Events, Verisoph

1944 Manly Hall publishes The Secret Destiny of America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Manly Hall published The Secret Destiny of America from his Philosophical Research Society campus, presenting his thesis that enlightened intellects and secret societies like Freemasonry influenced the founding of the United States with principles of liberty and religious toleration. ●●

1944 On the other hand, we don’t plan to have bombs in production until the first par rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the other hand, we don’t plan to have bombs in production until the first part of 1944.1600 Compton encouraged Wigner’s group to design a water-cooled pile but ordered up detailed engineering studies only of a system using helium. ●●

1944 It predicted enough fissionable material for a test in eighteen months—by March rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It predicted enough fissionable material for a test in eighteen months—by March 1944. ●●

1944 Word came by way of clandestine shortwave radio from the Rjukan area on February rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Word came by way of clandestine shortwave radio from the Rjukan area on February 9, 1944, that the heavy water would be transported under guard to Germany within a week or two—not enough warning to prepare and drop in a squad of saboteurs. ●●

1944 A succession of trains delivered them into a fantastic landscape—Frisch and anot rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A succession of trains delivered them into a fantastic landscape—Frisch and another man in December, the larger group early in 1944—and there in the bright sunlight of a pine-shouldered mesa was Robert Oppenheimer smoking a pipe and shading his close-cropped military haircut with a pork-pie hat: “Welcome to Los Alamos, and who the devil are you?”1981, 1982, 1983 They were Churchill’s flying wedge. ●●

1944 At the end of March 1944, Bohr seemingly had a mandate from the President of the candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of March 1944, Bohr seemingly had a mandate from the President of the United States to talk to the Prime Minister of Great Britain. ●●

1944 The IBM equipment arrived early in April 1944 and the Theoretical Division immed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The IBM equipment arrived early in April 1944 and the Theoretical Division immediately put it to good use running brute-force implosion numbers. ●●

1944 Largest atomic pile yet assembled is completed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But after a couple of seconds he relaxed, realizing that under no circumstances could natural uranium and natural wood in any configuration cause a chain reaction.2103 Tuesday evening, September 26, 1944, the largest atomic pile yet assembled on earth was ready. ●●

1944 During the summer of 1944, Conant says, on an earlier inspection trip to Los Ala rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the summer of 1944, Conant says, on an earlier inspection trip to Los Alamos, he and Bush had found leisure and privacy to discuss “what the policy of the United States should be after the war was over.”2113 As a result they had sent Secretary of War Henry L. ●●

1944 Robert Oppenheimer also committed himself at that time to exploring the thermonu candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Oppenheimer also committed himself at that time to exploring the thermonuclear—after the war was won—in a letter to Richard Tolman on September 20, 1944. ●●

1944 Not until mid-December 1944 did a lens test look promising; the eighteen 5-kilog rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Not until mid-December 1944 did a lens test look promising; the eighteen 5-kilogram bombs Groves told George Marshall he hoped to have on hand by the second half of 1945 he also thought might explode so inefficiently that each would be equivalent to no more than 500 tons of TNT, down from the 1,000 tons Conant had heard estimated in October. ●●

1944 Nishina did not meet again with Nobuuji until seven months later, in February 19 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nishina did not meet again with Nobuuji until seven months later, in February 1944, when he reported difficulty producing uranium hexafluoride. ●●

1944 More recently he had been test-piloting the B-29, which in 1944 was just beginni rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story More recently he had been test-piloting the B-29, which in 1944 was just beginning to come on line, working with the physics department of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque to determine how well the new bomber could defend itself against fighter attack at high altitude. ●●

1944 He flew to Second Air Force headquarters in Colorado Springs at the beginning of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He flew to Second Air Force headquarters in Colorado Springs at the beginning of September 1944 to report to commanding Major General Uzal Ent. ●●

