Events, Verisoph

1953 CIA and Britain plan Mossadeq's overthrow in Iran ai_extracted 2 cit. no story British intelligence chief met Dulles to plan overthrow of Iranian PM Mossadeq. CIA made policy by default without White House approval. ●●

1953 CIA warns NSC of communist threat in Indonesia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA submitted September 9, 1953 report to NSC warning Indonesia threatened by communism and recommending measures to topple Sukarno. ●●

1953 Dulles's first speech as Secretary of State ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Foster Dulles gave his first speech as Secretary of State on national television, unveiling a map showing Soviet-dominated territory. ●●

1953 Mossadegh appeals to Eisenhower over oil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Iranian PM Mossadegh sent a message to President Eisenhower seeking assistance in protecting Iran's oil nationalization. ●●

1953 British Intelligence Chief Arrives in Washington candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The newly appointed head of the British Secret Intelligence Service arrived in Washington to coordinate plans regarding Iran. ●●

1953 Execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Convicted atomic spies Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed, hardening Eisenhower's Cold War image. ●●

1953 House subcommittee questions Dulles on CIA operations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A House Appropriations Committee subcommittee summoned Allen Dulles in spring 1953 to question CIA covert operations. ●●

1953 Foster Dulles Adjusts Cold War Vision rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1953, Foster Dulles adjusted his vision to focus exclusively on Cold War confrontation following Churchill's iron curtain speech. ●●

1953 CIA Guatemala Coup Planning candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story From mid-1953 to mid-1954, Allen Dulles focused intensely on planning a covert operation to overthrow Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz. ●●

1953 Eisenhower Administration Foreign Policy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Eisenhower administration implemented aggressive foreign policy through CIA covert operations in 1953. ●●

1953 Press Describes Dulles Brothers Roles rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Press accounts in 1953 distinguished between Foster's conservative approach and Allen's activist role in foreign policy. ●●

1953 Morgan Stanley leads record GM debt issue ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Morgan Stanley presided over General Motors' record $300-million debt issue in 1953, demonstrating the firm's dominance in underwriting. ●●

1953 In addition (1953) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Warburg & Co. executives contend that no Brandeis, Goldschmidt files exist from before 1953. Paul Kohn-Speyer had effectively vetoed his son as a poss... ●●

1953 Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations is published, introducing his concept of paradigms and language-games. This work influences Kuhn's thinking about how scientific communities use exemplars and shared practices. ●●

1953 Church of Scientology incorporated in Los Angeles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the Church of Scientology was formally incorporated in Los Angeles. ●●

1953 Nixon parted company with the fathers of containment and chose a path reminiscent of Churchill, who rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nixon parted company with the fathers of containment and chose a path reminiscent of Churchill, who in 1953 had called for talks with Moscow after Stalin’s death. ●●

1953 6, Triumph and Tragedy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953), p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6, Triumph and Tragedy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953), p. ●●

1953 1953: Paul Allen (1953– ) and Bill Gates (1955– ) in the Lakeside ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paul Allen (1953– ) and Bill Gates (1955– ) in the Lakeside school’s computer room. Gates arrested for speeding, 1977. The Microsoft team, with Gates at bottom ●●

1953 1953: Paul Allen (1953– ) and Bill Gates (1955– ) in the Lakeside school’s c rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paul Allen (1953– ) and Bill Gates (1955– ) in the Lakeside school’s computer room. Gates arrested for speeding, 1977. The Microsof ●●

1953 Event of 1953 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story iction—essentially correct—was Wilsonian in the belief that at the end of the process democratic principles would prevail, that legitimacy would trump power. This belief is what Dean Acheson, the model and seminal Secretary of State to many of his su ●●

1953 Information history in 1953 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story n house. ” He urged more research and less exposition. ●●

1953 ONE 1953 If it’s that easy to create living organisms rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ONE 1953 If it’s that easy to create living organisms, why don’t you create a few yourself ●●

1953 —Nils Aall Barricelli, 1953 AT 10:38 P.M rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —Nils Aall Barricelli, 1953 AT 10:38 P.M ●●

1953 The year 1953 was one of frenzied preparations in between rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The year 1953 was one of frenzied preparations in between ●●

