “The Synagogue and Birth Control,” Birth Control 21. Review, October 1926, pp. 301-302. Margaret Sanger Papers Project, “ABCL Staff, Officers, and Board Members for 1921-1928,” The American Birth Control League 1921-1939 at www.nyu.edu. 22. Sanger, Pivot of Civiliz ●●

1921 ue and Birth Control,” Birth Control 21. Review, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ue and Birth Control,” Birth Control 21. Review, October 1926, pp. 301-302. Margaret Sanger Papers Project, “ABCL Staff, Officers, and Board Members for 1921-1928,” The American Birth Control League 1921-1939 at www.nyu.edu. 22. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, p. 189. 23. Sanger, Pivot of Civilizati ●●

1921 H. Laughlin, 17 November 1930: Truman 0-4-3:12. 18. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story H. Laughlin, 17 November 1930: Truman 0-4-3:12. 18. Letter, Walter A. Plecker to Harry H. Laughlin, 25 February 1928: Truman 0-4-3 :12. 19. Letter, Walter A. Plecker to Undertakers of Virginia, July 1921: Library of Virginia -Richmond. See Letter, Walter A. Plecker to Harry Davis, 4 October 1924: UV ●●

1921 rion of the Relative Powers of Nature and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rion of the Relative Powers of Nature and Nurture,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute (1875), pp. 391, 392-393. “‘Probably Mendelian’ and ‘Clearly Hereditary’ traits,” lantern 43. slide circa 1921: Truman Lantern Slides, Brown Box 835. Charles B. Davenport, Heredity In Relation To Eugenics ( ●●

1921 le for the Study of Twins,” circa 1918: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story le for the Study of Twins,” circa 1918: APS Series I: PDR and Correspondence. “A Strain Producing Multiple Births,” Journal of Heredity (Nov. 1919), p. 382. “Notes and News,” Eugenical News, Vol. VI (1921), p. 32. 47. “The Pendleton Twins,” Eugenical News Vol. III (1918), p. 77. “Twins in Russia,” E ●●

1921 , Charles B. Davenport to Harry H. Laughlin, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , Charles B. Davenport to Harry H. Laughlin, 16 April 1928 as cited by Frances Janet Hassencahl, “Harry H. Laughlin, ‘Expert Eugenics Agent’ for the House Committee on Immigration and Naruralization, 1921 to 1931.” (Ph. D. diss., Case Western Reserve University, 1970), p. 329. 11. Davenport to Laugh ●●

1921 ombardo, Paul A. “Eugenic Sterilization in Virginia: Aubrey rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ombardo, Paul A. “Eugenic Sterilization in Virginia: Aubrey Strode and the Case of Buck v. Bell.” Ph.D. diss, University of Virginia, 1982. Mehler, Barry. “A History of the American Eugenics Society, 1921- 1940.” Ph. D. diss., University of lliinois, 1988. Mottier, Veronique. “Narratives of National ●●

1921 k: Coward-McCann, 1970. Holmes, Oliver Wendell Jr. The rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story k: Coward-McCann, 1970. Holmes, Oliver Wendell Jr. The Common Law. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1881; 1923. Holmes, Oliver Wendell Jr. Collected Legal Papers. New York. Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1921. Howe, Mark DeWolfe, ed. Holmes-Laski Letters. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953. H ●●

1921 obert M. and Clarence S. Yoakum. Army Mental rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story obert M. and Clarence S. Yoakum. Army Mental Tests. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1926. Yerkes, Robert M. Memoirs of the National Academy of Science. Washington D.C.: National Academy of Science, 1921. Yerkes, Robert M. “Autobiography of Robert Mearns Yerkes.” in Carl Murchison, ed., History of ●●

1921 1921 - Panama-Costa Rica: American rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1921 - Panama-Costa Rica: American naval squadrons demonstrated in April on both sides of the Isthmus to prevent war between the two countries over a boundary dispute ●●

1921 Financial crisis or panic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Patterson, The Great Boom and Panic; 1921-1929 (Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1965), p ●●

1921 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1921, the Fed lowered interest rates to stop the recession and to help the governments of Europe ●●

1921 The Young Kavirondo Association and Early Protest 5 cit. Mission-educated Luo and Luhya founded the Young Kavirondo Association to protest rising taxes, the kipande, forced labour, and the loss of land, holding a mass meeting the Luo remembered as Piny Owacho, the voice of the people. Alarmed officials steered the movement, with the help of the missionary Archdeacon Owen, into a tamer welfare body. Even so it marked one of the earliest organised African protests in the colony and seeded later western politics. politics / society ●●

