Events, Verisoph

1999 East Timor votes for independence from Indonesia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story East Timor had been a province of Indonesia when it voted for independence and became a sovereign state in 1999. ●●

1999 East Timor votes for independence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Timor Leste nonetheless voted for independence in a 1999 referendum, and became, despite terrible violence by pro-Indonesian militias, an independent country in 2002. ●●

1999 Evan Williams launches Pyra Labs and Blogger ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Williams and Meg Hourihan launched Pyra Labs, whose product Blogger helped popularize blogging. ●●

January 1999 The Karura Forest protests against land grabbing 1 cit. When parts of Karura Forest were handed to politically connected developers, Maathai and the Green Belt Movement marched in to plant trees and block the grab. In January 1999 hired guards and police attacked the protesters, and Maathai was beaten and left bloodied. Student protests and public anger followed, and the government eventually halted the allocations. environment / politics / society ●●●

c. 1999 Peatrik reads Mbwaa as a charter of initiation contested 1 cit. Anne-Marie Peatrik argues the Mbwaa story is not a record of migration but a work of political philosophy that encodes the logic of initiation and generational succession. She reads the impossible tasks as a world turned backward toward primordial indistinction, Aita's lengthwise cutting as a figure of circumcision that establishes patrilineal dominance, and the parting of the waters as the release of suspended time so that ages and colours can separate again. On this reading the myth restates the central Meru problem: each generation must reopen the passage and rebuild the social order. culture / religion / society ●●●

1999 The El Molo language falls silent 5 cit. Linguists date the death of the El Molo language to about 1999, when its last fluent speaker, Kaayo, died, leaving only a few people who remember fragments. The tongue is now classed as dormant or extinct, replaced by Samburu. Efforts to record surviving words aim to keep some of it alive. culture / science / society ●●●

1999 Moi appoints Uhuru to the Kenya Tourism Board 2 cit. In 1999 President Daniel arap Moi appointed Uhuru Kenyatta to chair the Kenya Tourism Board. The office introduced him to national-level power brokers and made the former presidents son a visible public manager before he had won an elective seat. It was part of Moi grooming a succession figure who could carry KANU beyond Moi. economy / politics ●●●

2000 Hayami tightens monetary policy as the economy recovers ai_extracted 1 cit. In May 2000 Governor Hayami argued that a recovery might weaken pressure for structural reform, which the author cites as his justification for tightening monetary policy again in 2000. ●●●

2000 Earth Charter completed and published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Earth Charter, called for at the 1992 Rio conference by Secretary General Boutros-Ghali, was completed and published on June 29, 2000. ●●

2000 Gatto's estimate of the cost of a schooled child in 2000 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto estimates that in the year 2000 the cost of producing a well-schooled child in New York State was $200,000 per body once lost interest is counted. ●●

2000 Ohio state motto ruled unconstitutional ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 2000 the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled Ohio's state motto 'With God, all things are possible' unconstitutional. Gatto lists it among decisions removing religious expression from public life. ●●

2000 First Predator flight over Afghanistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The pilotless Predator, equipped with cameras and sensors, was declared ready for use over Afghanistan and made its first flight. The agency and the air force later worked out how to arm it with missiles. ●●

2000 Bombing of the USS Cole ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Two men in a speedboat blew a huge hole in the American warship USS Cole in the harbor of Aden, Yemen, killing seventeen sailors. Al Qaeda was the obvious suspect. ●●

2000 CIA obtains Khalid al-Mihdhar's US visa copy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By January 5, 2000, the CIA obtains a copy of Khalid al-Mihdhar's passport showing a valid US B1/B2 visa issued in Jeddah that would not expire until April 6, 2000. ●●

2000 USS Cole attacked by al Qaeda suicide bombers in Aden, Yemen ai_extracted 2 cit. On October 12, 2000, a small boat packed with explosives attacked the USS Cole, an American guided-missile destroyer docked in Aden, Yemen. The explosion killed 17 American sailors and wounded 30 more. ●●

2000 Clinton approves Predator missions over Afghanistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Clinton approved a limited proof-of-concept mission in September 2000 to launch Predator drones. ●●

