Events, Verisoph

c. 1979 Uhuru grows up in the St Marys Catholic elite pipeline 2 cit. Uhuru grew up between State House privilege, Mama Nginas Catholic household and St Marys School in Nairobi, a Catholic-founded private school for children of Kenya elites. Profiles remember him as a rugby player, prefect and popular school figure. The point is not only personal religion; it is the formation of a postcolonial ruling-class style: Catholic schooling, English-speaking elite networks, and social confidence before electoral politics. culture / politics / religion / society ●●●●

1980 Benchmark revision of the foreign exchange law ai_extracted 1 cit. Japan's legal restrictions on capital movements were eased over the 1980s, starting with benchmark changes of the foreign exchange law in 1980. ●●●

1980 to June 1991 Window guidance operated continuously through the 1980s ai_extracted 1 cit. Interviews with BoJ officials and bank officers unanimously confirmed that window guidance credit controls were conducted without interruption during the 1980s, in the same form as before, until at least June 1991. ●●●

December 1980 Japan liberalizes capital flows ai_extracted 1 cit. Japan liberalized its international capital flows in December 1980, a major departure from the old economic structure that later served as a parallel to Thailand's deregulation. ●●

1 June 1980 CNN launches 24-hour news 1 cit. Ted Turner's Cable News Network began broadcasting on 1 June 1980 as the first around-the-clock television news channel. Continuous cable news changed the pace and expectations of news coverage. society / technology ●●●●

c. 1980 Positive confession, name it and claim it 1 cit. Word of Faith teachers hold that believers can speak desired outcomes into existence through positive confession, a practice critics nickname name it and claim it. Many mainstream theologians reject this as closer to New Thought magic than to biblical prayer, which submits requests to God's will. religion ●●

c. 1980 Singapore streams students in a meritocratic system 1 cit. Singapore built a system that sorted students by ability and rewarded exam performance, tied to national development. Tight central planning and strong results made it a model studied abroad. politics / society ●●●

1980 US strikes down federal usury laws ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 struck down all federal usury laws in the United States, letting lenders follow the laws of the state where they registered. ●●

1980 Desert One hostage rescue fails ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Pentagon special-operations mission to rescue the American hostages in Iran ended in catastrophe. Eight commandos died when a helicopter crashed into a transport plane in the desert. ●●

1980 Carter's first Central America covert actions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Carter approved three small covert-action programs in Central America aimed at the Sandinistas in Nicaragua. They supported pro-American parties, churches, and unions against the spread of socialism. ●●

1980 One million Afghan refugees flee to Pakistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Within one year of the Soviet invasion, approximately one million Afghan refugees poured into Pakistan, creating a humanitarian crisis. ●●

1980 Pinochet concedes a new Chilean constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1980, just seven years after the coup, Pinochet conceded a new constitution that prescribed a ten-year transition back to democracy. ●●

1980 Reagan's 1980 election landslide ai_extracted 1 cit. Ronald Reagan's overwhelming 1980 election victory marked a fundamental shift in American foreign policy, rejecting détente and embracing ideological confrontation with the Soviet Union. ●●

1980 China tests long-range ICBMs ai_extracted 1 cit. no story China successfully tested intercontinental ballistic missiles with a range of 7,000 nautical miles, capable of reaching all Soviet territory and parts of the United States. ●●

1980 Chinese naval task force sails the South Pacific ai_extracted 1 cit. no story China deployed an eighteen-vessel naval task force on an 8,000-nautical-mile mission in the South Pacific, conducting major military exercises with ICBM tests. ●●

1980 Czeslaw Milosz wins Nobel Prize in Literature ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Polish-American poet and author Czeslaw Milosz was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. In his acceptance speech in Stockholm, he remarked that the modern age is characterized by a refusal to remember. ●●

1980 Evergreen airline flies the Shah of Iran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The CIA-linked airline Evergreen flew the Shah of Iran around in 1980, part of its mysterious government operations. ●●

1980 El Salvador opposition leaders murdered in San Salvador ai_extracted 1 cit. no story n heavy risks of being murdered—the five leaders of the political opposition in El Salvador were tortured, murdered, and mutilated in San Salvador in November 1980. 3. As we pointed out in chapter I, the government and other power groups try to mono ●●

1980 Archbishop Oscar Romero assassinated in El Salvador ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Row 4 summarizes the coverage of the murder of Archbishop Oscar Romero, of El Salvador, shot by an assassin in March 1980. ●●

1980 D'Aubuisson arrested in raid over Romero plot ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After D’Aubuisson was caught in a raid on May 8, 1980, with documents showing that he was planning a coup and with evidence of his involvement in the murder of Romero, he was arrested and faced with t ●●

