Events, Verisoph

1931 American banks fail after Britain leaves gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the month after Britain's departure from gold, 522 American banks failed, and by year's end 2,294 had suspended operations with $1.7 billion in deposits. Fear of a U.S. devaluation drove a gold outflow across the Atlantic. ●●

1931 The Fed raises rates in a depression ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1931, with bank runs raging and production collapsing, the Fed raised rates from 1.5 to 3.5 percent to defend its gold, driven by an anachronistic reserve requirement. With deflation, the real cost of money rose above 10 percent. ●●

1931 Cofounder and leader of the First National Bank, 1863–1931 (though after 19... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cofounder and leader of the First National Bank, 1863–1931 (though after 1913, his son George Baker Jr. was more involved running the bank). Lloyd Blankfein: Chairman and CEO of... ●●

1931 cables as an “important member rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story cables as an “important member of [the] German espionage network in Central Asia from 1931 to 1945,” and Mehmet Sunsh, who was said to have been “employed by the German Propaganda Bureau [in] Istanbul 1942. ●●

1931 RCL, Group 1030, Series I, Box 4, Folder ?, letter to Benjamin Joy,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 14. MGR, Box 264, J. P. ●●

1931 Dwight Morrow Disappoints Liberal Supporters in Senate rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As a senator during the Depression, Dwight Morrow disappointed his liberal supporters by voting against food relief, soldiers' bonus bills, and utility regulation, wiping away the liberal reputation he had built over his career. ●●

1931 Morgan Bank Overlooks Japanese Aggression in Manchuria candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Japan became a major Morgan client, Tom Lamont was reluctant to confront Japanese expansionism. Japan's invasion of Manchuria went largely unchallenged by the bank, which valued its profitable Japanese business relationships. ●●

1931 Freddy had been bitter about rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Freddy had been bitter about the failure of the German Warburgs to repay the 1931 bailout loan, which he held against Siegmund.29 Eric had also given... ●●

1931 After two world wars (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After two world wars, hyperinflation, the 1931 banking collapse, and Adolf Hitler, Siegmund could never scrub past disasters from his mind. A chronic ... ●●

1931 In his talks with Siegmund (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his talks with Siegmund, Brinckmann elaborated his own revisionist history and brazenly denied that the 1938 transfer had constituted a true Aryani... ●●

1931 Petrified, Eric told his father that he wanted to flee the... (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Petrified, Eric told his father that he wanted to flee the sinking ship, but Max termed desertion out of the question.17 In early 1931, fear seized the banks of central Europe. ●●

1931 North German Wool collapse triggers German bank crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 16, 1931, North German Wool failed, triggering a financial crisis as it dragged down German creditors, most notably the huge Danat Bank on July 11. ●●

1931 Eric joined a group called the Circle of Young Hamburgers,... (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Eric joined a group called the Circle of Young Hamburgers, which fought against the polarization of the late Weimar period.6 In September 1931, they waged a successful campaign against the Nazis in local elections. ●●

1931 (Courtesy of Anita Warburg) In late 1931, Hamburg’s Jews... (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Courtesy of Anita Warburg) In late 1931, Hamburg’s Jews were shaken by a series of cemetery desecrations, and community leaders sought an ecumenical protest. ●●

1931 Only at Bad Harzburg in October 1931 did major... (1931) candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only at Bad Harzburg in October 1931 did major industrialists of the Ruhr and Rhineland flirt openly with the Nazis; Dr. ●●

1931 In 1931 Hitler said of him, “He is, in fact, enormously... (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1931 Hitler said of him, “He is, in fact, enormously skilled and enjoys great respect, even among the foreign, and especially among the Jewish-American international bankers. ●●

1931 Warburg still owed the American Warburgs and the Bank of... (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Warburg still owed the American Warburgs and the Bank of the Manhattan considerable money from 1931, and Jimmy felt obligated to see the drearily interminable matter through. ●●