2000 Tonga sells its gene pool to Autogen ai_extracted 1 cit. no story anies that want to find disease genes common to most Europeans.”33 The tiny Polynesian nation of Tonga sold the information on its unique gene pool to Autogen, an Australian genetic research firm, in 2000. Tonga’s 170 islands host a group of some 108,000 natives isolated for more than three millenni ●●

2000 Argentina abandons dollar peg amid economic crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But then Argentina succumbed to a major economic crisis in 2000–2001 as the dollar peg was abandoned, and the country fell into a huge depression. ●●

2000 Nupedia publishes its first article ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nupedia, the free encyclopedia project that preceded Wikipedia, published its first peer-reviewed article. ●●

January 2001 Abolition of the Okurasho name ai_extracted 1 cit. In January 2001 Japan's Ministry of Finance lost its historic name Okurasho as part of a government reorganization, ending a long institutional history. ●●●

May 2001 Fukui's failed bid for the BoJ governorship ai_extracted 1 cit. In May 2001 Toshihiko Fukui, then head of the Fujitsu Research Institute, staged an attempt to take over from Governor Hayami as Bank of Japan governor, but Hayami refused to resign. ●●

June 2001 BoJ shifts to expanding the quantity of credit ai_extracted 1 cit. In June 2001 the Bank of Japan changed monetary policy again and sharply increased the quantity of its credit creation, which contributed positively to the economy in 2002 after the slump of 2001. ●●●

January 2001 The Okurasho loses its historic name ai_extracted 1 cit. In January 2001 the Ministry of Finance lost its grand old name, the Okurasho, as part of administrative reform. ●●

19 March 2001 Bank of Japan adopts quantitative easing ai_extracted 1 cit. On March 19, 2001 the Bank of Japan performed a sudden policy U-turn and officially adopted quantitative easing, a policy it had claimed for a decade was impossible to implement. ●●●●

January 2001 Abolition of the Ministry of Finance (Okurasho) ai_extracted 1 cit. In January 2001 the Okurasho was abolished, ending over half a century of the ministry's dominance and leaving only a rump institution. ●●●●

2001 Japan adopts market value accounting ai_extracted 1 cit. Fiscal year 2001 was the first in which Japanese company books were calculated by U.S.-style market value accounting instead of book value, sharply accelerating the dissolution of cross shareholdings and the shift to shareholder capitalism. ●●●

April 2001 Koizumi becomes prime minister ai_extracted 1 cit. Junichiro Koizumi became Japan's prime minister in April 2001, giving prominence to reform plans such as privatizing publicly owned companies, most notably the post office. ●●●

May 2001 Bank of Japan reflates under Koizumi ai_extracted 1 cit. In May 2001 the Bank of Japan's purchases of commercial paper rose over 500 percent year on year and bond purchases increased rapidly, pushing its liquidity injections back toward the levels of March 1998. ●●

March 2001 Bank of Japan announces quantitative easing ai_extracted 1 cit. The Bank of Japan officially announced quantitative easing in March 2001, and in May 2001 significantly boosted its credit creation in a policy rivaling its record 1998 reflation. ●●●

2001 Enron bankruptcy ai_extracted 1 cit. The 2001 bankruptcy of Enron, followed by other accounting and fraud scandals, blurred the distinction between Asian-style and U.S.-style cronyism. ●●●

2001 German economy slows down ai_extracted 1 cit. When the German economy visibly slowed in 2001, politicians including finance minister Hans Eichel wanted stimulatory policies but found monetary policy in the hands of the independent ECB and fiscal policy constrained by the stability and growth pact. ●●

2001 Japan's national debt reaches record high ai_extracted 1 cit. New government borrowing of over 300 trillion yen during the 1990s pushed total outstanding debt to 522.1 trillion yen by end-2000, and with 2001 borrowing the debt reached a record 582.46 trillion yen, about 120 percent of GDP. ●●

19 March 2001 Bank of Japan announces reserve targeting ('quantitative easing') ai_extracted 1 cit. On March 19, 2001 the Bank of Japan announced it would switch from targeting the overnight call rate to targeting the quantity of banks' reserve deposits, a policy commonly called quantitative easing; its actual credit creation nevertheless fell in the following months. ●●●