1944 It was the end of 1944 and he was feeling the pressure of accumulating Manhattan rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story It was the end of 1944 and he was feeling the pressure of accumulating Manhattan Project delays: “General Groves indicated that too much valuable time was being taken from other problems to devote time to the blockbuster program.” Conant asked how long the blockbuster program would have to continue; Parsons answered combatively that it would have to continue as long as Tibbets’ group operated so that 509th crews could maintain their bombing skills. ●●

1944 Second front opens in Normandy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The second front in Normandy did not come about until June 1944, by which time Germany was so weakened that Allied casualties were greatly reduced and a decisive victory was within reach. ●●

1944 to install the process equipment into the first completed separation building by remote control, pre rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to install the process equipment into the first completed separation building by remote control, pretending the canyon was already radioactive. ●●

1944 when he reported difficulty producing uranium hexafluoride. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when he reported difficulty producing uranium hexafluoride. ●●

1944 for a full-scale test of an implosion weapon. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story for a full-scale test of an implosion weapon. ●●

1944 batches of plutonium nitrate containing gram quantities of plutonium had begun arriving at Los Alamo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story batches of plutonium nitrate containing gram quantities of plutonium had begun arriving at Los Alamos. ●●

1944 when she, Enrico Fermi and Crawford Greenewalt climbed giddily to the top of a twelve-story tower to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when she, Enrico Fermi and Crawford Greenewalt climbed giddily to the top of a twelve-story tower to survey the secret reservation. ●●

1944 Conant says, on an earlier inspection trip to Los Alamos, he and Bush had found leisure and privacy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Conant says, on an earlier inspection trip to Los Alamos, he and Bush had found leisure and privacy to discuss “what the policy of the United States should be after the war was over. ●●

1944 was just beginning to come on line, working with the physics department of the University of New Mex rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story was just beginning to come on line, working with the physics department of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque to determine how well the new bomber could defend itself against fighter attack at high altitude. ●●

1944 with his assumptions at the beginning of the new year to draw up a problematic balance sheet: while rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story with his assumptions at the beginning of the new year to draw up a problematic balance sheet: while he had previously “believed a few bombs might do the trick” of ending the war, at the beginning of 1945 he was “convinced many bombs will now be requi ●●

1944 reduced Trinity’s priority, says Bainbridge, “almost to zero . rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story reduced Trinity’s priority, says Bainbridge, “almost to zero . ●●

1944 Hanford operators trained and deployed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hanford separation plant operators trained in remote control operations arrive at facility ●●

1944 Hanford begins plutonium separation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First irradiated uranium slugs begin plutonium separation at Hanford 221-T plant ●●

1944 ALSOS mission enters liberated Paris ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ALSOS intelligence mission under Boris Pash becomes first American unit to enter liberated Paris ●●

1944 ALSOS finds Germany has no atomic bomb program ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ALSOS team discovers definitive evidence that Germany has no atomic bomb program ●●

1944 1944: Larry Brilliant (1944– ) and Stewart Brand on Brand’s houseb... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Larry Brilliant (1944– ) and Stewart Brand on Brand’s houseboat in 2010. William von Meister (1942–1995). Steve Case (1958– ). ●●

1944 1944: visits to Endicott wearing his full dress uniform. 22 His tour of duty rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story visits to Endicott wearing his full dress uniform. 22 His tour of duty had one major payoff: at the beginning of 1944, as IBM was getting ready to shi ●●

1944 1944: After a year of building, around the time of D-Day in June 1944, Mauch rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a year of building, around the time of D-Day in June 1944, Mauchly and Eckert were able to test the first two components, amounting to about one ●●

1944 1944: cific purpose of breaking Germany’s wartime codes. Howard Aiken’s Harv rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story cific purpose of breaking Germany’s wartime codes. Howard Aiken’s Harvard Mark I, built with IBM and put into operation in May 1944, was programmable, ●●

1944 1944: s before another problem is placed on the machine.” 37 But more than a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s before another problem is placed on the machine.” 37 But more than a year before ENIAC was finished, indeed as early as the beginning of 1944, Mauch ●●

1944 1944: understand the potential of high-speed computers. During the summer of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story understand the potential of high-speed computers. During the summer of 1944, this quest took him to Bell Labs to study the updated versions of George ●●