1953 conducted at the Nevada Test Site in 1953 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Of the eleven nuclear tests, yielding a total of 252 kilotons, conducted at the Nevada Test Site in 1953, most were concerned not with trying to make ●●

1953 “The total power dissipated in the main body of the machine rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The total power dissipated in the main body of the machine is approximately 19.5 kw,” it was reported in 1953 ●●

1953 one could experiment with entities which rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “If, instead of using living organisms, one could experiment with entities which, without any doubt could evolve exclusively by ‘mutations’ and select ●●

1953 Off!” is his last entry in the early morning of May 31 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Off!” is his last entry in the early morning of May 31, 1953 ●●

1953 “There are a number of offspring of the Princeton machine rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “There are a number of offspring of the Princeton machine, not all of them closely resembling the parent,” Willis Ware reported in March 1953 ●●

1953 George Gamow to Stan Ulam, July 20, 1953, SUAPS rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story George Gamow to Stan Ulam, July 20, 1953, SUAPS ●●

1953 9.2 as difference equations digital universe “artificially rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story deuterium, 1.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4 differential analyzer, 5.1, 5.2, 14.1 differential equations, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2 as difference equations digital ●●

1953 The digital universe in 1953 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The digital universe in 1953 ●●

1953 A 32-by-32 array of charged spots—serving as working memory rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A 32-by-32 array of charged spots—serving as working memory, not display—is visible on the face of a Williams cathode-ray storage tube (stage thirty-s ●●

1953 terminating at memory location 18,8 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Bigelow family) An IAS General Arithmetic Operating Log entry for March 4, 1953, notes “over to” a thermonuclear weapons design code, immediately af ●●

1953 Event of 1953 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1953, for instance, Alva Myrdal carefully selected a committee of scientists to consider whether differential fertility might cause a decline in th ●●

1953 ogical worth. In 1952, a dozen years after rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ogical worth. In 1952, a dozen years after the ERO’s closure, Clifford Frazier, an attorney in Greensboro, North Carolina, wrote offering to “bring my family data heretofore furnished up to date.” In 1953, James Brunn, a realtor in Kansas City, Missouri, wrote requesting information to help trace h ●●

1953 enlightened human genetics and became a destination for rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story enlightened human genetics and became a destination for the best genetic scientists in the world. In the summer of 1948, a visionary young geneticist named James Watson studied there. He returned in 1953 to give the first public presentation on the DNA double helix, which he had codiscovered with Fr ●●

1953 Mukherjee to State Health Ministers, November 10, 1965; “Proceedings” of meetings on “The Physiol... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mukherjee to State Health Ministers, November 10, 1965; “Proceedings” of meetings on “The Physiological Approach to Fertility Control,” September 18, 1952, FFA, 1953 General Correspondence, C-1165,... ●●

1953 On Indonesia, see Nielsen, “Draft Recommendations for Foundation Ac- tivity,” May 28, 1953, FFA, ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On Indonesia, see Nielsen, “Draft Recommendations for Foundation Ac- tivity,” May 28, 1953, FFA, 1953 General Correspondence, C-1165A, “Popula- tion.” On fellowships, see Docket Item, “The Populati... ●●

1953 McPeak to Osborn, June 16, 1958, FFA, 1953 Grant Files, PA 54–20, 436 n o t e s t o p a g e s 1 8... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story McPeak to Osborn, June 16, 1958, FFA, 1953 Grant Files, PA 54–20, 436 n o t e s t o p a g e s 1 8 6 – 1 8 9 ●●

1953 “The Population Council”; Carroll to Overseas Representatives, April 1, 1959, and Hill to Ensming... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The Population Council”; Carroll to Overseas Representatives, April 1, 1959, and Hill to Ensminger, April 15, 1959, both in FFA, 1953 Grant Files, PA59-482, “Government of India”; “Policy Paper: P... ●●

1953 Two: Years of Trial and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Two: Years of Trial and Hope, 1946-1953 (Great Britain, 1956), p ●●

1953 b) Luis Taruc, Born of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story b) Luis Taruc, Born of the People (New York, 1953, although completed in June 1949) pp ●●

1953 Korea 1945-1953: Was it all rejected ai_extracted 3 cit. no story Korea 1945-1953: Was it all that it appeared to be ●●

