Events, Verisoph

1922 British delegation sails to settle war debts with America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Baldwin led a British delegation, with Bank of England governor Montagu Norman as principal adviser, to negotiate a settlement of Britain's war debts to the United States. They sailed on December 30 aboard the Majestic. ●●

1922 Genoa Economic Conference and Norman's idea of a central bankers' league ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the 1922 Genoa Economic Conference, Norman floated the idea of a grand conclave of central bankers to stabilize European finances. Strong resisted, fearing the United States would be ambushed by its European debtors. ●●

1922 Strong invents the modern central banker ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By abandoning the automatic rules of the gold standard and steering credit to stabilize domestic prices and business activity, Strong pioneered modern central banking. In 1922 this was a radical departure from centuries of practice. ●●

1922 The Reichsbank Autonomy Law of 1922 ai_extracted 1 cit. The Reichsbank Autonomy Law of July 1922, enacted at British insistence to curb inflation by making the Reichsbank independent, instead gave inflation architect Rudolf von Havenstein tenure for life. ●●

1922 Harding names Hoover to War Debt Commission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1922, Harding appointed Hoover to the new World War Foreign Debt Commission, designed to settle the Allies’ debts based on “their capacity to pay.” The total debt... ●●

1922 In late January 1922, after a ten-day tour of Cuba he took with Percy Rocke... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late January 1922, after a ten-day tour of Cuba he took with Percy Rockefeller and a bevy of other bankers, culminating in a luncheon in Havana given in his honor by two... ●●

1922 Morgan Concerns Over Fascism in Italy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As fascism gained power in Italy during the early 1920s, Morgan representatives in Italy expressed concerns about violence being perpetrated by Fascists, questioning whether American money was financing the movement. ●●

1922 Lamont negotiates Mexican debt agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1922, Tom Lamont negotiated an agreement with Mexican finance minister de la Huerta that secured U.S. recognition for President Obregón in exchange for steep concessions including lower interest rates and a forty-five year payment schedule. ●●

1922 US banks reach their peak number ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United States reached its maximum number of national and state-chartered banks during the era of free banking. ●●

1922 Laura Spelman Memorial funds social sciences research ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1922, under director Beardsley Ruml, the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial began distributing nearly fifty million dollars into social sciences research. This funding catalyzed university research centers. ●●

1922 Jimmy de Rothschild inherits Waddesdon Manor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jimmy de Rothschild unexpectedly inherited the historic Waddesdon Manor in 1922 after the death of his cousin Ferdinand's unmarried sister Alice. ●●

1922 A well-drilled Nazi cell existed in the Hamburg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A well-drilled Nazi cell existed in the Hamburg police department. (When the first Storm Troopers unit was formed in November 1922, it was headed by a Hamburg police clerk.) Far from guarding Max, P. ●●

1922 (When the first Storm Troopers unit was formed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (When the first Storm Troopers unit was formed in November 1922, it was headed by a Hamburg police clerk.) Far from guarding Max, P. ●●

1922 Eric had the rank and mobility to get a bird’s-eye view of a... (1922) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ——An uproarious Felix Warburg in Cortina, Italy. August 1922. His teenage son, Eddie, took this high-spirited picture that was dubbed “Greeting the Da... ●●

1922 Agro-Joint agreement with Soviets for Jewish colonies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1922, he worked out an agreement with the Soviets to create loan co-ops and training schools for Jews and began to advocate an enormous colonization project. ●●

1922 Hoover pushes for US trade with Soviet Russia ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In January 1922, Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover intercedes with the State Department on behalf of American business interests seeking to trade with Soviet Russia. ●●

1922 “Deke” Parsons, a 1922 Annapolis graduate then responsible under Bush for field- rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Deke” Parsons, a 1922 Annapolis graduate then responsible under Bush for field-testing the proximity fuse.1 Parsons had also worked on early radar development and served as gunnery officer on a destroyer and experimental officer at the Naval Proving Ground in Dahlgren, Virginia. ●●

1922 which were made before government support for this research was forthcoming rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story which were made before government support for this research was forthcoming.”1922 The patent could be registered in his name alone or jointly with Fermi; he would be willing “to assign this patent at this time to the government for such financial compensation as may be deemed fair and equitable.” The memorandum mentions no amount; according to Army security files Szilard asked for $750,000.1923 But the issue was not compensation; the issue was representation: I wish to take this opportunity to mention that the question of patents was discussed by those who were concerned in 1939 and 1940. ●●

