Events, Verisoph

1975 Helsinki accords signed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Ford and Soviet leader Brezhnev signed an agreement in Helsinki endorsing the free movement of people and ideas. Dissidents in the Soviet bloc took it seriously even as Ford and Kissinger saw it as window dressing. ●●

1975 United Brands bribery scandal and Eli Black's suicide ai_extracted 1 cit. no story United Brands president Eli Black jumped from the 44th floor of the Pan Am building after the SEC discovered his company had bribed Honduran General López Arellano with $1.25 million. The scandal exposed the corrupting influence of American fruit companies on Central American politics. ●●

1975 Mayday deregulates Wall Street commissions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If Main Street hoped that Black Monday would throw a cautionary fear into Wall Street, it was dead wrong. It only prodded the Street into more assertive, reckless behavior. Securities firms had already lost many safe, reliable businesses. ●●

1975 Congress cuts off aid to South Vietnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Congress cut off all military and economic aid to South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos in February 1975, sealing their fate as communist forces conquered them. ●●

1975 Filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini murdered ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pasolini was killed in an apparent ritual murder in 1975. ●●

1975 Ford signs the Helsinki Final Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Ford was accused of a historic sellout for attending the Conference and for signing the main document, the so-called Final Act, in 1975. ●●

1975 Khmer Rouge take power in Cambodia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ss legislated an end to the bombing in August 1973, U.S. government participation in the ongoing slaughter continued until the Khmer Rouge victory in April 1975.21 Phase II: From April 1975 through 1978 Cambodia was subjected to the murderous rule o ●●

1975 China adopts leftist Cultural Revolution constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The gradual implementation of “social transformation” noted in this document was then rejected in favor of a more leftist constitution drafted during the Cultural Revolution in 1975 that openly called for the dictatorship of the party over the state. ●●

1975 Daoud dismisses Soviet-trained Afghan officers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1975, prodded by Iran which was conditioning its aid on such policies, Daoud dismissed 40 Soviet-trained mi ●●

1975 Homebrew Computer Club holds its first meeting ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hobbyists gathered in Gordon French's Menlo Park garage for the first Homebrew Computer Club meeting. ●●

1975 Altair 8800 unveiled in Popular Electronics ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The January 1975 issue named the machine the first real personal computer for home consumers. ●●

1975 Gates and Allen finish Altair BASIC ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After eight weeks of coding, the pair squeezed their BASIC interpreter down to 3.2K in time to fly it to MITS. ●●

1975 Altair BASIC runs for the first time ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Allen loaded the BASIC interpreter into a MITS Altair, and it correctly computed a test command. ●●

1975 Wozniak builds the first Apple I prototype ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wozniak got a keyboard and monitor working together with a microprocessor for the first time, at 10 p.m. on June 29, 1975. ●●

c. 1975 The Unresolved Land Question 2 cit. After independence, the land question was normalized rather than solved. Huge estates and valuable parcels ended up with founding families, senior officials, chiefs, Home Guard networks, land-buying company bosses and politically connected companies. The poor were left with small plots, debt, informal settlement, squatting or migration. Later inquiries documented illegal public-land grabbing, but they did not reopen the whole private-title settlement created by conquest, Swynnerton and willing-buyer purchase. economy / politics / society ●●●●●

1975 The Church Committee documents the CIA plot against Lumumba 1 cit. The US Senate’s Church Committee, investigating CIA activity, confirmed that the agency under Allen Dulles had plotted to poison Lumumba in 1960. It found the poison plan was not carried out and did not establish that the CIA caused his actual death. ●●

1975 Ontulili forest excisions become the Timau Angaine dispute 3 cit. Legal notices in 1975 and 1977 excised about 930 hectares from Mt Kenya forest near Ontulili and Timau. Decades later, squatters, the Angaine family, Flamingo/Homegrown and other claimants fought over whether the land had been meant for landless people or lawfully passed into private title. The National Land Commission recommended restitution in 2019, but the Environment and Land Court sent the dispute back for a fresh hearing because affected parties had not been properly heard. economy / politics / society ●●●●●

