Events, Verisoph

1945 1945 election ends the Milner Group's ascendancy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Labour's election victory jolted the Group's postwar plans and began its eclipse, after which its control of The Times, Chatham House, and Oxford was exercised without conviction. ●●

1945 Skinner rears his daughter in a box, 1945 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto references B.F. Skinner's practice of rearing his infant daughter in a closed container, described in the September 1945 Ladies Home Journal article 'Baby in a Box.' ●●

1945 Harrison sends the Trinity test cable ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Former New York Fed president George Harrison served on the Manhattan Project's Interim Committee. On July 16, 1945, after the first nuclear detonation in New Mexico, he authored the famous cable to Stimson and Truman at Potsdam. ●●

1945 Pierre Laval executed for treason ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After joining Vichy and collaborating with the Nazis, Pierre Laval was tried for treason after the war. Following a botched cyanide suicide attempt, he was executed by firing squad in October 1945. ●●

1945 policymakers used after 1945 to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story policymakers used after 1945 to justify employment of former Nazis and collaborators was the possibility—no, the imminence—of the outbreak of a new war between the United States and the USSR. ●●

1945 The actual balance of forces rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The actual balance of forces in Europe during the decade following 1945, however, meant that neither the United States nor the USSR was capable of unilaterally imposing its will on the other through military force alone. ●●

1945 Given that situation, President Harry candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Given that situation, President Harry Truman ordered a program of psychological warfare, covert operations, and intelligence gathering aimed at the USSR and its satellites that began as early as 1945 and significantly accelerated in the years that followed. ●●

1945 US Third Army captures Vlasov, hands him to Soviets ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Third Army in early May 1945. The Americans, operating under wartime orders to cooperate with the Red Army in POW matters, turned Vlasov over to the Russians shortly after his capture. There are several versions of how Vlasov passed from American into Soviet hands. ●●

1945 Food for the slaves at rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Food for the slaves at Nordhausen—never much in the first place —ran out altogether sometime in February 1945. But Dornberger’s orders for more missiles never stopped, and the labor battalions worked around the clock without nourishment. ●●

1945 Before the summer of 1945 candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Before the summer of 1945 was out, the United States and the USSR were publicly accusing each other of looting German scientific and industrial wealth in violation of their wartime agreements. ●●

1945 Army and Navy brought some rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Army and Navy brought some German scientists to this country as early as the summer of 1945. ●●

1945 As early as June 1945 rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story As early as June 1945 RCA chief David Sarnoff argues in a confidential letter to President Truman’s chief science adviser that “the security for any nation henceforth depends … to a very large extent on its place in the scientific sun. ●●

1945 National Academy of Sciences, for rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story National Academy of Sciences, for example, put forward in 1945 the rather surprising theory that its brethren’s wartime research for the Nazis had actually been a form of resistance against Hitler’s regime. ●●

1945 Between 1945 and 1955, 765 candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1945 and 1955, 765 scientists, engineers, and technicians were brought to the United States under Overcast, Paperclip, and two other similar programs. ●●

1945 , for debriefing in August rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , for debriefing in August 1945. By December Sibert had won permission to proceed “under his own authority” with financing and exploitation of the German’s espionage group. ●●

1945 ” By August 1945 new rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” By August 1945 new reports on Soviet land war tactics and the political commissar system within the Red Army had been completed. ●●

1945 For one thing, enlisting Gehlen rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For one thing, enlisting Gehlen was in itself a substantial escalation of the cold war that undermined what little hope was possible for East-West cooperation during the pivotal years of 1945 to 1948. ●●

1945 ”6 The crucial period of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”6 The crucial period of 1945 to 1948, when East-West relations moved from a wary peace to an intense political war, provides one case study of the damage that Gehlen’s intelligence and analysis could produce. ●●

1945 CROWCASS war-crimes registry launched ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The CROWCASS operation began in May 1945, following a call by General Dwight Eisenhower, then supreme Allied commander in Europe, for international cooperation in hunting and prosecuting war criminals. ●●

