Events, Verisoph

1926 Von Neumann found himself at the center of a thriving mathem rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Von Neumann found himself at the center of a thriving mathematical community, assuming the role that Hilbert had played in the Göttingen of 1926 ●●

1926 German military adopts the Enigma machine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German navy changed its mind and adopted a modified version of the Enigma machine in 1926, followed by the German army in 1928, and the German air ●●

1926 Event of 1926 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” Reacting to an influx of immigrants, in 1926 high officials in the Interior Ministry warned that “the first waves of Orientals and Slavs that are br ●●

1926 would cover all Africans, Europeans, Asians, Mexicans, indigenous rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story would cover all Africans, Europeans, Asians, Mexicans, indigenous peoples and others who had mixed during centuries of modern civilization. The global search for hybrids originated around February of 1926. Davenport had made the acquaintance of wealthy raceologist Wickliffe Draper, who shared Davenp ●●

1926 ulse was to survey New York City, but rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ulse was to survey New York City, but he thought mixed-race individuals would be easier to identify in foreign countries or colonies. “I am suggesting Jamaica,” Davenport wrote Draper on February 23, 1926, “…because I take it that there is a larger proportion of mulattoes.” Within three weeks, Drape ●●

1926 bruary 1980. 13. The Lynchburg Story. 14. The rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story bruary 1980. 13. The Lynchburg Story. 14. The Lynchburg Story. 15. The Lynchburg Story. 16. The Lynchburg Story. 17. See Lothrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926) p . xxix-xxxi, p. 306-308. 18. “Delegates Urge Wider Practice of Sterilization,” Richmond Time ●●

1926 28. Bobbitt, p. 388. Madison Grant, The Passing rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 28. Bobbitt, p. 388. Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936), p. 167. 29. Lothrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926), p. 165. Grant, p. 65. 30. Stoddard, pp. 165-166, 167. 31. Grant, pp. 19-20, 188-212. 32. Gran ●●

1926 : CSH. 20. Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization in the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story : CSH. 20. Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization in the United States, pp. 6,8. Laughlin, Bulletin 10A, fold-out on “Analysis of Existing Sterilization Laws, 1913.” 21. Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization: 1926, p. 10. Laughlin, Bulletin 10A, fold-out on “Analysis of Existing Sterilization Laws, 1913.” 22 ●●

1926 Memorandum, 28 August 1934: RF 1.1 717 13 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Memorandum, 28 August 1934: RF 1.1 717 13 123. Weindling, “From Philanthropy to International Science Policy,” p. 133. 110. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- Und Gesellschatfs-Biologie,” Eugenical News, Vol. XXI (1926), p. 184. Kristie Macrakis, Surviving the Swastika, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), ●●

1926 ner and Ware, p. 11. 13. Proctor, p. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ner and Ware, p. 11. 13. Proctor, p. 259. Müller-Hill, “The Blood from Auschwitz,” pp. 333,334. 14. “Notes and News,” p. 24. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- Und Gesellschafts- Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XI (1926), p. 9. “Archiv f. Rassen- U. Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XII (1927), p. 180. ●●

1926 1926 - China - August rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1926 - China - August and September: The Nationalist attack on Hankow necessitated the landing of American naval forces to protect American citizens ●●

1926 Firestone loan brings Liberia under US financial control ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A new loan negotiated with the Firestone Corporation of America let Liberia finally pay off the principal and interest on its old 1912 loan, replacing British with American financial control. ●●

1926 Imperial Chemical Industries formed by merger ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British Dyestuffs Corporation and other chemical firms were knit together to form Imperial Chemical Industries, a company whose issued capital Nkrumah notes later exceeded the budgets of most African states. ●●

c. 1926 Brooke Bond and James Finlay plant the great Kericho tea estates 5 cit. On the alienated highlands, companies such as Brooke Bond and James Finlay laid out large tea plantations from the mid 1920s onward. Brooke Bond later passed to Unilever, and the estates grew into one of the biggest tea complexes in Africa. They were worked by resident labourers and by migrants drawn from the surrounding districts. economy ●●●