1975 Seeds law moves food security into certified seed 1 cit. The Seeds and Plant Varieties Act was assented to in 1972 and commenced in 1975, giving the state powers over seed testing, certification, variety lists and plant breeders rights. Food security was now also about who could certify seed, release varieties, control quality and define official planting material. economy / politics / technology ●●●

1976 Industrial production recovers after BoJ loosens credit ai_extracted 1 cit. After the BoJ raised its window guidance loan growth ceilings in late 1975 and early 1976, industrial production recovered in late 1976, regaining its October 1973 peak and ending Japan's worst postwar slump. ●●●

1976 Wood argues the Executive Branch was 'hijacked' in 1976 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wood asserts that the U.S. Executive Branch was hijacked in 1976 by Trilateral Commission members with the election of Carter and Mondale, and that their dominance continued afterward. ●●

1976 Carla Hills chairs U.S. delegation to Habitat I ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1976 Trilateral Commission member Carla A. Hills chaired the U.S. delegation to the U.N. Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat I), whose report urged implementing the New International Economic Order. ●●

1976 Election of Jimmy Carter ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jimmy Carter was elected US president in 1976. Wood asserts that Trilateral Commission technocrats used his election to take control of the Executive Branch and have dominated administrations since. ●●

1976 Francis Schaeffer warns of coming authoritarianism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1976 theologian Francis Schaeffer wrote that authoritarian government from the right or left leads to the same result, an elite forcing form on society. Wood cites it as foreseeing a global totalitarian government. ●●

1976 Carroll Quigley's 1976 Oscar Iden Lectures ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Carroll Quigley's return to Georgetown in 1976 to deliver the Oscar Iden Lecture Series, quoting his warnings about the commercialization of communities and the power of credit and corporations. Gatto aligns Quigley's views with his own. ●●

1976 FM 30-31B document surfaces in the European press ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says excerpts of the disputed FM 30-31B document appeared in the Spanish press in 1976 after Franco's fall and in Italy in 1978. It presents the document as describing false flag operations by the secret armies. ●●

1976 George H. W. Bush becomes CIA director ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bush took over as director of central intelligence in early 1976 and quickly grew fond of the agency. He boosted morale but accomplished little in his short tenure. ●●

1976 CIA covert action in Angola ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the fall of Saigon, the CIA shipped cash and weapons to anticommunist guerrillas in Angola. Congress publicly banned the covert support and killed the operation while it was underway. ●●

1976 Bush approves Team B ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bush let a group of hawkish outside analysts write their own estimate of Soviet military power. Team B dramatically overstated Soviet strength, and after the Cold War every one of its findings proved wrong. ●●

1976 Car bombing kills Orlando Letelier in Washington ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pinochet's intelligence chief Manuel Contreras orchestrated the assassination of former ambassador Orlando Letelier and an American aide. They died by car bomb near the White House. ●●

1976 Jamaica uncovers plot to overthrow government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1976, Jamaican security forces announced the uncover- ing of a plot to overthrow the government involving leadin ●●

1976 Bob Houston killed after leaving Peoples Temple ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bob Houston, son of press photographer Robert Houston, is found dead on railroad tracks after resigning from Peoples Temple and facing beatings from Jim Jones ●●

1976 Jim Jones moves Temple funds to overseas banks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jim Jones begins expatriating Temple funds to Panama and Switzerland, using Deborah Layton as administrator and courier for these transfers ●●

1976 Taxi Driver released in theaters ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Taxi Driver is released to critical acclaim, featuring protagonist Travis Bickle who develops plans to assassinate an important political figure ●●

1976 Gates writes his Open Letter to Hobbyists ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Angered by widespread copying of Altair BASIC, Gates published a letter denouncing software piracy. ●●

1976 Friedman awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 1 cit. Milton Friedman receives the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his work on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and the complexity of stabilization policy. The award cemented monetarism and Chicago School economics as a mainstream rival to Keynesianism at the highest level of the profession. economy / science ●●●