1945 ”*7 In mid-1945 the United rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”*7 In mid-1945 the United States seized the Luftwaffe center and transformed it into a holding tank for a number of the highest-ranking Nazis in captivity, including General Gehlen, Hermann Goering, Albert Speer, and Julius Streicher, as well as military leaders such as Field Marshal Albert Kesselr ●●

1945 But the majority of the rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story But the majority of the studies, even in 1945, were designed to produce information about the USSR, not Nazi Germany, and the authors of such studies were in many cases quietly let out of prison and placed on U. ●●

1945 Modern historians in Yugoslavia concede candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Modern historians in Yugoslavia concede that “tens of thousands” of Nazi collaborators were killed, often without trial, in that small country alone during 1945. ●●

1945 Thayer, as it turned out rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thayer, as it turned out, in 1945 became chief of the OSS in Austria. ●●

1945 Their 1945 reunion was warm rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Their 1945 reunion was warm and mutually profitable. Thayer regarded Herwarth as “an old friend who happened to be a captain in the German Army,” as he put it later, and used the power of his OSS office to intervene on the German’s behalf. ●●

1945 In case after case, a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In case after case, a clear continuity of personnel can be established, beginning with the Vatican refugee-smuggling networks in 1945, continuing into Intermarium, and winding up in a variety of CIA- financed political warfare projects during the early 1950s. ●●

1945 Barbie’s name, moreover, had been rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Barbie’s name, moreover, had been listed in the CROWCASS directories since 1945 as a suspect in the murder and torture of civilians. ●●

1945 Ukrainian SS division surrenders, interned at Rimini ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Ukrainian SS division surrendered to British troops in early 1945 and was interned at the Rimini POW camp north of Rome. Most of them were facing forced repatriation to the USSR under a clause of the Yalta agreements governing return of POWs who had been captured in enemy uniform. ●●

1945 Vanagis founded for Latvian SS veterans ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in this country as well. The Vanagis began as a self-help and welfare society for Latvian SS veterans in Germany in 1945; many of its leaders had been involved in Fascist activity ... ●●

1945 Arthur Bliss Lane, Joe McCarthy, and the rest of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arthur Bliss Lane, Joe McCarthy, and the rest of the liberationist stalwarts balked at the Bohlen nomination. Even Secretary of State Dulles was concerned about how Bohlen’s earlie... ●●

1945 He had profited during the war from the Nazi confiscation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He had profited during the war from the Nazi confiscation of Jewish property, then later from the defeat of Nazi Germany itself. Von Bolschwing enlisted as a CIC informer for the A... ●●

1945 “But they are mostly Jews.”25 At the end of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “But they are mostly Jews.”25 At the end of the war von Bolschwing abandoned his SS comrades to their fates as soon as it became profitable to do so. He began active —one might eve... ●●

1945 Strategy 1945–1950 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), p. ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Strategy 1945–1950 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), p. 173ff. ●●

1945 See also “General Situation Report No. 2, 15 July to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story See also “General Situation Report No. 2, 15 July to 1 September 1945,” Office of Strategic Services Mission for Germany (top secret), p. 5, for further details drawn from an inter... ●●

1945 FDR takes his fourth oath of office ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On January 20, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt took his fourth and final presidential oath of office, then traveled to Yalta to meet with Stalin and Churchill. This would be his last major diplomatic engagement. ●●

1945 Congress approves the Bretton Woods agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 20, 1945, Congress approved the Bretton Woods agreement establishing the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. Twenty-seven other Allied nations joined, though the Soviet Union notably did not. ●●

1945 Roosevelt dies and Truman becomes president ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 12, 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt died suddenly at his Warm Springs retreat in Georgia. His death ended the Roosevelt era in foreign policy and elevated Vice President Harry Truman to the presidency. ●●

1945 Aldrich Seeks to Establish Influence with Truman rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late June 1945, Chase chairman Winthrop Aldrich moved quickly to establish his influence with the newly-elevated President Truman. He proposed meetings regarding his role as president of the International Chamber of Commerce. ●●

1945 Truman authorizes atomic bombing of Japan ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On August 6, 1945, President Truman authorized dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, instantly killing approximately 70,000 people. Days later a second bomb destroyed Nagasaki, establishing American nuclear weapons dominance. ●●