1953 Ramon Magsaysay elected Philippine president ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The high-point of this effort was the election to the presidency, in 1953,of Ramon Magsaysay, the cooperative former defense department head ●●

1953 (This prompt- ed a French rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (This prompt- ed a French newspaper to comment that “the Indochina War has become France’s number one dollar-earning export”.)!0 In November 1953, the omnipresent CIA airline, CAT, helped the French air force air- lift 16,000 men into a fortified bas ●●

1953 1949 - Kim Koo, Korean rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1949 - Kim Koo, Korean opposition leader 1950s - CIA/Neo-Nazi hit list of more than 200 political figures in West Germany to be “put out of the way” in the event of a Soviet invasion 1950s - Zhou Enlai, Prime minister of China, several attempts on hi ●●

1953 (Marshall was awarded the Nobel rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Marshall was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.) A daily series of direct short-wave broadcasts to Italy backed by the State Department and fea- turing prominent Americans ●●

1953 Chiang was “brutally pressured” by rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chiang was “brutally pressured” by the US to build up his troops on the islands beginning around 1953 as a demonstration of Washington’s new policy of “unleashing” him.24 The Chinese retaliated several times with heavy artillery attacks on Quemoy, on ●●

1953 Guatemala 1953-1954 American States, other rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Guatemala 1953-1954 American States, other countries individually, the world press, even the United States itself, in the desperate hope that it was all a big misunderstanding, that in the end, reason would prevail ●●

1953 Whatever actually lay behind the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Whatever actually lay behind the announcement, it is evident that very little reliance, if any, can be placed upon statements made by the South Korean government con- cerning the start of the war.4 46 Korea 1945-1953 There were, in fact, reports in ●●

1953 This story arose to explain rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This story arose to explain the fact that as many as 30 percent of American POWs had collaborated with the enemy in one way or D2 Korea 1945-1953 another, and “one man in every seven, or more than thirteen per cent, was guilty of serious collaborati ●●

1953 Dwight Eisenhower, The White House rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dwight Eisenhower, The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956 (New York, 1963) p ●●

1953 (See Western Europe chapter.) wy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (See Western Europe chapter.) wy Angenar Wes Making it safe for the King of Kings “So this is how we get rid of that madman Mossadegh,” announced John Foster Dulles to a group of top Washington policy makers one day in June 1953.1 The Secretary of St ●●

1953 Jozef Swiatlo defects to the West ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Swiatlo defected in December 1953, East European intelligence services came to realize that he had been working for the other side all along ●●

1953 Within days of taking office, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Within days of taking office, however, the Labour Party dashed these hopes.24 112 British Guiana 1953-1964 “Bowing to United States wishes,” the New York Times disclosed, the Labour Party “ruled out early independence for British Guiana” and was goi ●●

1953 A White House memorandum, prepared rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A White House memorandum, prepared after the 1953 election, reported that “Neither the Moscow war stick nor the American economic carrot was being visibly brandished over 119 ●●

1953 William Colby becomes CIA station chief in Italy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This is what I call techno-fascism.!5 William Colby, later Director of the CIA, arrived in Italy in 1953 as station chief and devoted the next five years of his life to financing and advising center/right organizations for the express purpose of indu ●●

1953 The Shah literally placed his rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Shah literally placed his country at the disposal of US military and intelli- gence organizations to be used as a cold-war weapon, a window and a door to the Soviet Union—electronic listening and radar posts were set up near the Soviet border; Am ●●

1953 76 Guatemala 1953-1954 At one rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 76 Guatemala 1953-1954 At one point, the CIA offerred Arbenz himself a large sum of money, which was reject- ed ●●

1953 Guevara, who had been living rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Guevara, who had been living in Guatemala since sometime in 1953, had tried to spark armed resistance to the invading forces, but without any success ●●

1953 Kermit had masterminded the overthrow rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kermit had masterminded the overthrow of the Iranian government in 1953 ●●

1953 British Guiana 1953-1964 The CIA’s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British Guiana 1953-1964 The CIA’s international labor mafia For a period of 11 years, two of the oldest democracies in the world, Great Britain and the United States, went to great lengths to prevent a democratically elected leader from occupying hi ●●