1980 Salvadoran forces kill five Human Rights Commission officials ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between October 1980 and March 1983, five officials of the Human Rights Commission of El Salvador were seized and murdered by the security forces. ●●

1980 El Salvador suspends free speech under state of siege ai_extracted 1 cit. no story FREE SPEECH AND ASSEMBLY In El Salvador, the right to free speech and free assembly was legally suspended under a state-of-siege order of March 7, 1980. ●●

1980 El Salvador's Decree 507 guts judicial protections ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 507 of December 3, 1980, essentially destroyed the judicial system, permitting the armed forces to hold citizens without charge or evidence for 180 days. ●●

1980 El Salvador shuts critical papers La Cronica and El Independiente ai_extracted 1 cit. no story FREEDOM OF THE PRESS In El Salvador, the only substantial newspapers critical of the government, La Crónica del Pueblo and El Independiente—neither by any means radical papers—were closed in July 198 ●●

1980 Duarte joins El Salvador's junta amid crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Duarte joined the junta at a moment of severe crisis in March 1980, when all the progressive civilians had left and immediately after the murder of the Christian Democratic attorney-general, Mario Zam ●●

1980 Coup ousts General Carlos Romero in El Salvador ai_extracted 1 cit. no story El Salvador 1980-1994 “good name”, ousted General Carlos Romero from the presidency and took power in a bloodless coup ●●

1980 Congress passes the Monetary Control Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To pave the way for that, Congress passed the Monetary Control Act of 1980 which authorized the Federal Reserve to “monetize foreign debt ●●

1980 Al and Deanna Mertle murdered in California ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1980, Al and Deanna Mertle, who published a book about their Jonestown experience, are murdered in their home in an unsolved case ●●

1980 IBM decides to build its own PC ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At a July 1980 meeting IBM's CEO Frank Cary rejected licensing an Atari machine and vowed to build IBM's own PC. ●●

1980 IBM calls Bill Gates about the PC project ai_extracted 1 cit. no story IBM's software lead phoned Gates on July 21, 1980, launching the talks that led to MS-DOS. ●●

1980 Microsoft buys QDOS from Seattle Computer Products ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paul Allen negotiated to buy Tim Paterson's operating system outright for fifty thousand dollars. ●●

1980 Microsoft and IBM sign the PC-DOS deal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a month of negotiation, a thirty-two-page contract was struck in early November 1980, letting Microsoft license MS-DOS to other makers. ●●

c. 1980 The Wildenstein family holds Ol Jogi in Laikipia 3 cit. The Wildenstein family, a French-American art-dealing dynasty, holds the Ol Jogi ranch, tens of thousands of acres of Laikipia. The estate is later run as a private wildlife conservancy. It is a clear case of a former colonial ranch passing into foreign ownership and continuing as a fenced private landscape after independence. economy / environment ●

1980 Saudi intelligence agrees to match CIA funding for the Afghan jihad ai_extracted 1 cit. In July 1980 Prince Turki al-Faisal's General Intelligence Department reached a formal deal with the CIA to match, dollar for dollar, U.S. congressional funding for the mujahedin. Saudi money flowed through its Washington embassy into a CIA-controlled Swiss account used to buy weapons. ●●

c. 1980 Historians answer Sutton with a profit-not-plot reading 1 cit. Mainstream historians accept the underlying record Sutton assembled: Western firms and banks did trade with and equip both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. What they reject is the idea of one coordinating hand. They see many separate companies and financiers chasing profit and markets, often in rivalry, not a single group steering both regimes as an experiment. economy / politics / society ●●●

c. 1980 The 'same money funded both sides' idea is turned to propaganda 1 cit. The claim that the same financiers backed both communism and fascism has been misused to revive the antisemitic charge of a secret Jewish banking conspiracy. Historians and Sutton's own finance-focused account give no support to that reading. The documented story is one of banks, firms, and states pursuing profit and advantage, not any ethnic or bloodline cabal. politics / society ●●●

November 1980 Bulla Karatasi massacre and the burning of Garissa contested 3 cit. After the killing of government officers, security forces swept the Bulla Karatasi area of Garissa, burning homes and driving people from the town. Survivors described killings, rape and torture during the operation. The death toll is disputed, with figures ranging from official counts of a few dozen to survivor accounts of many hundreds. politics / war ●●●

1980s Central banks abandon monetary targets ai_extracted 1 cit. By the mid-1980s both the Bank of England and the U.S. Federal Reserve announced that they had lost faith in M1, M2, and M3 money-supply measures and were abandoning monetary targets altogether. ●●●