1945 Ho Chi Minh proclaims Democratic Republic of Vietnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ho Chi Minh proclaims Democratic Republic of Vietnam ●●

1945 Arevalo delivers inaugural address in Guatemala ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his inaugural address, delivered to an expectant nation on March 15, 1945, Arévalo cited Roosevelt as his inspiration, and vowed to follow his exam (1945) ●●

1945 Franklin Roosevelt dies; Truman becomes president ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Franklin D. Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945. Vice President Harry Truman assumed the presidency with minimal briefing on nuclear weapons or Soviet intentions. ●●

1945 Joint Chiefs shelve Donovan's intelligence agency plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Military leadership rejected Donovan's intelligence proposal, fearing it would be too independent and powerful. ●●

1945 Truman dissolves the OSS and fires Donovan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Truman fired Donovan and ordered the OSS disbanded, believing the spy agency resembled a Gestapo. ●●

1945 Magruder keeps OSS operations alive under new name ai_extracted 1 cit. no story General Magruder reversed Truman's OSS decision by obtaining authorization to continue operations under a new name. ●●

1945 In 1945, Eric’s deputy had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1945, Eric’s deputy had interrogated a short, stocky lieutenant general named Fritz Bayerlein, who had been Rommel’s tank chief in North Africa.... ●●

1945 By his first night there (1945) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Writing to his pregnant wife from the prison camp, Alain suggested that if the child were a boy he should be named Eric, which in fact occurred. Later... ●●

1945 Robert Ley commits suicide before Nuremberg trial ai_extracted 1 cit. no story We might note two events of special Warburg interest. On October 25, 1945, Dr. Robert Ley, former Nazi nemesis of Max Warburg, committed suicide in hi... ●●

1945 CHAPTER 39––Our Aryan At the end of World War II (1945) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Max and Alice wanted Eric to make the sort of match that would have been suitable in Imperial Germany, but that seemed anachronistic in postwar New Yo... ●●

1945 As Eric began spending part of the year in Germany (1945) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the Warburgs began to challenge the legitimacy of the Aryanized name, Brinckmann must have felt rudely cheated of his miraculous gift. In the rubbl... ●●

1945 First Vintage Books Edition, January 1989 Copyright © rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataKennedy, Paul M., 1945-The rise and fall of the great powers.1. History, Modern. 2. ●●

1945 1945 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It is clear from the record that many of the scientists working on the A-bomb were acutely aware that they were reaching toward a watershed in the entire history of warfare, weapon... ●●

1945 1945 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For some years after 1945, it seems fair to assume that the American nuclear advantage helped to “balance out” the Russian preponderance in conventional forces. ●●

1945 1945 Diplomatic Agreement rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In turn, this had the effect of tying all three of the western “flank” Powers—the United States, Canada, and Britain—to permanent military obligations on the continent of Europe to... ●●

1945 1945 Military Campaign rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After 1945, Stalin permitted the construction of many more submarines, based upon superior German designs and probably to be employed in an extended coastal-defense role; but he al... ●●

1945 22. MAW. Letter from Josi Warburg, July 22 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 22. MAW. Letter from Josi Warburg, July 22, 1945. ●●

1945 3. MMW. EV, 1, letter from Eric to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3. MMW. EV, 1, letter from Eric to Bettina and Nina Warburg, June 13, 1945. ●●

1945 5. MMW. EV, 1, letter from Eric to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5. MMW. EV, 1, letter from Eric to Bettina and Nina Warburg, June 13, 1945. ●●

1945 Operation Paperclip brings the Nazi rocketeers to America 1 cit. The United States secretly recruits von Braun and hundreds of German scientists, whitewashing their Nazi records, to win the coming missile and space race. The man who bombed London for Hitler would soon build America's path to the Moon. science / war ●●●●

1945 Roosevelt and Truman establish postwar liberal order candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman extended and reinvented the liberal international project after WWII through institutions like UN and Bretton Woods ●●

1945 “Our social system is such,” he told a Senate committee in 1945, “that any publi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Our social system is such,” he told a Senate committee in 1945, “that any public figure [is] punch-drunk with printer’s ink. ●●