1976 Sutton extends the thesis to Hitler's rise 1 cit. In Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler, Sutton argues that some of the same Western financial and corporate interests also helped bring the Nazis to power. Taken with his Bolshevik book, his claim is that a single set of interests backed both communism and fascism as instruments of control. This coordinated-plan reading is Sutton's own, and it is the part historians reject. economy / politics / society ●●●

1976 Reserves and hunting bans restrict Aweer forest use 3 cit. The gazetting of the Boni and Dodori national reserves, together with Kenya's hunting ban, cut the Aweer off from lands and game they had long relied on. Forced toward settlement and farming in a dry, marginal area, many faced food insecurity. The community's foraging economy was steadily squeezed. environment / politics / society ●●

1977 Noguchi and Sakakibara publish 'Analysis of the MoF-BoJ Kingdom' ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1977 MoF officials Yukio Noguchi and Eisuke Sakakibara published a pathbreaking article in Chuo Koron identifying Japan's economic system as the wartime system for total economic mobilization. ●●

20 August 1977 Voyager 1 and 2 launched 3 cit. NASA launched two probes to tour the outer planets, returning close views of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Both later crossed into interstellar space, the most distant human-made objects. exploration / science / technology ●●●●

1977 Time names Carter 'Man of the Year' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 7, 1977 Time Magazine named President Carter Man of the Year. Wood notes the article omitted Carter's Trilateral Commission ties and that editor-in-chief Hedley Donovan was a Trilateral member. ●●

1977 Trilateral Commission plenary in Tokyo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Trilateral Commission held its annual plenary meeting in Tokyo in January 1977. Carter and Brzezinski sent letters praising the pursuit of a 'more just and equitable world order'. ●●

1977 Carter orders CIA to pressure South Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At a National Security Council meeting, President Carter directed the CIA to find ways to bring economic and political pressure on apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia. It marked a shift in Cold War policy toward human rights. ●●

1977 Carter's 'island of stability' toast ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At a state dinner in Tehran, President Carter toasted the Shah's Iran as an island of stability in a sea of turmoil. The CIA had confirmed that rosy view for fifteen years, missing the coming revolution. ●●

1977 Unconditional surrender becomes official Allied policy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story We had so much trouble getting those two French generals together that I thought to myself that this was as difficult as arranging the meeting of Grant and Lee—and then suddenly the Press Conference was on, and Winston and I had had no time to prepare for it, and the thought popped into my mind that they had called Grant “Old Unconditional Surrender,” and the next thing I knew I had said it.1977 Churchill immediately concurred—“Any divergence between us, even by omission, would on such an occasion and at such a time have been damaging or even dangerous to our war effort”—and unconditional surrender became official Allied policy. ●●

1977 The Spy Who Loved Me released ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me, featuring the Liparus swallowing a submarine, was released in 1977. ●●

1977 USAID commissions Westinghouse contraception surveys ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1977 USAID commissioned Westinghouse to conduct additional surveys designed to determine how convenient contraception would have to be before people would start using it. ●●

1977 Apple II goes on sale ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Apple's fully integrated personal computer went on sale for $1,298 and sold 100,000 units within three years. ●●

1977 Wangari Maathai founds the Green Belt Movement 1 cit. Wangari Maathai launched the Green Belt Movement under the National Council of Women of Kenya, paying rural women to plant trees and restore degraded land. What began as an answer to fuelwood shortages and soil erosion grew into a wide grassroots network. The movement tied care for the land to women's livelihoods and civic organizing. environment / society ●●●

1977 Kenya's 1977 hunting ban forces the Ogiek toward farming 5 cit. Kenya's nationwide ban on hunting outlawed a core part of Ogiek subsistence and pushed many families into settled agriculture and livestock keeping. Combined with continued eviction from reserved forest, the ban reshaped a way of life built on mobility and the forest. Some Ogiek kept beekeeping alive alongside the new crops. economy / environment / politics ●●

1977 The 1977 hunting ban deepens Waata marginalisation 3 cit. Kenya's total hunting ban finished the outlawing of Waata subsistence begun under colonial game laws. Many struggled to make a living from farming in dry, poor country, and some turned to illegal ivory trading or charcoal burning while others drifted to towns. The Waata slid into poverty and near-invisibility as a distinct people. economy / politics / society ●●