1931 After Paul’s death, Jimmy had to rebuild the fortune... (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Paul’s death, Jimmy had to rebuild the fortune frittered away in the 1931 rescue. ●●

1931 Brüning government imposes 25 percent flight tax ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1931, the Brüning government had imposed a 25 percent flight tax on capital shifted abroad and under the Nazis, these extortionate taxes steadily rose, making the decision to leave excruciating. ●●

1931 Warburg and the Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft—a reprise of... (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Warburg and the Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft—a reprise of Jimmy’s 1931 idea. ●●

1931 Warburg hadn’t been able to remit interest payments on the... (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Warburg hadn’t been able to remit interest payments on the 1931 loan that Paul and Felix made to rescue the bank. ●●

1931 1931 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story More even than in 1931, Stalin needed to urge his fellow countrymen to close the productive gap with the West. “To slacken the tempo would mean falling behind. ●●

1931 1931 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Unfolding Crisis, 1931–1942 When the relative strengths and weaknesses of each of the Great Powers are viewed in their entirety, and also integrated into the economic and tech... ●●

1931 4. MMW. MW 49, letter from Max Warburg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 4. MMW. MW 49, letter from Max Warburg to Hans Meyer, October 22, 1931. ●●

1931 Oppenheimer’s mother died after a long battle with leukemia in late 1931; that w rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oppenheimer’s mother died after a long battle with leukemia in late 1931; that was when he announced himself to Herbert Smith, his former Ethical Culture teacher, to be “the loneliest man in the world.”1716 His father died suddenly of a heart attack in 1937. ●●

1931 had purified a volume of the element almost ten times more intense than any other existing source. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story had purified a volume of the element almost ten times more intense than any other existing source. ●●

1931 beyond recapitulation to discovery: he found, says Chadwick, “that the radiation from beryllium whic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story beyond recapitulation to discovery: he found, says Chadwick, “that the radiation from beryllium which was emitted in the same direction as the . ●●

1931 1931: ; not the worse for that, but probably less happy.” 6 In his final yea rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ; not the worse for that, but probably less happy.” 6 In his final year at Sherborne, Turing won a scholarship to attend King’s College, Cambridge, wh ●●

1931 1931: riangle: the military-industrial-academic complex. The person most res rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story riangle: the military-industrial-academic complex. The person most responsible for forging this assemblage was Vannevar Bush, the MIT professor who in ●●

1931 Godel publishes his incompleteness paper ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5, it is divisible by 121, and (when decoded according to the official rules) it is a provable formula. Gödel laid all this out in a little paper in 1931. ●●

1931 Fine Hall opens at Princeton ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fine Hall opened in October of 1931, with no detail overlooked: from the showers and locker room in the basement (“members of the department who wish ●●

1931 and universal computation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hilbert’s challenge, taken up by von Neumann, led directly both to Kurt Gödel’s results on the incompleteness of formal systems of 1931 and Alan Turin ●●

1931 the powers of numerical addressing and self-reference candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gödel had demonstrated, in 1931, the powers of numerical addressing and self-reference ●●

1931 Event of 1931 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story California alone sterilized at least seventy-five hundred people by 1931 ●●

1931 of 1939 I was appointed to this task…. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of 1939 I was appointed to this task…. Q: What were your duties there? A: The Eugenics Office was responsible for carrying out the betrothal and marriage order which Himmler had issued on 31 December 1931 to the SS…. The RuSHA leader had to look after the eugenics research offices of the SS, regimen ●●

1931 man Genetics,” memorandum, June 1939: RF 1.1 Ser rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story man Genetics,” memorandum, June 1939: RF 1.1 Ser 713A Box 2 Folder 15. Letter, Tage Kemp to The Rockefeller Foundation, 17 November 1932: RF 1.2 Ser 713 Box 2 Folder 15. 62. “From HAS’ diary: June 4, 1931,” inter-office correspondence: RF 1.1 Ser 100 Box 40 Folder 365. 63. Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer ●●