1945 COLD WAR SPHERES OF INFLUENCE In the years followi... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story COLD WAR SPHERES OF INFLUENCE In the years following 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union established spheres of influence in Europe. ●●

1945 the end of the Second World War in 1945, the Unite... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of the Second World War in 1945, the United States was so powerful (at one point about 35 percent of the world’s entire economic pr ●●

1945 And added what he took to be a clinching argument: “If we were successful in tim candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And added what he took to be a clinching argument: “If we were successful in time, we would shorten the war and thus save tens of thousands of American casualties.”1677 The second week in November Du Pont admitted the possibility of regular production by 1945 and accepted the assignment (limiting itself to a profit of one dollar to avoid arms-merchant stigma), but made its skepticism and reluctance clear. ●●

1945 Kurt Diebner of German Army Ordnance counted the full effect on German fission r rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kurt Diebner of German Army Ordnance counted the full effect on German fission research of the Vemork bombing and the sinking of the Hydro in a postwar interview: When one considers that right up to the end of the war, in 1945, there was virtually no increase in our heavy-water stocks in Germany . ●●

1945 Groves was enthusiastic enough at year’s end to report to George Marshall that h rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Groves was enthusiastic enough at year’s end to report to George Marshall that he expected to have eighteen 5-kilogram plutonium bombs on hand in the second half of 1945.2110 “Looks like a race,” Conant noted for his history file on January 6, 1945, “to see whether a fat man or a thin man will be dropped first and whether the month will be July, August or September.”2111 ●●

1945 17 The Evils of This Time The bombs James Bryant Conant speculated about early rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17 The Evils of This Time The bombs James Bryant Conant speculated about early in 1945 were crude designs of uncertain yield. ●●

1945 In February 1945 Kistiakowsky chose an explosive called Composition B to serve a candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1945 Kistiakowsky chose an explosive called Composition B to serve as the fast-burning component of Fat Man’s lenses and a mixture he had commissioned from a Navy research laboratory, Baratol, for the slow-burning component.2163 Composition B was poured as a hot slurry of wax, molten TNT and a non-melting crystalline powder, RDX, that was 40 percent more powerful than TNT alone. ●●

1945 Franklin Roosevelt’s Inaugural Address, January 20, 1945, in The Presidents Speak, annotated by Davi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Franklin Roosevelt’s Inaugural Address, January 20, 1945, in The Presidents Speak, annotated by Davis Newton Lott (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969), p. ●●

1945 Foreign Ministers’ Conferences (1945–46), 437–38, 446 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Foreign Ministers’ Conferences (1945–46), 437–38, 446 ●●

1945 Potsdam Conference (1945), 398, 433–37, 446, 494, 506 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Potsdam Conference (1945), 398, 433–37, 446, 494, 506 ●●

1945 Yalta Conference (1945), 371, 396, 410, 424, 426, 432, 434, 438, 494, 625 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yalta Conference (1945), 371, 396, 410, 424, 426, 432, 434, 438, 494, 625 ●●

1945 Nagoya firebombing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From Chapter 17 of The Making of the Atomic Bomb: Nagoya firebombing ●●

1945 Osaka firebombing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From Chapter 17 of The Making of the Atomic Bomb: Osaka firebombing ●●

1945 “Hiroshima was a city of considerable military importance. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Hiroshima was a city of considerable military importance. ●●

1945 was 54 percent, an extraordinary density of killing; by contrast, the death rate for the March 9 fir rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story was 54 percent, an extraordinary density of killing; by contrast, the death rate for the March 9 firebombing of Tokyo, 100,000 deaths among 1 million casualties, was only 10 percent. ●●

1945 Oak Ridge had produced enough U235 to allow a nearcritical assembly of pure metal without hydride di candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oak Ridge had produced enough U235 to allow a nearcritical assembly of pure metal without hydride dilution. ●●

1945 Oak Ridge ships bomb-grade U235 to Los Alamos ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oak Ridge began shipping bomb-grade U235 to Los Alamos. ●●

1945 he was greatly worried about the use and consequences of the atomic bomb. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story he was greatly worried about the use and consequences of the atomic bomb. ●●