1922 When one of Chicherin’s aides telephoned the Germa... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When one of Chicherin’s aides telephoned the German delegation at the conspiratorial hour of one-fifteen in the morning on April 16, 1922, proposing a ●●

1922 the end of 1922, with reparations elusive, disarma... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of 1922, with reparations elusive, disarmament controversial, meaningful British security guarantees unavai ●●

1922 that Szilard, despite his Eötvös Prize, “felt that his skill in mathematical operations could not co rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story that Szilard, despite his Eötvös Prize, “felt that his skill in mathematical operations could not compete with that of his colleagues. ●●

1922 The patent could be registered in his name alone or jointly with Fermi; he would be willing “to assi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The patent could be registered in his name alone or jointly with Fermi; he would be willing “to assign this patent at this time to the government for such financial compensation as may be deemed fair and equitable. ●●

1922 Bohr explains atomic basis of the periodic table ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the year his Nobel Prize made him a Danish national hero, Bohr accomplished a second great theoretical triumph: an explanation of the atomic structure that underlies the regularities of the periodic table of the elements. ●●

1922 that element 72 when discovered would not be a rare earth, as chemists expected and as elements 57 t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story that element 72 when discovered would not be a rare earth, as chemists expected and as elements 57 through 71 are, but would rather be a valence 4 metal like zirconium. ●●

1922 Assassination of Walther Rathenau ai_extracted 1 cit. no story right-wing extremists gunned down Walther Rathenau, the Weimar Republic’s first Foreign Minister, a physical chemist and industrialist friend of Einstein and a highly visible Jew. ●●

1922 “Von Neumann singled out the problem of numerical weather pr rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Von Neumann singled out the problem of numerical weather prediction for special attention,” Thompson later explained, “as the most complex, interacti ●●

1922 Event of 1922 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1919 a top Vatican official assured Gibbons that Rome “looks to America to be the leader in all things Catho- lic, and to set an example to other n ●●

1922 by the time he ordered a refill, the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story by the time he ordered a refill, the second cup cost 9,000 marks. Another told of an insurance policy redeemed to buy a single loaf of bread. The American dollar, which had traded for 1,500 marks in 1922, was worth 4.2 trillion marks by the end of 1923.32 German extremists tried to exploit the hyper ●●

1922 ion of the early twenties paralyzed the KWI rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ion of the early twenties paralyzed the KWI and German scientific progress.18 To literally save German science, Rockefeller money-guided by Flexner’s recommendations-came to the rescue in November of 1922. Because anti-German feeling engendered by the war still roiled in America, and because Rockefe ●●

1922 genicist, advised the Prussian Ministry of Health and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story genicist, advised the Prussian Ministry of Health and lectured extensively on hereditary traits and feeblemindedness. Since relations between Germany and the United States were still uneasy late into 1922, the foundation in large part administered the massive donations through its Paris office.19 Ro ●●

1922 ll uneasy late into 1922, the foundation in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ll uneasy late into 1922, the foundation in large part administered the massive donations through its Paris office.19 Rockefeller Foundation money began to flow immediately. During the final weeks of 1922, 194 fellowships were awarded, totaling $65,000. The next year, 262 fellowships were awarded f ●●

1922 sciences were of constant interest to eugenic readers. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story sciences were of constant interest to eugenic readers. So Eugenical News regularly summarized articles from the general medical literature to feed eugenicists’ unending fascination with the topic. In 1922, when a state medical journal reported using stethoscopes to monitor a twin pregnancy, it was ●●

1922 Hallervorden and Spatz identify rare brain disease ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ause why anyone would ever nominate him in the first place.” Museum officials added they would immediately look into removing his name.26 Another case involved Nazi doctors Hallervorden and Spatz. In 1922, the two had successfully identified a rare and devastating brain disease caused by a genetic m ●●

1922 ce under siege, battling back for years, fortified rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ce under siege, battling back for years, fortified by its influential patrons, the power of prejudice and the big money of Carnegie. But the Carnegie Institution’s patience began to erode as early as 1922, when Laughlin became a public font of racist ideology during the Congressional immigration res ●●