1922 to 1923 German hyperinflation under the Reichsbank ai_extracted 1 cit. The German central bank, then called the Reichsbank, created too much money in 1922 and 1923, causing hyperinflation, the episode usually cited to justify postwar central bank independence. ●●●●

May 1922 to 1939 Reichsbank independence written into law ai_extracted 1 cit. The Reichsbank's independence from the German government was explicitly written into law in May 1922 and lasted until 1939, leaving it unaccountable to the people, government, or parliament. ●●●

28 October 1922 March on Rome 1 cit. Fascist squads converge on Rome and King Victor Emmanuel III appoints Mussolini prime minister rather than order the army to stop them. Fascism takes power in a major state for the first time. politics ●●●●●

1922 Revolution on the Rand, 1922 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Attempts to cut mine costs by using more native labor led to strikes and a 1922 armed uprising on the Rand in which over 200 rebels were killed. ●●

1922 Gandhi launches mass civil disobedience (Feb 1, 1922) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 1, 1922, Gandhi told the viceroy he would begin mass civil disobedience district by district, starting at Bardoli, escalating beyond non-cooperation into illegal acts. ●●

1922 Germany and Soviet Russia sign Treaty of Rapallo (April 1922) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The two outcast powers drifted together and sealed their friendship with a treaty signed at Rapallo in April 1922, which alarmed western Europe as a potential union of German technology and Soviet resources. ●●

1922 Washington Conference sets naval ratios (1922) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the Washington Conference, Britain gave the United States equality in capital ships at 15 each while Japan received 60 percent, or 9 capital ships, ending the Anglo-Japanese alliance. ●●

1922 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics organized ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Constitutionally, the country was organized in 1922 into the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics. The largest constituent was the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic. ●●

1922 British protectorate over Egypt ended ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The protectorate over Egypt was ended in 1922, and the Dominions' refusal to back the United Kingdom in the Near East crisis forced a reexamination of imperial relations. ●●

1922 Mussolini comes to power in Italy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues leftist gains in 1918-1922 reversed the trend toward wider income disparity, provoking a counterrevolution that brought Mussolini to power in October 1922. ●●

1922 Ignaz Seipel becomes Austrian chancellor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1922 the Christian Socialist leader Monsignor Ignaz Seipel, a Catholic priest, became chancellor, dominating Austria's federal government until his death in 1932 and securing international loans by threatening Anschluss. ●●

1922 Egypt granted independence by Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain granted Egypt independence in 1922 but continued to interfere in its governance through peremptory notes and ultimatums. Submission to such pressure roused animosity in the nationalist-dominated Assembly. ●●

1922 The Astors buy control of The Times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Lord Astor and his brother became chief proprietors of The Times in 1922 by buying out the Harmsworth interest. He treats this as the moment the Milner Group secured ownership of the paper. ●●

1922 Quigley: the Milner Group controlled The Times (from 1922) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that the Milner Group controlled The Times, indirectly from 1912 and directly from 1922. He treats the paper as one branch of the Group's network of influence. ●●

1922 Zimmern's Europe in Convalescence (1922) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alfred Zimmern published Europe in Convalescence in 1922, regretting Britain's postwar policies and especially the 1918 election. Quigley uses it to show the Group's turn toward reconstructing Germany. ●●

1922 Irish Free State created (1922) ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Through the Articles of Agreement of December 1921 and the Irish Free State Act of March 1922, southern Ireland became an independent Dominion. Feetham of the Milner Group chaired the Boundary Commission. ●●

1922 Oregon outlaws private elementary schools, 1922 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1922 Oregon outlawed private schools for elementary children, a law later reversed by the Supreme Court in Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925). ●●

1922 Walter Lippmann publishes Public Opinion ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Gatto cites Walter Lippmann's 1922 book Public Opinion, which he says called for restricting public debate and letting experts govern. He argues Lippmann wanted schools to teach that active citizenship was impossible. ●●

1922 Assassination of Walther Rathenau ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 24 June 1922 Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau, architect of the fulfillment policy, was murdered by right-wing reactionaries. His killing deepened the panic that sent the mark into free fall. ●●

1922 The Balfour Note links war debts to reparations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In mid-1922 Britain declared through the Balfour Note that it would collect from its debtors and from Germany only as much as the United States demanded of Britain. The note infuriated Americans, who were cast as 'Uncle Shylock.' ●●

1922 Fall of Lloyd George and the Bonar Law government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lloyd George's coalition collapsed in October 1922 and a Conservative government under Andrew Bonar Law took power in Britain. Stanley Baldwin became chancellor of the exchequer. ●●