1944 1944: ance: the development of a stored-memory computer. So it was fortuitou rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ance: the development of a stored-memory computer. So it was fortuitous that, in late August 1944, he had an encounter on the platform of the train st ●●

1944 1944: Over the ensuing years, at patent trials and conferences, in books and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Over the ensuing years, at patent trials and conferences, in books and dueling historical papers, there would be debates over who deserved the most cr ●●

1944 1944: Larry Brilliant (1944– ) and Stewart Brand on Brand’s houseboat in 201 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Larry Brilliant (1944– ) and Stewart Brand on Brand’s houseboat in 2010. William von Meister (1942–1995). Steve Case (19 ●●

1944 Information history in 1944 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Die Philosophischen Schriften von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, vol. 7 (Berlin: Olms, 1890), 12, quoted by Kurt Gödel in “Russell’s Mathematical Logic” (1944), in Kurt Gödel: Collected Works, vol. ●●

1944 Sometimes they could not get together for a couple of weeks rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sometimes they could not get together for a couple of weeks, but the moment Johnny got back, he was ready to pick up right where they stopped, as if n ●●

1944 on behalf of the implosion effort at Los Alamos rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July of 1944, on behalf of the implosion effort at Los Alamos, von Neumann and Stan Frankel were briefed on the series of Bell Telephone relay comp ●●

1944 “All through 1944, and in 1945 as well, we were leading a ‘d rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “All through 1944, and in 1945 as well, we were leading a ‘double life,’ ” Mauchly recalls ●●

1944 Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1944 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1944), p ●●

1944 Robert Oppenheimer, August 1, 1944, LA rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Oppenheimer, August 1, 1944, LA ●●

1944 Event of 1944 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”18 In one of the first general formulations of what came to be known as de- mographic transition theory, another Princeton demographer, Dudley Kirk, ●●

1944 hich 17 should have preference for immediate hospitalization?” rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hich 17 should have preference for immediate hospitalization?” He held the power of life and death over those who desperately needed his help, and he sadistically exercised this power every day.36 In 1944, for instance, two French arrivals-a Protestant minister named Roux and a doctor named Rodochi- ●●

1944 ant recounted that Mengele “would receive questions about rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ant recounted that Mengele “would receive questions about the twins from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin, and he would send them the answers. “89 The volume of exchange was massive. In a March 1944 memo from Verschuer to the German Research Society, which financed his work, he asked for more ●●

1944 d “Twins camp,” was coded G for geheime, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story d “Twins camp,” was coded G for geheime, or “secret.” Verschuer explained, “Analysis of material obtained from the twins camp continued during the half-year reporting period October 1943 to March 15, 1944. Some 25 psychological analyses, each of which consisted of about 200 pages, were dictated duri ●●

1944 CHINA 1945 to 1960s David rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHINA 1945 to 1960s David Barrett, Dixie Mission: The United States Army Observer Group in Yenan, 1944 (Center for Chinese Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1970), passim; R ●●

1944 For accounts of the thoroughly rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For accounts of the thoroughly unprincipled British policy in Greece and its dealings with collaborators during 1944-46, see Fleming, pp ●●

1944 For fifty years the same rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For fifty years the same people had all the power, all the money, all the jobs, all the education, all the opportunities.” In the decades following the famed peasant rebellion in 1932, which was crushed by an unholy massacre, a reform government had ●●

1944 Greece 1947 to early 1950s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Greece 1947 to early 1950s themselves in positions of political power, predominant in the new Greek army and police; members of EAM/ELAS found themselves dead or in prison.+ In the early days of the world war, when defeating the Nazis was the Allies’ ●●

1944 Before the revolution of 1944, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before the revolution of 1944, which overthrew the Ubico dictatorship, “farm laborers had been roped together by the Army for delivery to the low-land farms where they were kept in debt slavery by the landowners.”! ●●