1922 12. Carlson, pp. 210-211. Rice, p. 27. 13. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 12. Carlson, pp. 210-211. Rice, p. 27. 13. Carlson, pp. 218-219. Harry H. Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization in the United States (Chicago: Psychopathic Laboratory of the Municipal Court of Chicago, 1922), p. 35. 14. Laughlin, p. 36. 15. Carlson, p. 211. 16. Laughlin, p. 15. 17. Bleecker Van Wagenen ●●

1922 Retardation.” 78. “News and Notes,” Eugenical News, Vol. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Retardation.” 78. “News and Notes,” Eugenical News, Vol. II (1917), p. 24. 79. Eugenics Research Association, Active Membership Accession List (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Eugenics Research Association, 1922): Truman, ERA Membership Records. Brigham, pp. v-vii, xvii-xviii. 80. Brigham, pp. 174, 178, 18 ●●

1922 Kevles, “Testing the Army’s Intelligence: Psychologists and the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kevles, “Testing the Army’s Intelligence: Psychologists and the Military in World War I,” pp. 576-577, 578. 86. Walter Lippmann, “The Mental Age of Americans,” New Republic 32, no. 415 (November 15, 1922). Walter Lippmann, “The Mental Age of Americans,” New Republic 32 no. 417 (November 29,1922). Le ●●

1922 68. Charts and Measurements: MS. COLL. No. 77, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 68. Charts and Measurements: MS. COLL. No. 77, ERO, APS Series I, A:01 #4 Development, 1922-1923. Letter, Brett Ramer to Charles B. Davenport, 15 June 1922: APS Series I, A:01 #4 Development, 1922-1923. 69. Mrs. Anna Wendt Finlayson, Eugenical Record Office Bulletin No. 15: The Dack Family, A Study ●●

1922 17 - January 1918), p. 263 as cited rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17 - January 1918), p. 263 as cited by Perry, pp. 148-149. 40. See Harry H. Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization in the United States (Chicago: Psychopathic Laboratory of the Municipal Court of Chicago, 1922). 41. Galton, Memories of My Life, pp. 293-294, 320-321. “Galton Laboratory for National Eugeni ●●

1922 p. 46, 55: CSH. 16. William J. Robinson, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story p. 46, 55: CSH. 16. William J. Robinson, Eugenics, Marriage, and Birth Control (New York: The Critic and Guide Company, 1917), p. 74. Margaret Sanger, The Pivot of Civilization (New York: Brentano’s, 1922), pp. 100-101. 17. Proceedings of the First National Conference on Race Betterment, (Race Bette ●●

1922 -186. 25. Weindling, Health, Roce and German Politics rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story -186. 25. Weindling, Health, Roce and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945, pp. 384, 385. 26. “The German Genetic Association,” Journal of Heredity, Vol. XIII No. 5 (May 1922), p. 200. “Notes and News,” Eugenical News Vol. IX (1924), p. 56. “Heredity of Insanity,” Eugen ●●

1922 457. 7. Letter, W. R. Graham to Board rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 457. 7. Letter, W. R. Graham to Board of Review, 5 April 1950: NA RG496/457. 7. Eugenics Research Association, Active Membership Accession List (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Eugenics Research Association, 1922): Truman, ERA Membership Records. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4198-4199. 8. Am ●●

1922 Department,” at www.gen.cam.ac.uk. 4. American Genetic Association, “Overview.” rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Department,” at www.gen.cam.ac.uk. 4. American Genetic Association, “Overview.” Eugenics Research Association, Active Membership Accession List (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Eugenics Research Association, 1922): Truman ERA Membership Records. “College Courses in Genetics and Eugenics,” Eugenical News Vol ●●

1922 s. Springfield, MA: Psychiatric Genocide Research Institute, 1986. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s. Springfield, MA: Psychiatric Genocide Research Institute, 1986. Laughlin, Harry H. Eugenical Sterilization in the United States. Chicago: Psychopathic Laboratory of the Municipal Court of Chicago, 1922. ●●

1922 1964. Sanger, Margaret. Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography. New rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1964. Sanger, Margaret. Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1938; Dover Publications, Inc., 1971. Sanger, Margaret. The Pivot of Civilization. New York: Brentano’s, 1922. Sanger, Margaret. The Pivot of Civilization: In Historical Perspective. Ed. Comp. Michael W. Pe ●●

1922 Mavrogordatos, Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936 (Berk rejected ai_extracted 3 cit. no story Mavrogordatos, Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983). ●●

1922 Most of the United States candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Most of the United States armed forces left Cuba by August 1919, but two companies remained at Camaguey until February 1922 ●●