1926 The Kitale railway branch opens the settler granary 4 cit. The Kitale branch of the Kenya-Uganda railway connected the Trans-Nzoia farms to the wider transport network. In 1925 Hansard listed the Kitale (Trans-Nzoia) branch as 43.7 miles with an estimated cost of GBP 143,067. The line made bulk grain farming more viable and helped turn Kitale into the railhead and market town of the North Rift. economy / technology ●●●●

1927 Japanese banking crisis of 1927 ai_extracted 1 cit. Japan suffered a banking crisis in 1927, partly triggered by the aftereffects of the 1923 Great Kanto earthquake. ●●●

2 May 1927 Buck v. Bell upholds forced sterilization 2 cit. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 8 to 1 that states could forcibly sterilize people deemed unfit, with Justice Holmes writing "three generations of imbeciles are enough." The decision led to tens of thousands of sterilizations and was cited by Nazi defendants at Nuremberg. politics / science ●●●

1927 Soviet policy shifts to 'Communism in a single country' (1927) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1927 Soviet policy shifted from world revolution to 'Communism in a single country' and growing support for collective security, a change reaching its peak in the Popular Front of 1935-1937. ●●

1927 Central bankers divert gold purchases to New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Because London's gold reserves were inadequate, a meeting of central bankers in New York decided in July 1927 that French and German gold purchases should be diverted from London to New York. ●●

1927 Russia turns toward Stalinism after 1927 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley marks the new direction Russia took after 1927, which he calls Stalinism, as a product of Stalin's ambitions, a return to older Russian despotic traditions, and the theory of Socialism in a single country. ●●

1927 Osthilfe subsidy scheme organized ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 21, 1927, a joint session of the Reich and Prussian governments under Hindenburg organized the Osthilfe (Eastern Help) program. It became a sink of corruption subsidizing bankrupt Junker estates. ●●

1927 Japanese financial panic of 1927 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1927 the efforts of Mitsui and Mitsubishi to smash a smaller competitor, the Suzuki Company of Kobe, precipitated a financial panic that closed most of the banks in Japan. ●●

1927 Houtermans proposes solar hydrogen fusion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1927 the Austrian physicist Fritz Houtermans suggested that the sun's energy came from the fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium, an early idea behind the hydrogen bomb. ●●

1927 RIIA journal opens to public subscription (Jan 1927) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Institute's journal was restricted to members until January 1927, when it opened to public subscription and later took the name International Affairs. Quigley notes its first issue was anonymous like The Round Table. ●●

1927 Irwin's memorandum lecturing the Indian Princes (14 June 1927) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Irwin's memorandum to the Indian Princes, dated 14 June 1927, could have been written by the Kindergarten, preaching the reign of law, devolution and the duty of princes to win them over to federation. ●●

1927 Buck v. Bell upholds forced sterilization rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. Gatto cites the 1927 Supreme Court case Buck v. Bell, which upheld an Indiana-model sterilization law, allowing Carrie Buck to be sterilized against her will. ●●

1927 Arthur Gates publishes The Improvement of Reading ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that in 1927 Columbia Teachers College professor Arthur Gates wrote The Improvement of Reading, marshaling studies he says wrongly claimed sight reading was superior to phonics. ●●

1927 Churchill concludes the return to gold was a misjudgment ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1927 Churchill had realized that returning to gold at the old prewar rate had been a mistake, later calling it the biggest blunder of his life. He blamed the bad advice of Norman and the Treasury experts. ●●

1927 Moreau prevails and rebuilds French reserves ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By mid-1927 Moreau had won the internal battle against the diehard regents. French capital that had fled abroad washed back home, letting the Banque accumulate a foreign exchange war chest of $500 million, mostly in pounds. ●●

1927 General Motors overtakes U.S. Steel ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1925 and 1927 General Motors' profits rose almost two and a half times. Earning nearly $250 million a year, it overtook U.S. Steel to become the most profitable company in America. ●●

1927 Nazi storm troopers rampage in Berlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 21, 1927, six hundred Nazi SA storm troopers beat up Communists in eastern Berlin and marched into the city center attacking anyone who looked Jewish. City authorities banned Nazi activity in Berlin for a year. ●●

1927 Schacht triggers Germany's 'Black Friday' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 12, 1927, Schacht's Reichsbank ordered every German bank to cut stock-trading loans by 25 percent. The next day, dubbed Black Friday, share prices fell over 10 percent, damaging business confidence without curbing foreign borrowing. ●●