1944 As for the elder Papandreou, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As for the elder Papandreou, his anti-communist credentials were impeccable, dating back to his role as a British-installed prime minister during the civil war against the left in 1944-45 ●●

1944 The Harvard Mark I goes into operation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Howard Aiken's Harvard Mark I, built with IBM, is put into operation as a programmable, though electromechanical, computer. ●●

1944 Grace Hopper joins the Harvard Mark I project ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Naval officer Grace Hopper reports to Harvard to work on the Mark I under Howard Aiken, beginning her career as a programming pioneer. ●●

2 August 1944 Liquidation of the Gypsy family camp 1 cit. On the night of 2 to 3 August 1944 the SS killed the remaining Roma in the Auschwitz family camp in the gas chambers, roughly three thousand people, after an earlier attempt in May had been met with resistance from the prisoners. This date is now marked as Roma Holocaust Remembrance Day. It stands for the destruction of Roma communities across Nazi-occupied Europe. society / war ●●●

1944 The Kenya African Union Is Founded 2 cit. In 1944 African activists formed the Kenya African Study Union, partly to support Eliud Mathu, the first African appointed to the colony's Legislative Council, and in 1946 it became the Kenya African Union, the first colony-wide African political body. KAU pressed constitutionally for more African representation, an end to the colour bar, and the return of alienated land. It drew together moderate mission-educated leaders and more militant activists, and the tension between those two wings would later split the nationalist movement. politics / society ●●●

July 1944 Keynes loses the argument to Harry Dexter White 1 cit. John Maynard Keynes, leading the British delegation, proposed an International Clearing Union and a neutral reserve unit he called bancor to spread the burden of adjustment between creditors and debtors. The American negotiator Harry Dexter White rejected the plan in favor of a dollar-centered system, and the United States, holding most of the world's gold and capital, got the design it wanted. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●

1944 The Olenguruone Oath of Unity ai_extracted 1 cit. Kikuyu squatters resettled at the Olenguruone scheme resisted government farming rules for nine years. In 1944 they took an oath of unity based on the old KCA membership oath, later widened to include women and children and made more militant, a form of oathing that spread through the Rift Valley and gave shape to the Mau Mau oath. ●●

1944 Kibaki learns masonry and carpentry at Mathari Boarding School 1 cit. Between 1944 and 1946, Kibaki attended Mathari Boarding School, now Nyeri High School. The school taught vocational skills alongside academics, including masonry and carpentry used to repair furniture and maintain school buildings. This gives a concrete answer to the masonry question: Kibaki learned practical building skills at school, but his later career was economics and politics, not professional masonry. society ●●●

August 1945 Japan's defeat in World War II ai_extracted 1 cit. Japan's defeat in 1945 is widely regarded as a watershed heralding a new Japan, with burned-down cities and destroyed factories marking the end of the war in August 1945. ●●●●●

1945 to 1952 U.S. occupation of Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. The U.S. occupation, officially in charge until 1952, implemented reeducation and democratization, providing Japan with a new constitution, political parties, free elections including for women, and a market-oriented capitalist system. ●●●●

September 1945 Occupation Order No. 3 continues economic controls ai_extracted 1 cit. Order No. 3 of the occupation forces of September 1945 declared the continuation of Japan's wartime economic controls, and foreign currency rationing was reintroduced immediately. ●●●

December 1945 Munitions Ministry and Home Ministry broken up ai_extracted 1 cit. In December 1945 the occupation broke up the Munitions Ministry, the heart of the war economy, along with the powerful Home Ministry and its police apparatus including the Thought Police. ●●●

August 1945 to October 1945 Araki appointed BoJ deputy governor, then governor ai_extracted 1 cit. Immediately after Japan's defeat in August 1945, Eikichi Araki, former wartime head of the Banking Department, was appointed deputy governor of the Bank of Japan, and two months later governor. ●●

30 August 1945 MacArthur arrives at Atsugi; BoJ money accepted ai_extracted 1 cit. General MacArthur arrived at Atsugi naval airdrome on August 30, 1945, where Bank of Japan officials reportedly met him with banknotes; MacArthur accepted BoJ money rather than issuing military currency. ●●●●