1931 ilsoc.org. “The Twenty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the 42. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ilsoc.org. “The Twenty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the 42. Eugenics Research Association, June 2 1938.” “B. Early History and Development,” Organized Eugenics, (New Haven, CT: American Eugenics Society, 1931), p. 3. 43. Osborn, “History of the American Eugenics Society,” p. 17. 44. Frederick Osborn, “P ●●

1931 Manchurian Incident and seizure of Manchuria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lower-ranking officers of the Kwantung Army there assassinated the warlord Chang Tso-lin, and after the September 1931 Manchurian Incident seized most of southern Manchuria. ●●

1931 Stone, eds., The Practice of Contracep- tion: An International Symposium and Survey—Proceedings o... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Stone, eds., The Practice of Contracep- tion: An International Symposium and Survey—Proceedings of the Seventh Interna- tional Birth Control Conference (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1931), xiii. ●●

1931 On the conference, see “Preliminary Conference on a Popula- tion Association for the United State... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the conference, see “Preliminary Conference on a Popula- tion Association for the United States,” December 15, 1930; “Second Conference of the Population Association of America,” May 7, 1931; To... ●●

1931 Remarkably, in early 1931 Briand renewed his approach to Germany, suggesting that to assist Bruening candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Remarkably, in early 1931 Briand renewed his approach to Germany, suggesting that to assist Bruening in complying with the Young Plan, the Paris capital market might be opened to long-term German borrowing. ●●

1931 Washington links reparations to Allied war debts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Most critically of all, on 20 June 1931, in response to the talk of an imminent debt moratorium, Washington finally conceded the linkage between reparations and the inter-Allied war debts.°° In the interests of preserving America’s loans to Germany, ●●

1931 Bruening later claimed to have hoped to carry out a 20 per cent devaluation once the acute crisis ha rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruening later claimed to have hoped to carry out a 20 per cent devaluation once the acute crisis had passed and Germany had obtained sufficient foreign exchange reserves to be sure of being able to maintain the new level of the Reichsmark.” In Septe ●●

1931 Fourth emergency decree slashes German wages and prices ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The fourth Presidential emergency decree of 8 December 1931, apart from banning the wearing of party uniforms and political demonstrations, also ordered mandatory cuts in wages, salaries, prices and interest rates, followed by a further decrease in g ●●

1931 Over the winter of 1931- 2, bankruptcies began to eat away at the fabric of German business. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Over the winter of 1931- 2, bankruptcies began to eat away at the fabric of German business. ●●

1931 Though this required the Reich to provide no funds, the willingness of the Reich to guarantee lender rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Though this required the Reich to provide no funds, the willingness of the Reich to guarantee lenders against default helped to reduce the cost of borrowing.*' In so far as Hitler’s regime had an ideological housing policy, it consisted in the early ●●

1931 After a lull in the 1920s Backe reactivated his party membership in 1931 and was elected to the Prus rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a lull in the 1920s Backe reactivated his party membership in 1931 and was elected to the Prussian parliament in 1932 with Darré’s encouragement. ●●

1931 In 1967, the government went rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1967, the government went through the motions of the first contested election for the presidency since 1931 ●●

c. August 1931 The Hayek-Keynes debates 2 cit. Hayek publishes a critical review of Keynes's Treatise on Money, opening a running exchange between the two economists over the causes of business cycles and the proper role of government spending. Keynes argued that active fiscal policy could smooth recessions, while Hayek held that credit expansion caused the malinvestment that produced them. The dispute became the defining rivalry of twentieth-century macroeconomics and shaped the LSE-Cambridge divide. economy ●●●

1931 Vannevar Bush builds the Differential Analyzer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vannevar Bush builds an analog electromechanical computer capable of solving differential equations. ●●

1931 Turing enters King's College, Cambridge ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Turing wins a scholarship to read mathematics at King's College, Cambridge. ●●