1927 France orders its sterling balances converted to gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1927, without consulting the British, the Banque de France ordered $100 million of its sterling balances converted into gold. Combined with repaying a 1916 loan, this threatened to drain nearly $200 million of gold from the Bank of England. ●●

1927 Strong invites the central bankers to America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the summer of 1927, weak from illness, Strong invited Norman, Schacht, and Moreau to the United States rather than travel to Europe. It was to be the first meeting of all four major central banks. ●●

1927 The four great central banks convene at the New York Fed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The world's four leading central banks first convened on the twelfth floor of the New York Federal Reserve, built as a Florentine palazzo. Moreau sent his deputy Charles Rist in his place. ●●

1927 Secret central bankers' conclave on Long Island ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1927 the four central bankers met in secret for five days at Ogden Mills's Long Island estate. The discussions focused on strengthening Europe's gold reserves and encouraging gold to flow from the United States to Europe. ●●

1927 The Fed cuts rates, the 'petit coup de whisky' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Days after the Long Island meeting, the New York Fed and eight other reserve banks cut rates by 0.5 percent to 3.5 percent. The move split the system and, in August 1927, sparked the runaway phase of the stock market rally. ●●

1927 Gilbert calls for a final reparations settlement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his 1927 report released that December, reparations agent-general Parker Gilbert argued Germany should take control of its own economy without foreign supervision. He pushed for a definitive settlement of what Germany owed. ●●

1927 McGarrah named chairman of the New York Fed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1927, McGarrah was appointed chairman of the New York Fed. Unlike Mitchell, Wiggin cautioned against excess in the mid-1920s, even while engaging in its spoils. Like... ●●

1927 In January 1927, he publicly praised the government’s policy of steadily re... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1927, he publicly praised the government’s policy of steadily reducing the public debt since 1920, calling it “one of the most wholesome financial developments of the... ●●

1927 Coolidge announces he will not seek reelection ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hoover’s Prep for President and Bankers’ Support Coolidge shocked the nation when he announced in early August 1927, while on summer break in South Dakota, that he would not seek... ●●

1927 The US economy stood on the precipice of a six-year run of stock market gro... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The US economy stood on the precipice of a six-year run of stock market growth and record high Wall Street profits, which masked underlying problems: home prices had softened in... ●●

1927 Moscow State University Awarded Land Allocation to Soviet Collective candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1927, the Soviet Union had purchased twenty-seven thousand American tractors, demonstrating its commitment to mechanized collective agriculture as an industrial model for rural production. ●●

1927 Morgan partners fund Lindbergh's transatlantic flight ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Morgan partners paid for Charles Lindbergh's historic nonstop flight to Paris aboard The Spirit of St. Louis in 1927. Lindbergh contributed $2,000 to supplement the funds provided by various investors coordinated through the House of Morgan. ●●

1927 From left: Gisela, Lola, Anita, and Renate. (Courtesy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From left: Gisela, Lola, Anita, and Renate. (Courtesy of Anita Warburg) Lola Hahn-Warburg with Benita on lap and Oscar by her side, 1927. ●●

1927 (Courtesy of Anita Warburg) Lola Hahn-Warburg with Benita rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Courtesy of Anita Warburg) Lola Hahn-Warburg with Benita on lap and Oscar by her side, 1927. ●●

1927 The Fritsch story has an interesting coda. By rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Fritsch story has an interesting coda. By 1927, Felix, Louis Marshall, and the American Jewish Committee had convinced Henry Ford that the Protocols of the Elders of Zion were patent forgeries. ●●

1927 Henry Ford renounces the Protocols as forgeries ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1927, Felix, Louis Marshall, and the American Jewish Committee had convinced Henry Ford that the Protocols of the Elders of Zion were patent forgeries. ●●

1927 During a Gauleiter meeting in Weimar on November rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During a Gauleiter meeting in Weimar on November 27, 1927, Ley discussed the matter with Hitler, showing him the letter Bücher had circulated to management. ●●

1927 Farben, which was now unmasked for all time rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Farben, which was now unmasked for all time as a tool of “money-mighty Jews.”23 Hitler later rewarded Ley by making him head of the German Labor Front, the largest organization in the Nazi party. The ... ●●