1922 1920-22 - Russia (Siberia) - rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1920-22 - Russia (Siberia) - February 16, 1920 to November 19, 1922: A marine guard to protect the United States radio station and property on Russian Island, Bay of Vladivostok ●●

1922 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before 1922, the Federal Reserve bought Treasury bonds pri- marily for three purposes: (1) for income to operate the system, (2) to pay for the newly ●●

1922 Beckman cites another survey made in 1922 by the Crowell Publishing Company wher... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Beckman cites another survey made in 1922 by the Crowell Publishing Company where figures are much higher for each category ●●

c. 1 January 1922 Harry Laughlin's Model Eugenical Sterilization Law 3 cit. Eugenicist Harry Laughlin, of the Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, published a "Model Eugenical Sterilization Law" intended as a template for state legislatures. Virginia's 1924 sterilization act was drafted using Laughlin's model, and it was later cited by German officials drafting the Nazi sterilization law of 1933. Laughlin was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Heidelberg in 1936 in recognition of his eugenics work. politics / science ●●●

16 March 1922 Harry Thuku Arrested and the Nairobi Shooting 7 cit. Harry Thuku, founder of the East African Association, campaigned against the kipande, forced labor, and rising taxes before colonial authorities arrested him on 14 March 1922. A large crowd gathered outside the Nairobi police station demanding his release, and police and armed settlers opened fire on 16 March. The official death toll was around 21, but African and later accounts put it far higher, at over 50; the exact figure is disputed. Thuku was detained without trial for years, and the episode marked an early turn toward mass protest. politics / society ●●●

c. 1922 Work and Marriage in Nairobi 6 cit. In the early 1920s Kamau moved to Nairobi and took a series of jobs, best remembered as a meter reader and storekeeper for the municipal water department. He had married Grace Wahu in 1919, and their son Peter Muigai was born in 1920. Living in the colonial capital drew him into the political ferment building among educated and mission-schooled Africans. economy / society ●

1922 Bernays builds on Lippmann's Public Opinion ai_extracted 1 cit. Bernays drew his theory of an expert elite managing the public mind from Walter Lippmann, whose book Public Opinion appeared in 1922. Lippmann had concluded that ordinary people could not reliably think through public affairs and needed detached professionals to frame the issues. ●●

16 March 1922 Mary Muthoni Nyanjiru shames the men and is shot 6 cit. After the arrest of the activist Harry Thuku in March 1922, a crowd gathered outside the Nairobi police lines. When the men hesitated, Mary Muthoni Nyanjiru rushed forward, lifted her dress, and called on them to take her dress and give her their trousers, the sharpest shaming a woman could throw at men. The crowd surged, the police opened fire, and she was among the first killed, with about twenty others. Her defiance became a song sung again during Mau Mau. politics / society ●●●

1923 Schacht appointed Reichsbank president ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1923 the Allied Reparation Commission, dominated by Wall Street banks, handpicked and appointed Hjalmar Schacht as Reichsbank president against the wishes of the Reichsbank executives. ●●●

8 November 1923 Beer Hall Putsch 1 cit. Hitler and the Nazi Party attempt to seize power in Bavaria in imitation of the March on Rome, but police break up the coup. Hitler's trial and short imprisonment make him a national figure and convince him to pursue power through elections. politics ●●●

1923 Kenya White Paper, 1923 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The controversy over Kenya's Legislative Council produced the compromise of the 1923 Kenya White Paper and the appointment of Sir Edward Grigg as governor for 1925-1931. ●●

1923 German hyperinflation ruins the middle classes (1923) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes the final stages of inflation that destroyed the German middle classes came after the war, in 1923, directing their hatred against the postwar parliamentary government. ●●

1923 Treaty of Lausanne formally ends WWI (July 24, 1923) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Treaty of Sevres collapsed, a moderate negotiated treaty signed by the Kemalist government at Lausanne on July 24, 1923, formally ended the First World War and ended four centuries of Turkish decline. ●●

1923 Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr (January 1923) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 9, 1923, the Reparations Commission declared Germany in default, and French, Belgian, and Italian forces began occupying the Ruhr two days later, met by German passive resistance. ●●

1923 German mark collapses in hyperinflation (1923) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German mark fell from 80,000 to the pound in January 1923 to 20 million in August and 20 billion by December 1923, an inflation Quigley attributes to Germany's method of avoiding reparations. ●●