1931 Godel publishes the incompleteness theorem ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kurt Godel shows that any formal system powerful enough to express ordinary mathematics contains statements that can be neither proved nor disproved. ●●

c. 1931 Ford and General Motors build vehicles inside Germany 2 cit. Ford ran a German subsidiary at Cologne, and General Motors owned Opel, the country's largest carmaker. Through the 1930s their German plants turned out cars and trucks, and after 1939 those factories produced vehicles for the German war effort. The parent firms' degree of control during the war has been argued over, but the production is documented. economy / technology / war ●●●

c. 1931 Gold is found in the North Kavirondo native reserve 4 cit. Prospectors confirm workable gold deposits near Kakamega, inside the North Kavirondo reserve that had just been set aside for the Luhya. Word spread quickly through the colony and beyond. The find sat on land that the 1930 ordinance had supposedly placed off limits to outsiders. economy / environment ●●●

15 November 1931 Mwai Kibaki is born in Gatuyaini, Othaya 2 cit. Mwai Kibaki was born on 15 November 1931 in Gatuyaini village, Othaya, in what is now Nyeri County. His parents were Kibaki Githinji and Teresia Wanjiku, and official biographical accounts place him in a large peasant Kikuyu family. The local setting matters: Kibaki entered national politics as a technocrat, but his electoral base and later burial site remained Othaya. politics / society ●●●●

1 June 1931 Kahn formulates the Keynesian multiplier 1 cit. In June 1931 Richard F. Kahn published "The Relation of Home Investment to Unemployment" in The Economic Journal. The article gave the employment-multiplier logic that Keynes and his Cambridge circle would fold into the case for public works and demand management. economy / science ●●●●

1931 Co-operative law starts as a settler instrument 1 cit. Kenya first regulated cooperative societies through the 1931 Cooperative Societies Ordinance. This was not yet a mass African empowerment tool. In practice the early cooperative world belonged mainly to settler agriculture and colonial commerce, with African participation blocked or tightly limited. The point is important: cooperatives entered Kenya as regulated economic machinery inside a racial economy, not as neutral village democracy. economy / politics / society ●●●

1932 Foreign exchange control laws of 1932 ai_extracted 1 cit. Japan's 1932 foreign exchange control laws were used to restrict imports and represented the first set of reforms that would eventually create a controlled war economy. ●●●

1932 to 1942 Joseph Grew serves as U.S. ambassador to Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. Joseph C. Grew, married to a cousin of banker J. P. Morgan, was U.S. ambassador to Japan from 1932 until 1942, later becoming undersecretary at the State Department. ●●

1932 to 1972 Tuskegee syphilis study begins on Black men 1 cit. U.S. public health officials studied untreated syphilis in about 600 Black men, lying to them and withholding penicillin even after it became a cure. The 40-year abuse killed many and became a defining example of racist medical exploitation. science / society ●●●

1932 World Disarmament Conference achieves nothing (1932-1935) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The World Disarmament Conference, six years in preparation and in session from February 1932 to April 1935, achieved nothing notable amid the Franco-German deadlock and worsening depression. ●●

1932 Ottawa Imperial Preference treaties ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In August 1932 Britain bound the empire into closer economic ties through eleven Imperial Preference treaties signed at Ottawa, part of its response to abandoning gold. ●●

1932 Britain sets up the Exchange Equalization Account ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1932 the British government created the Exchange Equalization Account with 175 million pounds to stabilize exchange rates. This separated control of the exchanges from control of the domestic credit structure. ●●

1932 Suicide of Ivar Kreuger, the Match King ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates the personal end of financial capitalism to the April 1932 suicide of Ivar Kreuger in Paris. Kreuger had built a match empire financed by the sale of worthless and fraudulent securities. ●●