11 September 2001 September 11 attacks 1 cit. Al-Qaeda hijackers fly airliners into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, killing nearly 3,000 people. The attacks reshape global security, trigger the war in Afghanistan, and open two decades of conflict in the Middle East. politics / war ●●●●●

11 December 2001 China joins the WTO 1 cit. China becomes a member of the World Trade Organization after fifteen years of negotiation. Its full entry into world trade accelerates globalization, remakes supply chains, and shifts economic power toward Asia. economy ●●●●

2001 Robert Pastor publishes Toward a North American Union ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert A. Pastor's book Toward a North American Union was published in 2001, just before the 9/11 attacks. It argued for deep integration beyond NAFTA. ●●

2001 Ark of Hope Earth Charter celebration ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 9, 2001, two days before 9/11, an Earth Charter celebration in Vermont unveiled the Ark of Hope holding a papyrus copy of the charter. It was later carried to U.N. headquarters. ●●

2001 Time Magazine reports China's turn to technocracy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 2001 Time Magazine documented China's shift toward rule by technocrats in an article titled "Made in China: The Revenge of the Nerds." Wood argues China became a technocracy following Deng Xiaoping's post-1978 reforms. ●●

2001 Epicyte announces a contraceptive corn ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book asserts, in a footnote drawing on William Engdahl, that in September 2001 Epicyte reported creating a contraceptive corn. It presents this as part of a claimed depopulation agenda. ●●

2001 Bush's secret directive unleashes the CIA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Bush issued a top-secret directive ordering the CIA to hunt, capture, imprison, and interrogate suspects worldwide with no limits. It became the foundation for a system of secret prisons and torture. ●●

2001 Bush orders warrantless eavesdropping ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Bush ordered the NSA to eavesdrop on suspected terrorists' communications inside the United States without judicial warrants. General Hayden said he could not not do it. ●●

2001 Taliban leadership toppled in Afghanistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The American military knocked out the Taliban's political leadership and paved the way for a new government in Kabul. Tens of thousands of Taliban loyalists melted into the villages to fight another day. ●●

2001 Enron reveals massive loss and accounting fraud ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Enron announced $681 million third-quarter loss and $1.2 billion shareholder equity reduction, revealing magnitude of its fraudulent accounting scheme. ●●

2001 Bush asks George Tenet to stay as CIA director ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Just after New Year's Day 2001, President-elect George W. Bush called Senator David Boren about George Tenet. ●●

2001 Taliban announces plan to destroy Afghan statues ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 1, 2001, the Taliban announced its intention to destroy all statues in Afghanistan. ●●

2001 Mullah Omar warns Musharraf in private letter ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 16, 2001, Taliban leader Mullah Omar wrote a private letter to General Musharraf. ●●

2001 Deputies committee prioritizes bin Laden and Afghanistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 30, 2001, the Bush administration's deputies committee held its first meeting on bin Laden and Afghanistan. ●●

2001 State Department meets Taliban in Pakistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 26, 2001, State Department diplomats met with Taliban representatives in Pakistan. ●●

2001 CIA warns Bush of imminent al Qaeda attack ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 10, 2001, the CIA prepared a briefing paper warning of imminent al Qaeda attack. ●●

2001 Abdul Haq leads resistance mission into Afghanistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Afghan rebel commander Abdul Haq crossed into Afghanistan from Pakistan with twenty fighters in October 2001 to lead a political and military campaign against the Taliban regime. ●●

2001 US launches Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United States launched Operation Enduring Freedom on October 7, 2001, with air strikes against Taliban military installations and Al Qaeda training camps. ●●

2001 September 11 attacks on the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 11, 2001, Al Qaeda terrorists hijacked four airplanes and crashed them into the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon, killing nearly 3,000 people. ●●

2001 CIA team deploys to the Northern Alliance with cash ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A ten-person CIA team carrying $3 million in cash departed Washington on September 20, 2001, to provide direct military funding to Northern Alliance commanders fighting the Taliban. ●●

2001 US-led intervention in Afghanistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After September 11, the American-led intervention in Afghanistan used military force to topple regime protecting terrorist attackers ●●

2001 Blow film released ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The drug-themed film Blow, starring Johnny Depp and Penelope Cruz, was released based on the true story of cocaine trafficker George Jung. ●●