December 1977 Government moves to acquire Kisima Farm land at Timau 1 cit. In late 1977 the Commissioner of Lands issued Gazette notices for compulsory acquisition proceedings over two Timau land portions farmed by Kisima Farm as one unit. A 1978 High Court judgment records that Kisima was also in the process of being sold to Katheri Farmers Co. The case captures Timau as a postcolonial land-transfer arena, not just a settled agricultural landscape. economy / politics ●●●

1978 Bank of Japan introduces monetary targeting ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1978 the Bank of Japan officially adopted monetary targeting, announcing growth targets for money supply measures such as M2+CD, a framework the author describes as a monetarist smoke screen for its window guidance credit controls. ●●●

December 1978 BoJ declares tighter quantitative control ai_extracted 1 cit. In December 1978 the Bank of Japan declared tighter quantitative monetary control necessary, citing rapidly rising stock prices, sharply higher city-center land prices, and excess money circulating in the private sector. ●●

17 September 1978 Camp David Accords 1 cit. Framework agreements between Egypt and Israel brokered by President Carter after thirteen days of secret talks. They led to the first peace treaty between Israel and an Arab state. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●●

1978 Wood and Sutton publish Trilaterals Over Washington ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1978 Wood co-authored Trilaterals Over Washington with Antony C. Sutton. The books examined the Trilateral Commission, co-founded by David Rockefeller and Zbigniew Brzezinski. ●●

1978 Tanzania's third five-year plan targets rural legibility ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The third five-year plan of 1978 explicitly aimed to make rural areas legible to the state by resettling peasants in villages where able-bodied workers and available acreage could be identified and controlled for state development programs. ●●

1978 Siegmund Warburg receives Order of the Sacred Treasure ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1978, he went to Japan to receive the First Class Order of the Sacred Treasure from Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda. The honor, awarded in the prime... ●●

1978 Vietnam ousts Pol Pot from power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story We noted in chapter 7 that, after the Vietnamese had ousted Pol Pot in December 1978, although the United States and its allies had denounced Pol Pot as “another Hitler” committing “genocide,” they qu ●●

1978 Ekman and Friesen publish Facial Action Coding System ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen published the Facial Action Coding System breaking down facial muscle movements. ●●

1978 China reintroduces civil service examinations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story China reintroduced a merit-based civil service examination system after the 1978 reforms. ●●

1978 Bali reaches 60 percent contraceptive use ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1978, a triumphant cable arrived from Jakarta with the subject line “They Said It Couldn’t Be Done.” It reported that in Bali some 60 percent of eligible couples had started to use mode... ●●

1978 John D. Rockefeller III dies in car accident ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rockefeller might have provided leadership, but he died in a car accident near his family estate in 1978. ●●

1978 PDP coup overthrows Mohammad Daoud in Afghanistan ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On 27 April 1978, a coup staged by the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) overthrew the government of Mohammad Daoud ●●

1978 CIA issues non-denial to Rep. Ryan on MK-ULTRA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The CIA issues a response to Congressman Ryan's inquiry about DeFreeze and MK-ULTRA experiments, using a carefully worded 'non-denial denial' that misspells DeFreeze's name ●●

1978 Congressman Leo Ryan assassinated in Guyana ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Congressman Leo Ryan is killed at Port Kaituma airstrip in Guyana, one month after receiving the CIA's response about DeFreeze and MK-ULTRA ●●

1978 Moscone and Harvey Milk assassinated in San Francisco ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 27, 1978, San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and Harvey Milk are shot dead by Dan White, days after the Jonestown massacre ●●

1978 Microsoft moves from Albuquerque to Seattle ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of 1978 Gates and Allen relocated their company back to the Seattle area. ●●

1978 Christensen and Suess create the first computer BBS ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Snowed in by a Chicago blizzard, two Homebrew-style hobbyists built what became known as Usenet. ●●

1978 William von Meister launches The Source ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Von Meister combined his interests in phones and computers to create an early consumer online service called The Source. ●●