1981 U.S.-Japan Wise Men's Group calls for open Japanese markets ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1981 the U.S.-Japan Wise Men's Group reported that Japan needed to make much greater efforts to open its domestic markets to goods, services, and capital to a degree equal to the United States. ●●

December 1981 BoJ announces abolition of window guidance controls ai_extracted 1 cit. In December 1981 the Bank of Japan announced that window guidance controls would be abolished from January 1982, saying it would instead 'respect' banks' lending plans, though officials testified the controls were not really ended. ●●●

1981 Reagan shot in Washington ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A gunman shot President Reagan on a Washington sidewalk, and he came very close to dying. His slow recovery deepened the turmoil in his national-security team. ●●

1981 Soviets go on global nuclear alert ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fearing a surprise American attack, the Soviets went on a global nuclear alert that lasted two years. The superpowers came close to accidental war without the CIA realizing it. ●●

1981 Mitterrand shares the Farewell dossier ai_extracted 1 cit. no story French President Mitterrand told Reagan about a KGB defector whose file, the Farewell dossier, exposed Soviet theft of Western technology. It led the CIA to feed the Soviets sabotaged technology. ●●

1981 Du Pont acquires Conoco ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There was more bad news. About two years before, Morgan Stanley had set up a “risk arbitrage” department to speculate in takeover targets. As would become clear during the insider trading scandals of the 1980s, such operations were incompatible wi... ●●

1981 French Socialists move to nationalize Paribas ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1981, the French Socialists announced plans to nationalize the Paris-based bank. Moussa warned the new government that this move would... ●●

1981 China launches three satellites on one rocket ai_extracted 1 cit. no story China successfully launched three space satellites from a single rocket, demonstrating advanced multiple-warhead rocket technology for nuclear weapons delivery. ●●

1981 China conducts large-scale military maneuvers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story China conducted large-scale military maneuvers involving six to seven armies backed by aircraft, a significant improvement over the 1979 Vietnam war. ●●

1981 Reagan's Parade essay drawn from Manly P. Hall ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Ronald Reagan, in his first term, wrote an essay for Parade magazine on Independence Day published July 4, 1981. At Camp David, Reagan handwrote the essay on a yellow legal pad, incorporating ideas and phraseology directly from Manly P. Hall's The Secret Destiny of America. ●●

1981 Jaruzelski suppresses Solidarity in Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Suppressed by General Jaruzelski in 1981, Solidarity had re-emerged as a political force, which Jaruzelski could not ignore. ●●

1981 Reagan fires 11,000 striking air traffic controllers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Reagan’s firing of 11,000 striking air-controllers in 1981 “put the government seal of approval on strike-breaking and a new era of industrial relations opened.”122 But you would hardly know ●●

1981 P-2 Masonic lodge scandal breaks in Italy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A P-2 scandal broke in Italy in March 1981, and by August Santovito had been forced to leave SISMI, but the rightist grip on this organization was by no means broken. ●●

1981 Agreement signed with new Chinese family planning body ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An agreement with a new Chinese FPA was duly signed in March 1981. ●●

1981 Paul Marx founds Human Life International ai_extracted 1 cit. no story bishops whom he thought were too complacent about the IUDs and pills that were also “killing millions of future Catholics.” In 1981, Marx moved to Washington and founded Hu- man Life International ... ●●

1981 IBM launches the IBM PC ai_extracted 1 cit. no story IBM launched its personal computer in August 1981, while Gates was visiting Jobs at Apple. ●●

1981 Microsoft begins designing Windows ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1981 Microsoft began work on a new windows-and-mouse operating system meant to replace DOS. ●●

1981 CSNET connects universities outside ARPANET ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lawrence Landweber assembled a consortium of universities to build a TCP/IP network called CSNET. ●●

1981 Hayes Smartmodem reaches the market ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Hayes Smartmodem made it easy for personal computer owners to dial into online networks. ●●

20 January 1981 Ronald Reagan becomes U.S. president 1 cit. Ronald Reagan is inaugurated as president of the United States on a platform of tax cuts, deregulation, and reduced government spending, drawing on Chicago School and supply-side economics. His administration, alongside Thatcher's in Britain, became the leading example of neoliberal policy applied at the level of a major national government. economy / politics ●●●

1981 Howard Hart takes over the CIA's Afghan arms program in Islamabad ai_extracted 1 cit. Howard Hart arrived in May 1981 as CIA station chief in Islamabad to run the clandestine program arming anti-Soviet guerrillas. His orders were essentially to hand over bags of money and weapons to Pakistan's ISI and let the mujahedin kill Soviets, ceding control of distribution to Pakistan. ●●