1927 First Nazi party rally at Nuremberg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Nazis held their first Nuremberg party rally in 1927. ●●

1927 Thwarting Max Adolph’s ambition to become a painter, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thwarting Max Adolph’s ambition to become a painter, Aby shipped him off to a strict boarding school and made him read classics at various universities. In 1927, Max Adolph took a doctorate in philoso... ●●

1927 More Jews leave Palestine than arrive ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1927, the Zionist enterprise itself seemed in peril as more Jews left Palestine than arrived. ●●

1927 When it got to Berlin in 1927, it was nearly bankrupt (1927) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When it got to Berlin in 1927, it was nearly bankrupt. ●●

1927 In 1927, the newly weds sailed for Boston, where Siegmund... (1927) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1927, the newly weds sailed for Boston, where Siegmund worked for the accounting firm of Lybrand Ross Brothers & Montgomery. ●●

1927 In 1927, she married Dr (1927) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1927, she married Dr. ●●

1927 12. FW. Nearprint File Paper, “May 15, 1927.” rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 12. FW. Nearprint File Paper, “May 15, 1927.” ●●

1927 Inter-Allied Military Control Commission abolished ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Inter-Allied Military Control Commission, which had been created to supervise German disarmament, was abolished in 1927, and its functions were tu ●●

1927 Enrico Fermi, Werner Heisenberg and Wolfgang Pauli (l. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Enrico Fermi, Werner Heisenberg and Wolfgang Pauli (l. ●●

1927 in a paper on atomic structure, he was a little less confident. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in a paper on atomic structure, he was a little less confident. ●●

1927 the two men had wondered if nuclear transformations of the sort Rutherford was producing at the Cave rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the two men had wondered if nuclear transformations of the sort Rutherford was producing at the Cavendish might account for the enduring stellar fires. ●●

1927 1927: ain found it easy to forge intimate relationships. His housemaster rep rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ain found it easy to forge intimate relationships. His housemaster reported to his parents at Easter 1927, “Undeniably he’s not a ‘normal’ boy; not th ●●

1927 1927: Robert Noyce (1927–90) at Fairchild in 1960. Gordon Moore (1929– ) at rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Noyce (1927–90) at Fairchild in 1960. Gordon Moore (1929– ) at Intel in 1970. Gordon ●●

1927 Solvay Conference debates quantum mechanics ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1927, the first Solvay Conference in Brussels brought together leading physicists including Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg, Dirac, and Pauli to debate quantum mechanics. Einstein spent days proposing thought experiments to challenge the uncertainty principle. ●●

1927 ‘He smiles because he thinks I am childish rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I felt, ‘He smiles because he thinks I am childish, but I know these are curious patterns.’ ” At age ten, Ulam was signing his school notebooks “Stan ●●

1927 Event of 1927 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 38 In 1927 Pearl broke with mainline eugenicists like Laughlin and Charles Davenport of the Eugenics Record Office, ridiculing both their scientific p ●●

1927 First World Population Conference in Geneva ai_extracted 2 cit. no story First World Population Conference held in Geneva on August 29, organized by Margaret Sanger and Raymond Pearl ●●

1927 o offer the nomination. The vote was unanimous.27 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story o offer the nomination. The vote was unanimous.27 German race hygiene was now primed to seize the reins of the international movement and become senior in its partnership with the American branch. In 1927, the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes added another eugenic establishment, the Institute for Anthropol ●●

1927 tion laws and we can report about 15,000 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story tion laws and we can report about 15,000 sterilizations until 1930, mainly in California. Professor Laughlin is one of the most important pioneers on the field of racial hygiene. I got to know him in 1927 in Cold Spring Harbor…. Heidelberg University honoring professor Laughlin’s pioneer work would, ●●

1927 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology opens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story r biotype. The future of human genetics lies largely in a study of these activities…. Of these [studies], one of the most significant is that of twin- production.”103 The Eugenical News report on the 1927 grand opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics poi ●●

1927 . 333,334. 14. “Notes and News,” p. 24. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story . 333,334. 14. “Notes and News,” p. 24. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- Und Gesellschafts- Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XI (1926), p. 9. “Archiv f. Rassen- U. Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XII (1927), p. 180. “Meeting of Intemational Federation of Eugenic Organizations,” Eugenical News Vol. XI ●●