1978 Moi builds a Kalenjin-centered coalition 1 cit. When Kenyatta died in 1978, Vice-President Daniel arap Moi took power and over time shifted patronage, security posts, and state resources toward a coalition centered on his Kalenjin community and allied smaller groups. The pattern of an ethnic inner circle controlling the state carried on, only with a different group at the center. Elite competition for that central prize kept ethnicity at the heart of national politics. Moi's rise and the shift in patronage are documented history. economy / politics ●●

22 August 1978 Daniel arap Moi succeeds Kenyatta as president 1 cit. Jomo Kenyatta died in office on 22 August 1978, and his vice president Daniel arap Moi took over, first as acting president and then formally in October. Moi kept Kenya on its capitalist, pro-Western path and its close ties to London and Washington. He would hold power for 24 years. politics ●●●

1978 Communist coup overthrows and kills Afghan President Daoud ai_extracted 1 cit. In April 1978 Mohammed Daoud arrested communist leaders in Kabul after they staged a protest. Soviet-backed officers planted inside the Afghan army shot him dead days later, launching the Marxist revolution that provoked the anticommunist revolt. ●●

October 1978 Daniel arap Moi rises from Baringo to Kenya's presidency 1 cit. Daniel Toroitich arap Moi, a Tugen from the Sacho area of central Baringo, became Kenya's president in 1978 and held office until 2002. His long rule lifted the political standing of the Tugen and the wider Kalenjin and shaped patronage and land politics in the Rift Valley. It marked the shift of national power from Kikuyu to Kalenjin hands for a generation. politics ●●●

1978 Moi appoints Kibaki Vice President 1 cit. When Daniel arap Moi succeeded Jomo Kenyatta in 1978, he picked Kibaki as Vice President and initially allowed him to keep the finance docket. Kibaki therefore bridged Kenyatta-era technocracy and Moi-era succession politics. He was close to the center of state power before his gradual marginalization under Moi. economy / politics ●●●●●

1979 MITI's 'samurai plan' aircraft leasing scheme ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1979 MITI promoted a leasing scheme, devised with Japan's top banks, to cosmetically reduce the current account surplus by booking foreign aircraft leases as Japanese imports; MoF called it off after a year fearing IMF scrutiny. ●●

1979 Swiss central bank briefly imposes negative rates ai_extracted 1 cit. In early 1979 the Swiss central bank briefly lowered short-term interbank rates into negative territory. ●●

17 February 1979 to 16 March 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War 1 cit. no story China invades northern Vietnam to punish it for toppling the Khmer Rouge, then withdraws after a month of heavy fighting. Border clashes continue for another decade. war ●●●

1979 to 2015 China's one-child policy 1 cit. China limited most couples to one child from 1979 to 2015, enforcing the rule through fines, mandatory contraception, and documented cases of forced abortion and sterilization. The policy prevented many births but produced grave human rights abuses and a skewed sex ratio. politics / society ●●●●●

1979 Goldwater warns of Trilateral Commission in With No Apologies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Senator Barry Goldwater's 1979 book With No Apologies warned the Trilateral Commission was a coordinated effort to seize control of the U.S. government. ●●

1979 Radio interview with Trilateral Commission coordinator George Franklin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 27, 1979 radio station KLMG aired an interview with George S. Franklin, Jr., coordinator of the Trilateral Commission, questioned by Antony Sutton and Patrick Wood. Wood reprints the transcript as a look into the Commission's inner workings. ●●

1979 Collapse of the Shah's army in Iran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Iranian army collapsed and Ayatollah Khomeini's movement took control in Tehran. The upheaval signaled the wider unraveling of American positions in the region. ●●

1979 CIA dismisses risk of Soviet Afghan invasion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The CIA's top-secret daily report told the White House the Soviets would be reluctant to send large ground forces into Afghanistan. That same week thirty thousand Soviet troops began deploying near the border. ●●

1979 The Shah flees Tehran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Shah of Iran fled his capital as the revolution gained force. Within weeks the popular uprising opened the way for Khomeini's return. ●●