2001 Lara Croft: Tomb Raider released ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Laura Croft: Tomb Raider starring Angelina Jolie was released with a 94 million budget involving tax shelters in Germany and the UK. ●●

2001 A Beautiful Mind released ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ron Howard's A Beautiful Mind depicted John Nash, a figure with possible NSA connections, portrayed as paranoid schizophrenic. ●●

2001 Estonia launches the Estonian Genome Project ai_extracted 1 cit. no story elhi and Tokyo. The name of the company is IBM. Its Iceland project operates under a division known as “Life Services-Nordic.”32 Estonia became the second nation to databank its entire population. In 2001, Estonia created the Estonia Genome Project to capture the genetic profiles of its 1.4 million ●●

2001 NSA mass surveillance of Americans after 9/11 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And, as the world has come to know through the revelations of Edward Snowden, the National Security Agency has been given broad leave to collect data not just on foreign activities but also on American citizens since September 11, 2001. ●●

2001 Clinton pardons Patty Hearst ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda notes that in January 2001, President Bill Clinton pardoned Patty Hearst as one of his last official acts as President. ●●

2001 Wikipedia adopts wiki software ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jimmy Wales called Ward Cunningham in January 2001 to say he would use wiki software for his encyclopedia project. ●●

2001 Nineteen hijackers assemble in the United States for 9/11 ai_extracted 1 cit. By mid-July 2001 all nineteen hijackers had entered the United States. Fifteen were Saudis, two Emiratis, one Egyptian, and one Lebanese; the trained pilots came from the Hamburg cell, and the "muscle" recruits arrived between April and June 2001 to await the signal, funded by al-Qaeda transfers from the Gulf. ●●●

2001 Al-Qaeda suicide bombers assassinate Ahmed Shah Massoud ai_extracted 1 cit. On September 9, 2001, two Arabs posing as television journalists detonated a bomb hidden in their camera while interviewing anti-Taliban commander Ahmed Shah Massoud in northern Afghanistan. The killing, two days before the 9/11 attacks, removed the Taliban's most formidable opponent. ●●●

October 2001 Moi nominates Uhuru to Parliament and Cabinet 2 cit. In October 2001 Moi nominated Uhuru to Parliament and soon appointed him Minister for Local Government. The move bypassed the electoral route and made clear that Moi was elevating Kenyatta from party asset to succession prospect. Uhuru now had the name, cabinet rank, and state sponsorship needed for the coming KANU succession fight. politics ●●●●

2001 The Mara Triangle is delegated to Mara Conservancy management 2 cit. The western Mara Triangle remained part of the Maasai Mara National Reserve, but day-to-day management was delegated to the Mara Conservancy through agreement with the local authority. This did not privatize the reserve title. It did create a public-private management model in which security, roads, tourism control and revenue collection could be run by a contracted conservation body. economy / environment / politics ●●●

December 2002 Koizumi pledges an anti-deflation BoJ governor ai_extracted 1 cit. In late December 2002 Prime Minister Koizumi stated that he would appoint as Bank of Japan governor only someone aggressive in fighting deflation. ●●

September 2002 BoJ announces stock purchases; Yanagisawa replaced by Takenaka ai_extracted 1 cit. In September 2002 the Bank of Japan announced it would be prepared to purchase stocks from banks, a move that embarrassed Financial Services Minister Yanagisawa, who was sacked and replaced by Heizo Takenaka, a supporter of the bank's foreclosure plan. ●●●

2002 Surprise recovery in late 2002 ai_extracted 1 cit. Following the Bank of Japan's renewed credit creation of 2001 and the usual time lag, industrial production, consumption, and real GDP staged a recovery by late 2002 that surprised most observers. ●●

1 January 2002 Euro cash introduced; national currencies abolished ai_extracted 1 cit. On January 1, 2002, new euro paper money and coins were introduced across most of Europe as twelve countries, including Germany with its deutsche mark, gave up their national currencies. ●●●●●

2002 ECB orders record shrinkage of Bundesbank credit creation ai_extracted 1 cit. In 2002 the ECB ordered the Bundesbank to shrink its credit creation by record amounts; as money circulating in the economy shrank, demand fell and Germany moved into recession. ●●●