16 July 1945 Trinity test 1 cit. The first nuclear device detonates in the New Mexico desert; the plutonium implosion design vindicates the Manhattan Project weeks before Hiroshima. science / war ●●●●●

c. May 1945 Defeat of the Axis and the fall of fascism 1 cit. The Allied defeat of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy destroys fascism as a governing ideology and discredits it worldwide. The revealed crimes of the regimes make fascism a byword for political evil. politics / war ●●●●

c. 1945 Operation Paperclip begins 2 cit. The United States secretly recruited Wernher von Braun and hundreds of German rocket scientists at the end of World War II. Their knowledge fed the American missile and space programs. politics / technology / war ●●●●

1945 Quigley: Britain was the world's greatest plutocracy until 1945 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues restrictions on democracy in Britain rested almost entirely on wealth and drew only mild objection, because even the masses accepted that wealth entitled its holder to privilege. This concealed that Britain until 1945 was the world's greatest plutocracy. ●●

1945 Kilgore Committee report on I. G. Farben ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites a 1945 US Senate committee finding, based on captured records, that I. G. Farben and United Steel Works together could dominate the entire German industrial system. ●●

1945 Capture of the Remagen bridge across the Rhine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 7, 1945, the American 8th Armored Division seized the Ludendorff Railway Bridge at Remagen just before the Germans could blow it up. The intact crossing let many Allied divisions get across the Rhine. ●●

1945 Hungary concludes an armistice with Russia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Germany seized control of the Hungarian government to prevent a surrender, only on January 20, 1945 could General Miklos's provisional government conclude an armistice with the Russians. The agreement left Hungary largely under Soviet military control. ●●

1945 Russia recognizes the Lublin committee as Poland's government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 5, 1945, Russia recognized the Communist Committee of National Liberation as the government of Poland, while the Western Powers still recognized the London government. The rival recognitions set up the Polish dispute at Yalta. ●●

1945 Greece kept from Communist domination ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the British defeated Communist ELAS forces in Athens, the guerrillas accepted disarmament and amnesty on February 13, 1945, under the regency of Archbishop Damaskinos with Plastiras as prime minister. Greece was saved because it was accessible to British forces by sea. ●●

1945 Mussolini captured and killed by Italian guerrillas ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 28, 1945, Mussolini was caught fleeing toward Switzerland with treasure and killed by Italian guerrillas. His body was hung by the heels in a public square in Milan alongside that of his mistress. ●●

1945 Hitler's suicide in Berlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the afternoon of April 30, 1945, with Russian soldiers only a block away, Eva Braun took poison and Hitler shot himself. Subordinates burned the bodies in a shell-hole in the Chancellery garden. ●●

1945 V-E Day and the toll of Nazi bestiality ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By V-E Day, May 8, 1945, Quigley says Nazi bestiality had brought death to more than 30,000,000 people. Advancing armies overran concentration camps with ovens still hot and thousands of murdered inmates. ●●

1945 Firebombing of Tokyo ai_extracted 2 cit. On March 9, 1945, 279 stripped-down B-29s carrying fire bombs made a low-level attack on Tokyo. The result, Quigley says, was the most devastating air attack in all history, burning out sixteen square miles and killing 84,793 people. ●●

1945 Invasion of Okinawa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On Easter morning, April 1, 1945, an assault force of over 1,200 vessels landed four divisions on Okinawa. The three-month campaign was the most severe of the Pacific War, with heavy losses from mass kamikaze attacks. ●●

1945 Yalta Conference rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Crimea from February 4-12, 1945, to settle wartime and immediate postwar issues. They agreed on joint occupation of Germany, the United Nations voting rules, and the Polish settlement, giving Russia much of what it wanted. ●●

1945 Death of President Roosevelt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Roosevelt died suddenly on April 12, 1945, with great and incalculable effect on postwar policy. Vice-President Truman had been kept so far outside the war effort that he knew nothing of the atomic program until Stimson told him. ●●