1932 Quigley: nations learn rearmament prevents deflation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues economic nationalism intensified once governments discovered rearmament could prevent deflation, Germany in 1932, Italy in 1934, Japan in 1936, and the United States in 1938. ●●

1932 Industrialists fund Hitler at the Dusseldorf Industrial Club ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces Hitler's industrialist backing to a series of addresses culminating in January 1932, when he spoke for three hours to the Industrial Club of Dusseldorf and won support and financial contributions from that powerful group. ●●

1932 Papen removes the Prussian government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 20, 1932, Hindenburg by decree under Article 48 appointed Papen commissioner for Prussia, letting him dismiss the elected Prussian cabinet. This removed the chief institutional obstacle to Nazi extremism. ●●

1932 Election of Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The shift of farmers, light industry, commercial interests, real estate, professionals and unskilled labor to the Democratic Party in 1932 produced the election of Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal. ●●

1932 US non-recognition of Manchurian conquest (Stimson Doctrine) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as January 1932 the United States notified signers of the 1922 Nine-Power treaty that it would refuse to accept territorial changes made by force in violation of the Kellogg-Briand Pact. ●●

1932 Baldwin's 'the bomber will always get through' speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1932 Stanley Baldwin told the public there was no power on earth that could protect a man from being bombed. Quigley says acceptance of such ideas by civilian leaders was a chief factor in appeasement and the Munich surrender. ●●

1932 Aldous Huxley publishes Brave New World ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wood argues that Huxley's 1932 novel foresaw the technocratic transformation of society. He asserts it predicted an end state of scientific dictatorship. ●●

1932 Committee on Technocracy formed at Columbia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the early fall of 1932 Walter Rautenstrauch and Howard Scott formed the Committee on Technocracy at Columbia University to run an industrial survey of North America. ●●

1932 John Dewey heralds the end of 'the old individualism' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1932 John Dewey, then America's most prominent educational voice, declared the end of the old individualism, arguing that associations increasingly define individual choices and actions. ●●

1932 Frances Zimmer marries into the Gatto family in 1932 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1932 Gatto's mother, Frances Zimmer, married into the Italian Gatto family, wedding alone without her parents present. ●●

1932 Reconstruction Finance Corporation established ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1932 the Reconstruction Finance Corporation was created to channel $1.5 billion of public money into the banking system. Congress insisted Eugene Meyer chair it alongside his Fed post. ●●

1932 The Dow hits bottom ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 8, 1932, the Dow fell to 41, down almost 90 percent from its 1929 peak of 381. It marked the depth of the Depression, with corporations losing billions and unemployment above ten million. ●●

1932 Roosevelt wins the presidency ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1932 Franklin Roosevelt won a landslide over Hoover, 22.8 million votes to 15.7 million, the largest sweep since 1864. The campaign had been dominated by the Depression. ●●

1932 Allies cancel German reparations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1932, France and Britain formally agreed to forgive all German reparations, accepting that no more money could be extracted. Of the $32 billion once demanded, the Allies had collected only about $4 billion. ●●

1932 3 His statement wound up foreshadowing a nearly two-year market dive to a l... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3 His statement wound up foreshadowing a nearly two-year market dive to a low of 41 on July 8, 1932, and a Great Depression that brought the American economy to its knees. Were... ●●

1932 Fed launches massive bond-buying program ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The massive bond-buying program that the Fed initiated in May 1932, in which it agreed to buy $26 million worth of bonds a week from its member banks, reached a total of $1.82... ●●

1932 Wright Patman moves to impeach Andrew Mellon ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 6, 1932, Texas Democratic representative Wright Patman told the Speaker of the House that he wanted to impeach Mellon on the charge of “high crimes and misdemeanors.”... ●●

1932 Kennedy had been instrumental behind the scenes during Roosevelt’s 1932 pre... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kennedy had been instrumental behind the scenes during Roosevelt’s 1932 presidential campaign. Not unlike Sidney Weinberg, he had donated $25,000 directly and raised another... ●●