1953 _ New York Times, 20 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story _ New York Times, 20 August 1953, p ●●

1953 ile = We I BRITISH rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ile = We I BRITISH GUIANA 1953-1964Events of 1953: The Guardian (London), 28 December 1984, for a detailed description of the raw cynicism behind the British action, based on government documents released in 1984; see also The Times (London) 7 and 10 ●●

1953 Richards, Director, Office of Greek, Turkish and Iranian rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Richards, Director, Office of Greek, Turkish and Iranian Affairs, testimony 17 July 1953, before House Committee on Fore ●●

1953 Jack Sarfatti receives mysterious phone calls claiming to be from spacecraft rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jack Sarfatti claims to have received strange phone calls at home from someone claiming to speak from a spacecraft hovering over Earth, the voice of The Nine ●●

1953 Terman creates the Stanford Industrial Park ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Stanford dean Fred Terman establishes an industrial park on university land, drawing tech firms like Hewlett-Packard close to campus. ●●

1954 'Bravo' thermonuclear test at Bikini ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 1 March 1954 the U.S. exploded its first real thermonuclear bomb at Bikini, a triple-stage fission-fusion-fission device that spread radioactive contamination over more than 8,000 square miles of the Pacific. ●●

1954 Quigley: the Teller 'father of the H-bomb' myth ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that AEC secrecy under Strauss entrenched the false public belief that Teller fathered the H-bomb and had been held back by Soviet sympathizers, when the successful bomb followed a different design. ●●

1954 Dulles announces 'massive retaliation' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dulles publicly announced the doctrine of massive retaliation, meaning nuclear reprisal by strategic bombing, in a speech to the Council on Foreign Relations on 12 January 1954. ●●

1954 SEATO signed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization was signed in 1954 with eight members, part of Dulles's ring of pacts meant to serve as triggers for American retaliation around the Soviet bloc. ●●

1954 Oppenheimer security hearings ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oppenheimer's security clearance appeal was heard from 12 April to 6 May 1954, but the tribunal's use of secret data and the shifted burden of proof made the hearings unsatisfactory. ●●

1954 AEC ends Oppenheimer's clearance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following the hearing board's recommendation, the Atomic Energy Commission voted 4 to 1, with Henry Smyth dissenting, not to restore Robert Oppenheimer's security clearance, ending his career in government. ●●

1954 Secretary Wilson dismisses Soviet satellite race threat ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1954, three years before Sputnik, Defense Secretary Charles Wilson brushed off a journalist's question about the Soviets winning the satellite race. Quigley uses the exchange to illustrate the administration's neglect of missile development. ●●

1954 Khrushchev launches the 'virgin lands' scheme ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1954 Khrushchev proposed a radical plan to cultivate vast untilled grasslands in Asia to address chronic Soviet agricultural shortages. The scheme demanded enormous machinery and manpower and put responsibility for its success on Malenkov. ●●

1954 Fall of Dien Bien Phu ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Viet Minh on May 7, 1954, opening a bitter debate in the French Assembly. It brought down Premier Joseph Laniel's government, the eighteenth cabinet to fall since 1945. ●●

1954 Geneva settlement partitions Indochina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Indochinese settlement of July 20, 1954 was a compromise recognizing a Communist North Vietnam above the 17th parallel. The rest of Indochina remained as Laos, Cambodia, and South Vietnam, associated with the French Union. ●●

1954 SEATO founded at Manila ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 8, 1954, eight nations signed an agreement bringing Southeast Asia into Dulles's network of pacts, establishing SEATO. The members made no specific commitments but set up a council for cooperation and extended protection to Laos, South Vietnam, and Cambodia. ●●

1954 Iranian oil dispute settled by 1954 consortium ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Iranian oil dispute was resolved by a compromise in October 1954 that placed exploitation and marketing under an international consortium, with a 40 percent interest held by AIOC. Iran's oil income rose to about $250 million a year. ●●

1954 Nasser replaces Naguib as Egypt's prime minister ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A civilian prime minister was replaced by General Naguib, who in turn was replaced by Nasser as prime minister on February 25, 1954. Nasser later took the presidency as well, driven by his thirst for personal power. ●●