1981 Pakistan rejects Carter's aid, wins a $3.2 billion package from Reagan ai_extracted 1 cit. General Zia dismissed Carter's offer of $400 million as "peanuts" and secured a $3.2 billion aid deal from the Reagan administration, including permission to buy F-16 fighters previously reserved for NATO allies. In return the U.S. muted its objections to Pakistan's secret nuclear program. ●●

1982 Liberalization of gold transactions ai_extracted 1 cit. Japanese authorities liberalized gold transactions in 1982, setting off a gold rush in which paper gold purchases booked as imports helped reduce the recorded trade surplus. ●●

1982 to 1987 Federal Reserve abandons monetary targeting ai_extracted 1 cit. The Federal Reserve, struggling to control both interest rates and monetary quantities, abandoned M1 targeting in 1982 and monetary targeting altogether in 1987. ●●

1982 Gunther Teubner coins the term Reflexive Law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story German legal scholar Gunther Teubner coined the term Reflexive Law in 1982. Wood argues this legal theory was designed to subvert national constitutions in favor of self-regulation and soft law. ●●

1982 Oettinger questions the need for universal literacy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that in 1982 Anthony Oettinger, a Council on Foreign Relations member, asked communications executives whether everyone really needed to be literate in the traditional sense. ●●

1982 Carnegie's Alan Pifer defends the welfare state, 1982 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites a 1982 report under Carnegie Corporation president Alan Pifer warning that the welfare state must be rebuilt to prevent social unrest and preserve the capitalist system. ●●

1982 CIA's secret war in Nicaragua begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The CIA used Nicaraguan agents to blow up bridges linking Nicaragua and Honduras, opening its secret war against the Sandinistas. The American ambassador had not even been told the attack was coming. ●●

1982 Congress restricts CIA in Central America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Congress passed a law limiting the CIA to cutting off communist arms and barring it from using funds to oust the Sandinistas. Reagan kept up the cover story, lying to Congress to protect the operation. ●●

1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Israel invaded Lebanon amid the civil war that shattered the country. The CIA's reliance on the Maronite minority had blinded it to how deeply most Lebanese resented that faction's power. ●●

1982 Badeeb carries $1.8 million to Afghan Arab volunteers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ahmed Badeeb, Saudi liaison to bin Laden, transported $1.8 million in American cash to Pakistan to support Arab volunteers fighting in Afghanistan. ●●

1982 Massoud assaults Ali Abad Mountain near Kabul ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ahmad Shah Massoud, the resistance leader, charged up Ali Abad Mountain west of Kabul with a small crew of soldiers. ●●

1982 Penn Square Bank fails ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Continental began to unravel during the Fourth of July weekend of 1982 with the failure of the Penn Square Bank. This was the notorious Oklahoma shopping-center bank that had booked and resold to Continental $1 billion in bum energy loans. (One pi... ●●

1982 Morgan Stanley enters the junk bond market ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As its underwriting business declined, Morgan Stanley turned to businesses it once would have rejected haughtily, entering the netherworld of junk bonds. These high-risk high-yield bonds were often issued to support takeovers by companies of quest... ●●

1982 Death of Sir Siegmund Warburg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Three weeks after the Munich meeting, on October 18, 1982, Sir Siegmund Warburg died, a deeply unhappy man devoured by a dream. With his usual... ●●

1982 China tests submarine-launched ballistic missiles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story China began testing submarine-launched ballistic missiles, developing a credible second-strike nuclear deterrent and advancing toward military modernization goals. ●●

1982 EEC unemployment hits postwar high ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Unemployment in the European Economic Community surged to 10.2 million by 1982, the highest post-1945 level, straining social spending and investment capacity. ●●

1982 USA Today begins publication ai_extracted 1 cit. no story USA Today, a new national newspaper modeled on the television format with short stories, heavy use of pictures and graphics, was launched in September 1982. By July 1984, it had become the third largest daily newspaper in the United States. ●●

1982 Reagan's Westminster address to British Parliament ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In a speech in the Royal Gallery of the House of Lords in London in June 1982, he described his perception of the Soviet Union: ●●

1982 García warns Salvadorans non-voting is treason ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Just prior to the March 1982 election, Minister of Defense García warned the population in the San Salvador newspapers that the failure to vote would be regarded as an act of treason. ●●

1982 Penn Square Bank fails in Oklahoma ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The gaudy fabric began to unravel during the Fourth of July weekend of 1982 with the failure of the Penn Square Bank in Oklahoma ●●