1932 Federal Home Loan Bank Board established ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Federal Home Loan Bank Board had already been set up in 1932 to encourage and oversee local mortgage lenders known as Savings and Loans (or thrifts), mutual associations like British building societies, which took in deposits and lent to home buyers. ●●

1932 Lausanne Conference ends reparations payments ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1932, European leaders at Lausanne reached a gentleman's agreement that effectively ended reparations and war debt payments, marking what Lamont saw as an end to the economic warfare that had persisted since the Treaty of Versailles. ●●

1932 A fierce Aryanization battle raged over the pipe and blast f... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Göring tried to expel Jewish owners from industries of strategic importance, especially in mining and metals, he found an enthusiastic supporter in... ●●

1932 “It might be advisable to keep it alive just in case... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “It might be advisable to keep it alive just in case Hitlerism makes living for the family so outrageously disagreeable that it might want to have another pied-à-terre to move to.”40 Jimmy agreed with Felix’s political fears; by the time he left Germany in spring 1932, he thought nothing could stem the Nazi tide or protect the Warburgs. ●●

1932 “I am convinced that what had destroyed his will to go on... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I am convinced that what had destroyed his will to go on living was that Max, for whom he had throughout his life felt a younger brother’s slave-like devotion, had let him down.”31 When Paul died on January 24, 1932, at his East Eightieth Street home, Felix, Nina, Jimmy, Kay, and Bettina congregated at his bedside. ●●

1932 Twice in 1932, Felix sent Jimmy back to Hamburg to... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Twice in 1932, Felix sent Jimmy back to Hamburg to straighten out the firm, and the two operated in a more bare-knuckled style than while Paul was alive. ●●

1932 A remarkable benefactor of German culture, Jim had built a... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A remarkable benefactor of German culture, Jim had built a new wing of the Murnau hospital in 1932 and was named an honorary citizen of the town. ●●

1932 In early 1932, Hitler dispatched Wilhelm Keppler, the owner... (1932) candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early 1932, Hitler dispatched Wilhelm Keppler, the owner of a small chemical factory, to court Hamburg business chieftains. ●●

1932 After 1932, German citizens could only convert blocked... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After 1932, German citizens could only convert blocked marks into other currencies at a steep discount that would skim off 96 percent of the amount in question by the end of the decade. ●●

1932 In 1932, he learned that the estate’s longtime steward,... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1932, he learned that the estate’s longtime steward, Otto Sauter, had secretly run up crushing debts. ●●

1932 Clearly, a crusader such as Kurt couldn’t coexist with... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Clearly, a crusader such as Kurt couldn’t coexist with Nazism, and when Hitler praised some SS men who murdered a young Communist in 1932, Kurt wrote to the Salem parents, informing them that Nazi and Salem principles were incompatible. ●●

1932 In 1932, Wilfrid Israel talked to the poet and teacher,... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1932, Wilfrid Israel talked to the poet and teacher, Recha Freier, about ways to counter the corrosive despair among Jewish youth. ●●

1932 In 1932, she and Gisi studied English at Somerville College... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1932, she and Gisi studied English at Somerville College at Oxford. ●●

1932 1932 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first was the peculiarly intense and manic nature of the National Socialist Germany which he intended to create: a society racially “purified” by the elimination of Jews, gypsi... ●●

1932 9. MMW. JW II, letter from Max to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 9. MMW. JW II, letter from Max to James Warburg, April 9, 1932. ●●

1932 11. MMW. MW F168 1932, letter from Max rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 11. MMW. MW F168 1932, letter from Max to James Warburg, June 12, 1932. ●●

1932 3. JW. Box 3, “Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft Merger Negot... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3. JW. Box 3, “Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft Merger Negotiations 1/1/32–1/7/32,” letter to Siegmund Warburg, January 2, 1932. ●●

1932 4. The New York Times, January 25, 1932 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 4. The New York Times, January 25, 1932. ●●