1923 Beer-Hall Putsch ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the Beer-Hall Putsch of November 8, 1923, Hitler and Ludendorff tried to force Kahr and Lossow to continue a revolt. They were overcome by gunfire; Hitler was jailed and wrote Mein Kampf. ●●

1923 Primo de Rivera's military coup in Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To block a parliamentary investigation into corruption and defeats in Morocco, a military coup under General Primo de Rivera, with King Alfonso XIII's acquiescence, took over the government in 1923, dissolving the Cortes and ending civil liberties. ●●

1923 Quigley links the post-1923 Conservative split to Milner-Cecil lines ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley suggests the split inside the Conservative Party after 1923 followed the division between the Milner Group and the older Cecil Bloc. He offers it as an interpretive claim. ●●

1923 Milner's Questions of the Hour (1923) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Milner set out unorthodox economic ideas in his 1923 book Questions of the Hour. Quigley says these ideas, favoring managed national economy over the gold standard, were far ahead of the Group's thinking. ●●

1923 Milner's Lords speech on Zionism (27 June 1923) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 27 June 1923 Milner set out the Group's view of Zionism in the House of Lords, backing a Jewish national home but insisting Palestine must never become a Jewish state. He favored an Arab Federation. ●●

1923 Chatham House acquired and named (1923) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1923 Curtis persuaded Colonel R. W. Leonard to buy Lord Kinnaird's house at 10 St. James Square for the Institute. Once William Pitt's home, it was named Chatham House, now a byword for the RIIA. ●●

1923 Quigley: Milner Group helps make Baldwin Prime Minister ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the Milner Group worked behind the scenes to persuade the King to choose Baldwin over Curzon as Prime Minister in 1923, citing Harold Nicolson's account of Balfour, Amery, and Walter Long intervening. ●●

1923 Quigley: Curtis defends the balance of power at the RUA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that Lionel Curtis, who in 1918 had condemned the balance of power, reversed himself by January 1923 and defended it against Professor Pollard, marking the Group's return to old power-politics thinking. ●●

1923 Smuts's South African Luncheon Club speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls this October 1923 speech in London the best single statement of the Milner Group's early revisionist and pro-German outlook, in which Smuts warned against French militarism. ●●

1923 France occupies the Ruhr ai_extracted 1 cit. no story French forces occupied the Ruhr to force reparations payments, enraging the Milner Group, which Quigley says threatened economic and diplomatic retaliation against France in The Round Table. ●●

1923 Quigley: Smuts opens contact with Stresemann ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that right after his October 1923 anti-French speech, Smuts got in touch with German foreign minister Stresemann, advising him to abandon non-cooperation, a line that Quigley says led toward the Dawes Plan and Locarno. ●●

1923 German Chancellor cites Smuts as his guide ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At a cabinet meeting Stresemann named Smuts as the author of what he considered the proper road out of the reparations crisis, evidence Quigley uses for the Group's reach into German policy. ●●

1923 Carl Brigham asserts Nordic superiority, 1923 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes psychologist Carl Brigham, who in his 1923 book A Study of American Intelligence claimed to have demonstrated the intellectual superiority of the Nordic group. ●●

1923 E.G. Boring's circular definition of intelligence, 1923 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites E.G. Boring's 1923 definition that intelligence is what an intelligence test measures, as the classic behaviorist statement on intelligence. ●●

1923 Milner's desire to abandon the gold standard ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says Lord Milner, described as the Network's primary leader, had written of wanting to abandon the gold standard as early as 1923. It uses this to argue the shift off gold served the Network rather than harming it. ●●

1923 French and Belgian troops occupy the Ruhr ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early 1923, after Germany fell behind on reparations, forty thousand French and Belgian troops invaded and occupied the industrial Ruhr valley. The precipitating incident was a failure to deliver telephone poles. ●●

1923 The German hyperinflation reaches its peak ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1923 Germany suffered the greatest destruction of monetary value in history. A dollar worth 620,000 marks in August was worth 630 billion by early November. ●●

1923 German unemployment explodes as the currency dies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1923 the collapse of the mark made commerce impossible and the economy reverted to barter. Unemployment, around 3 percent, suddenly jumped to 20 percent in the autumn of 1923. ●●