1927 o. 23 (8 June 1935), p. 2110. 103. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story o. 23 (8 June 1935), p. 2110. 103. Charles B. Davenport, “Research in Eugenics,” in Eugenics, Genetics and the Family, p. 25. 104. “Fifth International Congress of Genetics,” Eugenical News Vol. XII (1927), p. 152. “Radiogram to Gregg, 13 May 1932: RF 1.1 Ser 7171 Box 10 Folder 63. 105. Tracy B. Ki ●●

1927 d Ban on Interracial Marriages,” Cable News Network, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story d Ban on Interracial Marriages,” Cable News Network, 8 November 2000. 58. See “Memorandum for Dr. Merriam re Meeting of advisory committee on Eugenics Record Office.” 59. Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927). 60. “Nazi Retribution Widened by Eden,” New York Times, 18 December 1942. “Allies Describe Ou ●●

1927 Supreme Court upholds sterilization in Buck v. Bell ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Duke Legal Aid Clinic. They followed Virginia’s law as a model. Virginia gave rise to the infamous Buck v. Bell case, a collusive lawsuit ultimately sanctified as the law of the land by the notorious 1927 Supreme Court ruling. Oliver Wendell Holmes, for the majority, wrote, “It is better for all the ●●

1927 Sukarno publishes Nationalism, Islam, and Marxism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One of the most important forces behind the idea of Indonesia was the country’s first postindependence president, Sukarno, who published a short pamphlet in 1927 titled Nationalism, Islam, and Marxism. ●●

1927 from Geneva conference in 1927 to 1957,” MSP, Smith College Collec- tions, UPA, reel 70, frames 2... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story from Geneva conference in 1927 to 1957,” MSP, Smith College Collec- tions, UPA, reel 70, frames 270, 330, 335. ●●

1927 Wade, 269, 351, 352 Rogers, Lester Cushing, 208 Rogers, William, 254 Romania: Bucharest conferenc... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wade, 269, 351, 352 Rogers, Lester Cushing, 208 Rogers, William, 254 Romania: Bucharest conference of 1974, 278, 299–300, 304, 310–316, 317, 318, 327, 328, 339; Ceausescu, 310; pro-natalism in, 310... ●●

1927 1927 - China - February: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1927 - China - February: Fighting at Shanghai caused American naval forces and marines to be increased there ●●

1927 In this manner did President rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In this manner did President Calvin Coolidge address the Congress of the United States in 1927 ●●

1927 NICARAGUA 1981-1990 New York Times, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story NICARAGUA 1981-1990 New York Times, 11 January 1927, p ●●

c. 1927 Kenya-Uganda Railway headquarters completed in Nairobi 6 cit. The headquarters building of the Kenya and Uganda Railways was completed in Nairobi in the 1920s, designed by the noted imperial architect Herbert Baker, who was himself a prominent Freemason and designed Masonic buildings elsewhere in the empire, including in South Africa. There is no documented evidence that this particular Nairobi building was designed with Masonic symbolism; the connection cited in popular accounts is Baker's personal Masonic membership and his broader body of imperial architectural work, not a sourced design brief for the building itself. economy / technology ●

c. 1927 Eugen Fischer appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology 2 cit. Eugen Fischer becomes founding director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics in Berlin, the leading German institution for race science research. He goes on to teach and influence a generation of Nazi-era physicians and, in 1933, becomes rector of the University of Berlin, carrying his South-West Africa research directly into the scientific apparatus of the Third Reich. politics / science ●●

21 April 1927 Italy adopts the Charter of Labour 1 cit. The Fascist Grand Council proclaims the Charter of Labour, setting out the doctrine of the corporate state in which state-run corporations were meant to organize employers and workers together. In practice the system subordinated labor to the regime and gave employers the upper hand, and critics saw the corporatist promise as largely propaganda. economy / politics ●●●