2002 National Science Foundation publishes Converging Technologies report ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 2002 the National Science Foundation published a 482-page report, Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance, calling for the integration of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science (NBIC). Wood ties this convergence to transhumanist goals. ●●

2002 Giscard d'Estaing authors the EU Constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Valery Giscard d'Estaing authored the European Union's Constitution in 2002-2003 as President of the Convention on the Future of Europe. Wood highlights his Trilateral Commission membership. ●●

2002 CBS reports USDA-financed spermicidal corn trials ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book asserts that on October 6, 2002 CBS News reported the USDA had financed field trials including Epicyte's spermicidal corn. It presents this as evidence of a hidden fertility-reduction effort. ●●

2002 Cheney asserts Iraq has WMD ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vice President Cheney declared there was no doubt Saddam had weapons of mass destruction and was amassing them to use against America. Rumsfeld and other officials echoed the certainty. ●●

2002 Evergreen begins flights to Afghanistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Evergreen, the CIA-linked airline, began flights to Afghanistan just a few months after the American invasion in February 2002. ●●

2002 Bush names Iran in axis of evil speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ives are obscured by the demonization process and the necessity of contesting “evil” and its associated threats. Iran was named by George Bush in his January 2002 State of the Union message as one of the three charter members of the “axis of evil” (a ●●

2002 Hal Varian joins Google as chief economist ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hal Varian joined Google as its chief economist, noting that every user action is a signal analyzed and fed back into the system. ●●

2002 Poindexter proposes Total Information Awareness ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Admiral John Poindexter proposed the Total Information Awareness program with a vision matching behavioral surplus capture concepts. ●●

2002 Winston-Salem Journal exposes eugenic sterilization ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ept of mercy killing to medical patients, starting with the vegetative. Discussions about euthanasia commonly focused first on the most obvious medical candidates at the rim of the slippery slope. In 2002, the Winston-Salem Journal published a riveting newspaper series exposing the deep veins of eug ●●

December 2002 Kibaki ends KANU rule 3 cit. Mwai Kibaki, leading a broad opposition coalition, won the 2002 election in a landslide, ending nearly forty years of unbroken KANU rule and Moi's presidency. The peaceful handover raised high hopes, and early moves such as free primary education and anti-corruption promises were popular. But graft scandals and unfinished constitutional reform soon tempered the optimism. politics ●●

October 2002 Akiwumi report is forced into public view 1 cit. The Akiwumi Commission report on Kenya's 1991-98 tribal clashes was submitted in 1999 but only released in October 2002 after court pressure. Human Rights Watch described it as confirming that prominent ruling-party politicians fuelled multiple incidents of ethnic clashes and that victims and human-rights groups had long demanded its publication. The release mattered because it turned suppressed findings into public record, even though prosecutions did not follow. politics / society ●●●

14 October 2002 NARC nominates Kibaki after the Kibaki Tosha deal 2 cit. On 14 October 2002, at Uhuru Park, Kibaki was nominated as the National Rainbow Coalition flag-bearer after Raila Odinga declared "Kibaki Tosha". The deal joined Kibaki's NAK alliance with the Liberal Democratic Party defectors from KANU. It turned a divided opposition into the first coalition capable of beating KANU nationally. politics ●●●●●

3 December 2002 Kibaki is injured during the 2002 campaign 1 cit. On 3 December 2002 Kibaki was injured in a road accident during the NARC campaign and was hospitalized in London. NARC continued campaigning while he recovered. The accident shaped the symbolism of the transition because he was sworn in as president while seated in a wheelchair. politics ●●●

c. 2002 Moi makes Uhuru the KANU succession candidate 2 cit. As Moi reached the constitutional end of his presidency, he pushed Uhuru Kenyatta forward as KANUs preferred 2002 presidential candidate. The choice split KANU, drove senior figures into the opposition coalition, and turned Uhuru into the public symbol of dynastic continuity. Moi was trying to preserve the old party through the son of the founding president. politics ●●●●●

27 December 2002 Uhuru loses the 2002 presidential election to Kibaki 1 cit. In the December 2002 election Uhuru Kenyatta lost to Mwai Kibaki and the National Rainbow Coalition. KANUs first defeat ended nearly four decades of ruling-party dominance and left Uhuru as Leader of the Opposition. The loss is a hinge in his story: the prince of the old system had to spend a decade rebuilding before returning as president. politics ●●●●●