1945 as Curtis LeMay’s bombers shuttled back and forth burning cities, Colonel Elmer E. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story as Curtis LeMay’s bombers shuttled back and forth burning cities, Colonel Elmer E. ●●

1945 that Groves and Oppenheimer at Trinity were preparing their first report of the tower shot’s success rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story that Groves and Oppenheimer at Trinity were preparing their first report of the tower shot’s success. ●●

1945 on one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata and Nagasaki. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story on one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata and Nagasaki. ●●

1945 Szilard petitions against using the atomic bomb ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in replying to Szilard about a petition Szilard was then circulating among Manhattan Project scientists protesting the bomb’s impending use: First of all let me say that I have no hope of clearing my conscience. ●●

1945 and 140,000 altogether across the next five years, a death rate like Hiroshima’s of 54 percent. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and 140,000 altogether across the next five years, a death rate like Hiroshima’s of 54 percent. ●●

1945 President Harry Truman welcomed the bomb as a substitute for Soviet entry into the Pacific war. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Harry Truman welcomed the bomb as a substitute for Soviet entry into the Pacific war. ●●

1945 quoted in Weart and Szilard (1978), p. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story quoted in Weart and Szilard (1978), p. ●●

1945 Hanford plutonium yields reach 90 percent candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chemical separation yields at Hanford reach 90 percent efficiency ●●

1945 Stimson bars Kyoto from atomic bomb targets ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Henry Stimson overrules military targeting committee to spare Kyoto as cultural and religious center ●●

1945 Joint Chiefs order Operation Olympic invasion of Kyushu ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Joint Chiefs of Staff issue Operation OLYMPIC directive with November 1 target date for invading southernmost Japanese home island ●●

1945 Interim Committee meets with the Scientific Panel ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Full Interim Committee convenes with Nobel laureate scientists to discuss atomic bomb implications ●●

1945 Enola Gay loaded with the Little Boy bomb ai_extracted 1 cit. no story B-29 bomber christened Enola Gay and loaded with world's first combat atomic bomb at Tinian Island ●●

1945 Enola Gay takes off for Hiroshima ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Enola Gay departs Tinian at 0245 hours August 6, 1945, bound for Hiroshima with atomic bomb ●●

1945 General LeMay confirms Hiroshima bombing mission for August 6 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Command officially confirms atomic bomb mission will proceed on August 6, 1945 ●●

1945 Bock's Car departs Tinian for Nagasaki ai_extracted 1 cit. no story B-29 Bock's Car carrying Fat Man atomic bomb departs Tinian at 0347 hours August 9 ●●

1945 1945: Felsenstein’s community-organizing streak and love for elect... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ing streak and love for electronics were instilled as a child in Philadelphia, where he was born in 1945. His father was a locomotive machinist who had become a sporadically employed commercial artist ●●

1945 1945: Wikipedia took the world another step closer to the vision p... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wikipedia took the world another step closer to the vision propounded by Vannevar Bush in his 1945 essay, “As We May Think,” which predicted, “Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready made ●●

1945 1945: ” 168 In his seminal 1945 essay “As We May Think,” Vannevar... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ages, determining who to link to and how, and that human element goes into it.” 168 In his seminal 1945 essay “As We May Think,” Vannevar Bush had set forth the challenge: “The summation of human expe ●●

1945 1945: George Stibitz (1904–95) circa 1945. Konrad Zuse (1910–95) with the Z4 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story George Stibitz (1904–95) circa 1945. Konrad Zuse (1910–95) with the Z4 computer in 19 ●●

1945 1945: Howard Aiken (1900–1973) at Harvard in 1945. John Mauchly (1907–80) ci rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Howard Aiken (1900–1973) at Harvard in 1945. John Mauchly (1907–80) circa 1945. J. Presper E ●●

1945 1945: produced the correct answer, they let out a shout. But it took more th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story produced the correct answer, they let out a shout. But it took more than another year, until November 1945, for ENIAC to be fully operational. At that ●●

1945 1945: ferreting out glitches as “debugging the machine.” By 1945, thanks lar rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ferreting out glitches as “debugging the machine.” By 1945, thanks largely to Hopper, the Harvard Mark I was the world’s most easily programmable big ●●