24 June 1927 Codreanu founds the Legion of the Archangel Michael 1 cit. Corneliu Zelea Codreanu founds the Legion of the Archangel Michael, whose paramilitary wing becomes known as the Iron Guard. Blending Orthodox mysticism with violent antisemitism and ultranationalism, it grows into one of interwar Europe's largest fascist movements. politics / religion ●●

c. 1927 Emigrates to the United States and joins the Communist Party 1 cit. Having left Trinidad for the United States in 1924, Nurse studied at Fisk University and then Howard University. Around 1927 he joined the Communist Party of the USA, drawn by its stance against racism and empire. It was the start of a decade inside the international communist movement. politics / society ●●

c. 1927 Trans-Nzoia settlers turn to maize monoculture 2 cit. By the mid-1920s, after the wartime flax boom collapsed and flax prices could no longer carry settler farms, many Europeans in Trans-Nzoia concentrated on maize. That is what "flax prices failed" means: a crop once pushed as profitable stopped paying well enough, so settlers shifted to bulk grain. Kitale became a highland grain economy dependent on alienated land, resident African labour, transport and producer cooperatives. economy / society ●●●●

1928 Penicillin and antibiotics 1 cit. Alexander Fleming noticed that a mold killed bacteria, leading to penicillin, the first true antibiotic. Antibiotics made once fatal infections curable and transformed medicine. science ●●●●●

1928 Bernays publishes Propaganda 1 cit. Edward Bernays published Propaganda in 1928, arguing that skilled manipulation of public opinion was a normal part of democratic society. Drawing on his uncle Sigmund Freud's ideas, he helped found the modern public relations industry. politics / society ●●●●

1928 Manly P. Hall publishes The Secret Teachings of All Ages 1 cit. Manly P. Hall released his large illustrated survey of Western esoteric traditions, The Secret Teachings of All Ages, in 1928. It presents Masonic symbolism alongside alchemy, Kabbalah, and mystery religions, and became a popular esoteric reference. culture / religion ●●●

1928 Soviet Five-Year Plans begin, 1928 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites the opening of the Soviet Five-Year Plans in 1928 as the starkest case of a nation choosing rural oppression over foreign indebtedness to fund industrialization. ●●

1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact renounces war (1928) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 a weak and hypocritical document that advanced the destruction of international law by blurring the legal distinction between war and peace. ●●

1928 Secret Anglo-French naval agreement exposed by Hearst (1928) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A secret July 1928 Anglo-French agreement to block disarmament was leaked by French officials to William Randolph Hearst and published, prompting France to deport his reporter and Hearst himself. ●●

1928 First Soviet Five-Year Plan begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Stalin's program of forced heavy industrialization was organized in a series of Five-Year Plans, the first covering 1928-1932. Its chief elements were the collectivization of agriculture and a basic heavy-industry system. ●●

1928 World oil cartel formed by 1928 tripartite agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces the world oil cartel to a tripartite agreement signed September 17, 1928 by Royal Dutch-Shell, Anglo-Iranian, and Standard Oil. The signers agreed to manage world oil prices and store surplus oil to protect the fixed price level. ●●

1928 International Studies Conferences begin, Berlin (1928) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 1928, starting at Berlin, Zimmern organized annual International Studies Conferences under the League's Institute of Intellectual Cooperation. Quigley says Milner Group influence ran through them. ●●

1928 A Sociological Philosophy of Education published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes the 1928 volume A Sociological Philosophy of Education, which claimed it was the business of teachers to run not merely schools but the world. ●●

1928 Bernays publishes Crystallizing Public Opinion ai_extracted 1 cit. Gatto notes that in 1928 Edward L. Bernays told readers of his book Crystallizing Public Opinion that invisible power controlled American life and that democracy was a front for wire-pulling. ●●

1928 Edward Bernays publishes two propaganda books ai_extracted 1 cit. Gatto notes that in 1928 Edward Bernays published Crystallizing Public Opinion and Propaganda, arguing language could manufacture reality. Gatto ties Bernays's ideas to the manipulation techniques adopted by schools. ●●

1928 The Fed reverses course and raises rates ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With the market soaring and broker loans hitting a record $4.4 billion, Strong recognized the 1927 cut might have been a mistake. In February 1928 the Fed reversed course, raising rates from 3.5 to 5 percent over three months. ●●

1928 Benjamin Strong sails for Europe to resign ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Exhausted and gravely ill, the powerful New York Fed governor Benjamin Strong sailed to Europe in May 1928 having already resolved to resign. He had led U.S. monetary policy through the 1920s. ●●