1923 Keynes publishes A Tract on Monetary Reform ai_extracted 2 cit. In December 1923, Keynes published A Tract on Monetary Reform, his first systematic attempt to explain the postwar monetary instability. Much of it had already appeared in the Manchester Guardian during 1922 and early 1923. ●●

1923 Fight over control of Fed open market operations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1923 the Federal Reserve Board tried to take charge of open market operations, the new tool of buying and selling government securities. Strong, recuperating in Colorado, was furious but eventually accepted Board oversight while still dominating decisions. ●●

1923 Schacht and Stresemann dine as Germany nears bankruptcy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the night of November 8, 1923, banker Hjalmar Schacht met Chancellor Gustav Stresemann at Berlin's Hotel Continental. Stresemann sought to persuade Schacht to become currency commissioner and reform the collapsing German currency. ●●

1923 Hyperinflation bread riots in Berlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 5, 1923, the price of a two-kilo loaf of bread in Germany soared from 20 billion to 140 billion marks, sparking nationwide riots. Over a thousand shops were looted and Jewish Berliners were attacked by mobs. ●●

1923 Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch collapses ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Adolf Hitler, working with General Erich Ludendorff, seized a Munich beer hall and proclaimed the Berlin government deposed. The attempted coup, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, collapsed within twenty-four hours. ●●

1923 Introduction of the Rentenmark ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 15, 1923, Germany introduced the new Rentenmark, notionally backed by land, alongside the collapsed Reichsmark. The country briefly had two official currencies issued by two parallel central banks. ●●

1923 Schacht fixes the Rentenmark conversion rate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After waiting for the Reichsmark to sink further, Schacht fixed the conversion rate on November 20, 1923, at 1 trillion Reichsmarks to one Rentenmark. The delay let the government buy back its debt for a fraction of its value. ●●

1923 Death of Rudolf von Havenstein ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 20, 1923, the day Schacht fixed the new currency's conversion rate, Reichsbank president Rudolf von Havenstein collapsed and died of a heart attack after a late board meeting. He was sixty-six. ●●

1923 Schacht appointed president of the Reichsbank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 20, 1923, over strong opposition from within the bank, Schacht was appointed president of the Reichsbank. His only rival was the discredited wartime treasury secretary Karl Helfferich. ●●

1923 Schacht meets Norman in London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Schacht arrived in London on New Year's Eve 1923 to enlist Norman's help for Germany. Norman met him personally at Liverpool Street Station, beginning a close partnership between the two central bankers. ●●

1923 Reparations Commission appoints committees of experts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 30, 1923, the Reparations Commission announced two international committees of experts. The first was to balance the German budget and stabilize the currency, the second to investigate German capital flight. ●●

1923 Dawes committee formed on German reparations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story So in late 1923, at the suggestion of Secretary of State Hughes, he appointed a committee of experts headed by Harding’s old budget director, Charles Dawes, to propose a plan to... ●●

1923 Great Kanto earthquake strikes Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 1 September 1923, a huge earthquake (7. ●●

1923 Stettinius shares GE insider information ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1923, Morgan partner Herman Harjes in Paris inquired about buying General Electric shares, and Stettinius hesitantly shared insider information he had gained from his position on GE's board of directors. ●●

1923 Morgan partners aid Japan earthquake relief ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following a major earthquake in Japan, Morgan partners including Dwight Morrow became involved in relief efforts. Rumors circulated that Japan planned its first bond issue in America since the Russo-Japanese War. ●●

1923 Death of Charles Rothschild ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Charles Rothschild, designated to lead N.M. Rothschild after his father Natty's death, died in 1923 after contracting encephalitis lethargica from the Spanish influenza epidemic. ●●

1923 It took 30 plants just to produce the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It took 30 plants just to produce the sea of paper. As Germany lurched toward civil war, Cuno fell in August 1923 and was replaced by Max’s hero, Gustav Stresemann, who immediately declared martial la... ●●

1923 Stresemann succeeds Cuno as German chancellor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Germany lurched toward civil war, Cuno fell in August 1923 and was replaced by Max’s hero, Gustav Stresemann, who immediately declared martial law. ●●

1923 There he ate well, put on weight, and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There he ate well, put on weight, and began to compose Mein Kampf. On November 12, 1923, following the Hitler putsch, the government named Dr. ●●

1923 Volkischer Beobachter attacks the Warburgs ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 22, 1923, the Nazi newspaper, the Völkischer Beobachter, attacked Paul, Felix, and Max. ●●