1954 US-Japan Mutual Defense Alliance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Mutual Defense Alliance with the United States, signed in March 1954, bound Japan to maintain a defense force of 275,000 men. Because this force conflicted with Article Nine of the constitution, the Socialists fought to keep enough seats to block amendment. ●●

1954 China publishes expansive border map, 1954 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates the start of Chinese border aggression to 1954, when Peking published a map showing China's frontier pushed deep into Tibet, India, and southeast Asia. ●●

1954 French Assembly rejects the EDC treaty, 1954 ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In August 1954 the Left and Right in the French Assembly joined to reject the European Defense Community treaty, killing the plan to merge German recruits into a European army. ●●

1954 Paris Treaties restore German sovereignty, 1954 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In December 1954 the French Assembly ratified the Paris Treaties. West Germany regained sovereign independence, gained the right to a national army, and became an equal member of NATO. ●●

1954 Hubbert introduces Peak Oil Theory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story M. King Hubbert introduced his Peak Oil Theory, that the earth was running out of oil, in 1954. Wood argues it became a foundation of the modern environmental and global-warming movements. ●●

1954 Harrison Brown publishes 'The Challenge of Man's Future' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Cal Tech scientist Harrison Brown's 1954 book The Challenge of Man's Future, which argued for world authority over population. Gatto reads it as expressing the attitude behind mass schooling. ●●

1954 Reece Commission investigates foundations, 1954 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes the 1954 Reece Commission, a second congressional investigation of foundation influence over schools that was forced to disband early. ●●

1954 Legacy of the 1954 Guatemala coup ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In the decades after the CIA's coup against Guatemala's elected president, 200,000 civilians died in the ensuing struggle. The great majority were killed by the Guatemalan military. ●●

1954 Vietnam partitioned at Geneva after Dien Bien Phu ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following Ho Chi Minh's defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu, an international conference in Geneva split Vietnam into North and South. Walter Bedell Smith represented the United States. ●●

1954 at Camp Kilmer in March 1954 is fairly typical. Of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story at Camp Kilmer in March 1954 is fairly typical. Of forty-four new enlistees processed that month, three admitted membership in the Wehrmacht between 1942 and 1945; another was a Ge... ●●

1954 *That is, male, age eighteen to thirty-four, unmarried, and physically rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story *That is, male, age eighteen to thirty-four, unmarried, and physically fit. *The past careers of the other recruits in the March 1954 enlistment are also worthy of note. Three were... ●●

1954 A good example of how this self-censorship worked—and the political rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A good example of how this self-censorship worked—and the political blowback it produced—may be found in the case of the Assembly of Captive European Nations (ACEN). The ACEN becam... ●●

1954 EUCOM Annual Narrative Report 1954 (secret), RG 338, NA, Suitland, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story EUCOM Annual Narrative Report 1954 (secret), RG 338, NA, Suitland, Md. EUCOM Annual Report 1954 (secret), Adjutant General’s Office Command, Report files 1949–1954, RG 407, NA, Sui... ●●

1954 Arms freighter Alfhelm docks at Puerto Barrios ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 15, 1954, a freighter called the Alfhelm docked at Puerto Barrios and workers began unloading crates labeled “Optical and Laboratory Equipment (1954) ●●

1954 Eisenhower commissions the Doolittle report on the CIA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1954, President Eisenhower secretly named James Doolittle, a celebrated air force general who had retired and become a Shell Oil executive, to cond (1954) ●●

1954 GUATEMALA IS A FAR SMALLER, WEAKER, AND MORE ISOLATED COUNTRY rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story GUATEMALA IS A FAR SMALLER, WEAKER, AND MORE ISOLATED COUNTRY THAN Iran, but the leader the United States imposed after the 1954 coup, Colonel Carlos (1954) ●●

1954 His refusal to negotiate at Geneva in 1954, based on rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His refusal to negotiate at Geneva in 1954, based on his mistaken view of world Communism, set the tragedy in motion (1954) ●●

1954 “Then came a series of jolts, starting with Iran in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Then came a series of jolts, starting with Iran in 1953, Guatemala in 1954, and Vietnam (1954) ●●

1954 We think of the days when gunboats ruled the world rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story We think of the days when gunboats ruled the world, when you landed Marines in somebody’s country: Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954, Dominican Republic in (1954) ●●