1945 Yalta secret Far East agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Yalta the powers agreed to undo the results of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 as the price of Soviet entry into the war on Japan. Southern Sakhalin, a lease on Port Arthur, and the Kurile Islands would go to the Soviet Union, with Outer Mongolia's autonomy made permanent. ●●

1945 Trinity test: first atomic bomb detonated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 16, 1945, at Alamogordo, New Mexico, the first atomic bomb, an implosion-type plutonium device, was detonated at 5:30 A.M. The explosion far exceeded expectations and stunned the scientists who had built it. ●●

1945 Truman orders the atomic bomb used and picks targets ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On July 18, 1945, Truman ordered the next bomb dropped on Japan as soon as it was ready, and on July 24th he chose the target list of Hiroshima, Kokura, Nigata, and Nagasaki. Stimson had persuaded him to spare Kyoto for its cultural treasures. ●●

1945 Potsdam ultimatum to Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 26 July 1945 Truman, Attlee, and Chiang Kai-shek issued the Potsdam ultimatum demanding Japan's unconditional surrender. Quigley notes its atomic threat was left unspecified and thus meaningless to the Japanese. ●●

1945 Atomic bombing of Hiroshima ai_extracted 2 cit. no story The first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima in August 1945. Quigley records the immediate and eventual death tolls under the mushroom cloud. ●●

1945 Japanese surrender signed on the Missouri ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Japan's final surrender was signed on 2 September 1945 aboard the battleship Missouri, ending the Second World War. ●●

1945 Atomic bomb secrets passed to the Soviet Union ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley states that by June 1945 the key information for making the bomb had already been passed to the Soviet Union through Klaus Fuchs and David Greenglass via Harry Gold and Anatoli Yakovlev. ●●

1945 Groves report names Japan as bomb target ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In a report of 23 April 1945, presented to Truman by Stimson, Groves stated that Japan had always been the intended target for the atomic bomb. ●●

1945 Quigley: nuclear stalemate rooted in two 1945 decisions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that the postwar stalemate of nuclear terror stems directly from two decisions made in 1945: to continue the bomb project after Germany's defeat and to use the bomb on Japan. ●●

1945 American atomic monopoly, 1945-1949 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates the American atomic monopoly from the Alamogordo test of July 1945 to the first Soviet atom bomb, 'Joe I,' in August 1949. ●●

1945 Free elections defeat Communists in Austria and Hungary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1945 Austria and Hungary held relatively free elections under Soviet occupation; both resulted in sharp defeats for the local Communist parties. ●●

1945 American Communist Party membership collapses ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By FBI figures cited by Quigley, U.S. Communist Party membership fell from about 75,000 in 1945 to 50,000 in 1950 and to only 3,000 by 1960. ●●

1945 Soviet extraction of wealth from eastern Europe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley estimates the Soviet Union extracted goods worth about $20 billion from eastern Europe in 1945-1946 through reparations and joint corporations. Satellite economies were subordinated to Russia's benefit. ●●

1945 Sino-Soviet Treaty of August 1945 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Sino-Soviet Treaty of August 14, 1945 secured Chiang Kai-shek's consent to the concessions made on his behalf by Churchill and Roosevelt at Yalta. Molotov's accompanying note promised Soviet support to the Nationalist government of China. ●●

1945 Truman requests admission of 100,000 Jews to Palestine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In August 1945 President Truman asked Britain to admit 100,000 European Jews into Palestine, but his repeated requests were refused. Large-scale efforts to smuggle refugees in led to quasi-warfare between Britain and Zionist groups. ●●

1945 1945 election removes the Milner Group from power in India ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The general election that ousted the Conservatives also, Quigley asserts, stripped the Milner Group of its influence over Indian policy just before independence. ●●

1945 Quigley: Helmuth von Moltke tied to the Milner Group ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the executed German resistance leader Helmuth von Moltke, head of the Kreisau Circle, was a member of the Milner Group, a connection he says was revealed in The Round Table after Moltke's death. ●●