17 November 2002 Kenya: White Terror brings the camp evidence to television 5 cit. BBC Two's Correspondent film Kenya: White Terror broadcast survivor testimony and documentary evidence on British torture, rape, murder and forced confession during the Mau Mau Emergency. The film included Terence Gavaghan, by then an elderly former colonial officer, and focused attention on secret memos showing official approval for violence in the camps. Its scheduling was itself contentious inside the BBC because the film exposed British atrocities around Remembrance Sunday. The broadcast helped push the camp story from archive and survivor memory into public reckoning. culture / politics / society ●●●

20 July 2002 Machakos Protocol makes Kenya the room where Sudan is remade 2 cit. The Government of Sudan and the SPLM/SPLA signed the Machakos Protocol after talks in Kenya under the IGAD peace process. The agreement accepted a broad governance framework, state-and-religion principles and the right of South Sudan to self-determination through a referendum. Kenya was not a bystander: its venue and mediator made it the operating room for a neighbouring state being negotiated into a new constitutional shape. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●●

15 October 2002 Somali warlords and faction leaders gather in Eldoret 2 cit. The Somali National Reconciliation Conference opened in Eldoret after years of failed attempts to rebuild a Somali state. Warlords, faction leaders, the Transitional National Government and civil-society delegates came to Kenya because Somalia itself was too insecure for that political bargaining. Kenya became the room where armed power, clan authority, donor diplomacy and displaced civilian voices were forced onto one table. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●●

2003 Toshihiko Fukui appointed Bank of Japan governor ai_extracted 1 cit. Toshihiko Fukui was appointed governor of the Bank of Japan in 2003, despite Prime Minister Koizumi's earlier contrary statements, which the author cites as proof of the princes' power. ●●●

20 March 2003 Invasion of Iraq begins 1 cit. A US-led coalition invades Iraq and topples Saddam Hussein, citing weapons of mass destruction that are never found. The decision destabilizes the region, fuels insurgency and sectarian war, and erodes trust in Western intervention. politics / war ●●●●

14 April 2003 Human Genome Project confirms race is not biological 3 cit. The completed human genome showed that all people are more than 99.9 percent identical and that race has no clear genetic basis. The findings undercut centuries of claims that races were distinct and unequal. science / technology ●●

2003 Kenya introduces Free Primary Education 2 cit. The Kibaki government abolishes primary school fees, enrolling over a million additional children almost overnight, a flagship of the Millennium Development Goals era backed by the World Bank and donors. economy / politics / society ●●●

2003 Stanford publishes Greening NAFTA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 2003 Stanford University Press published Greening NAFTA, which detailed the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation and its commission (CEC). Wood uses the book's account of the San Pedro River Basin case to illustrate Reflexive Law in practice. ●●

2003 Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability created ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Department of Energy's Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability was created in 2003 under President George W. Bush and elevated in 2007 with a new Assistant Secretary post. It leads federal Smart Grid coordination. ●●

2003 Human genome mostly mapped ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Scientists began mapping the human genome in 1990 and largely completed it in 2003. Wood notes the parallels drawn between DNA and digital information technology that underpin the NBIC convergence. ●●

2003 New York Times reports Harvard rejects valedictorians ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes a March 9, 2003 New York Times article by Sara Rimer reporting that Harvard rejects four of every five valedictorians who apply. He uses it to question the reliability of standardized measures of merit. ●●

2003 Bush's State of the Union case for war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his State of the Union, President Bush presented the CIA's case and more, claiming Saddam had biological and chemical arms and had sought uranium from Africa. All of it was terrifying, and none of it was true. ●●

2003 Powell's WMD case at the United Nations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the eve of war, Secretary of State Colin Powell went to the UN with Tenet at his shoulder and laid out the case for Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. He called it facts and conclusions based on solid intelligence. ●●

2003 Iraq War begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The invasion of Iraq began ahead of schedule on a bad CIA tip that Saddam was hiding at a compound south of Baghdad. The strike missed him, the first of many targeting failures. ●●

2003 Tenet's CIA backs the case for war in Iraq ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the Iraq war began, Director George Tenet stood by the CIA's claim that Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction. The assertion proved false. ●●