1982 Stallman begins the GNU free software project ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Richard Stallman set out to build a completely free, nonproprietary operating system compatible with UNIX. ●●

c. 1982 Nyayo House torture chambers in use 6 cit. Following the 1982 coup attempt against President Daniel arap Moi, security agencies including Special Branch used basement cells in Nyayo House, the Nairobi headquarters of several government ministries, to detain and torture political dissidents, journalists, and suspected coup sympathizers through the 1980s and into the 1990s. Survivors' accounts of beatings, near-drowning, and prolonged solitary confinement became public after Moi left office, and the cells were opened to the public as a memorial site in 2003. politics / society ●●●

January 1983 Sasaki calls for a five-year plan to transform Japan's economy ai_extracted 1 cit. In January 1983 former BoJ governor Tadashi Sasaki, as head of the Keizai Doyukai, called for a five-year plan for transforming and liberalizing the Japanese economy, titled 'Toward Consciousness and Behavior of a World Nation.' ●●

1983 to 1987 Sasaki and Maekawa reports on structural reform ai_extracted 1 cit. Commissions headed by former Bank of Japan governors produced the Sasaki report of 1983 and the Maekawa reports of 1986 and 1987, which echoed U.S. calls for structural reform of Japan's economy. ●●

1983 UN convenes the Brundtland Commission (WCED) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1983 the U.N. convened the World Commission on Environment and Development, chaired by Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland. Its report Our Common Future popularized 'sustainable development'. ●●

1983 Beirut Marine barracks bombing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A truck bomb driven by Imad Mughniyah's terrorists destroyed the American barracks at Beirut's airport, killing 241 Marines. The blast was estimated at the kiloton level. ●●

1983 Massoud makes truce deals with Soviet forces ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Massoud made truce deals with Soviet forces in 1983, creating residual distrust within the CIA station. ●●

1983 United States invades Grenada ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1983, the Reagan administration launched Operation Urgent Fury, invading the Caribbean island nation of Grenada to overthrow the leftist government and rescue American medical students. ●●

1983 First collateralized mortgage obligation issued ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first issue of this new kind of mortgage-backed security (known as a collateralized mortgage obligation) happened in June 1983. ●●

1983 Muhammad Yunus founds Grameen Bank in Jobra ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His mutually owned Grameen (‘Village’) Bank, founded in the village of Jobra in 1983, has made microloans to nearly seven and a half million borrowers, nearly all of them women who have no collateral. ●●

1983 US military intervention in Lebanon ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American military forces intervened in Lebanon's civil war but became bogged down in factional fighting, suffering significant casualties before withdrawal. ●●

1983 ABC airs nuclear war debate after The Day After ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following the broadcast of its controversial movie The Day After, ABC network presented an eighty-minute discussion on the possibility of nuclear war. The program featured prominent intellectuals including Henry Kissinger, Robert McNamara, and Elie Wiesel, with no commercial breaks or musical background. ●●

1983 Gromyko warns Bonn over Pershing deployment ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early 1983, Gromyko visited Bonn to warn that the Soviets would walk out of the Geneva arms control talks the day the Pershings arrived in West Germany, a threat certain to inflame the German protesters. ●●

1983 Kohl visits Kremlin as Andropov warns on Pershings ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Kohl visited the Kremlin in July 1983, Andropov warned the German Chancellor that, if he accepted the Pershing IIs, ●●

1983 Reagan announces MX missile deployment ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 16, 1983, he coupled an announcement that he was deploying the MX intercontinental missiles with the expression of his fervent hope that, somewhere along the line, the process would be reversed and that all nuclear weapons would be eliminated: ●●

1983 Trump Tower opens on Fifth Avenue ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Trump Tower opened on Fifth Avenue in 1983, which the Gremlins 2 film later parodied through the Clamp Tower. ●●

1983 Soviets shoot down Korean airliner KAL 007 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This was true, for example, of the shooting down by the Soviets of the Korean airliner KAL 007 in early September 1983, which permitted an extended campaign of denigration of an official enemy and gre ●●

1983 Nigerian military seizes power after 1983 election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Another chaotic and contested election in 1983 led the military to take over again. ●●

1983 Lee Kuan Yew's eugenics National Day speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1983, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew declared in a National Day speech that if university-educated women continued having half as many children as those with little formal schooling, the quality of... ●●

1983 IPPF bars funding from pharmaceutical companies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In a sign of the times, the IPPF adopted strict new rules in 1983 disallowing acceptance of funds from pharmaceutical companies. ●●

1983 Suriname enters agreements with Brazil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In spring 1983, Suriname entered into agreements with the neighboring right-wing govern- ment of Brazil which provided f ●●