1979 Khomeini returns to Tehran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The popular revolution that pushed the Shah from the throne cleared the path for Ayatollah Khomeini's return to Tehran. The CIA had failed to understand who Khomeini was or the strength of his movement. ●●

1979 Islamic Revolution establishes theocracy in Iran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Shah's dictatorship produced the Islamic Revolution which brought anti-American theocracy to power that embraced terrorism as statecraft. ●●

1979 Mob attacks the US Embassy in Kabul ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An angry mob broke into the US Embassy compound in Kabul. William Putscher, a US auditor, was present during the violence. ●●

1979 US Marine Stephen Crowley dies in Kabul embassy attack ai_extracted 1 cit. no story US Marine Stephen Crowley died when the oxygen supply ran out while he was being sheltered in the embassy vault. ●●

1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ai_extracted 8 cit. KGB paramilitaries chased Hafizullah Amin through his Kabul palace as Soviet tanks reached their staging areas during the December 1979 invasion. ●●

1979 Gairy flies to New York to discuss cosmic phenomena ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On March 11, 1979, Gairy flew to New York to discuss “cosmic phenomena” with United Nations Secretary General Kurt Waldheim (1979) ●●

1979 Iran hostage crisis begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American hostages were seized in Tehran following the Iranian revolution, held for 444 days and damaging American prestige and the Carter presidency. ●●

1979 China and US establish diplomatic relations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Normalization of relations between China and US provides baseline for measuring recent relationship deterioration. ●●

1979 Carter authorizes covert aid to Afghan rebels ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to Zbigniew Brzezinski, President Carter signed the first directive for secret aid to opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul on July 3, 1979. ●●

1979 First Jonathan Institute conference in Jerusalem ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the first meeting of the Jonathan Institute, in Jerusalem, in July 1979, at which a large Western political and media contingent were present (including Claire Sterling, George Will, George Bush, a ●●

1979 VisiCalc demonstrated at the Personal Computer Forum ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dan Fylstra showed an early version of VisiCalc at Ben Rosen's Personal Computer Forum in New Orleans. ●●

1979 Sergey Brin's family leaves the Soviet Union ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sergey Brin's family received exit visas and left the Soviet Union when he was five. ●●

6 October 1979 The Volcker shock 2 cit. The Federal Reserve under Paul Volcker sharply raises interest rates, pushing the federal funds rate above 19 percent to break the inflation of the 1970s. The policy triggered a severe recession and high unemployment in the early 1980s but succeeded in bringing inflation down, and it is widely seen as the practical vindication of monetarist thinking in U.S. policy. economy ●●●

1979 Herat revolt crushed with mass killing by the Afghan communist government ai_extracted 1 cit. The first major anticommunist mutiny erupted in Herat in March 1979 after Kabul's Marxists ordered girls taught to read. Soviet-trained pilots bombed the town in reprisal; by the regime's first anniversary the government had killed as many as twenty thousand people in Herat. ●●

1979 Carter signs the first covert-action finding to aid Afghan rebels ai_extracted 1 cit. On July 3, 1979, months before the Soviet invasion, President Carter signed a presidential finding authorizing the CIA to spend just over $500,000 on propaganda, radios, medical supplies, and cash for the anticommunist Afghan rebels, funneled through Pakistan. ●●●

1979 Mob sacks and burns the U.S. embassy in Islamabad ai_extracted 1 cit. On November 21, 1979, a mob of Pakistani students, inflamed by a false rumor that America had seized Mecca's Grand Mosque, overran the U.S. embassy in Islamabad. CIA officers and Marines sheltered in a vault as the compound burned; Marine Corporal Stephen Crowley and others died, and General Zia's forces took hours to respond. ●●

1979 Armed zealots seize Mecca's Grand Mosque ai_extracted 1 cit. In November 1979 followers of Juhayman al-Utaybi smuggled weapons into Mecca's Grand Mosque and proclaimed a Mahdi, seizing Islam's holiest site. Saudi troops and French commandos retook it after weeks of fighting, hardening the Saudi royal family's embrace of Wahhabi religious rule. ●