Events, Verisoph

1947 he was again paroled. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story he was again paroled. ●●

1947 The ending of the Cold War, sought by American policy through eight administrations of both politica rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The ending of the Cold War, sought by American policy through eight administrations of both political parties, was much as George Kennan had foreseen in 1947. ●●

1947 The Rio Treaty of 1947 and the Pact of Bogotá of 1948 provided a security component that was institu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Rio Treaty of 1947 and the Pact of Bogotá of 1948 provided a security component that was institutionalized in the Organization of American States. ●●

1947 account of his career, Speaking Frankly, narrates an entire chapter about Potsdam without once menti rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story account of his career, Speaking Frankly, narrates an entire chapter about Potsdam without once mentioning Stimson’s name, relegating his rival to a brief separate discussion of the decision to use the atomic bomb on Japan and awarding him there the d ●●

1947 memoir he recalled several: We feared that, if the Japanese were told that the bomb would be used o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story memoir he recalled several: We feared that, if the Japanese were told that the bomb would be used on a given locality, they might bring our boys who were prisoners of war to that area. ●●

1947 1947: iring a reconfiguration of its hardware or cables. However, this disti rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story iring a reconfiguration of its hardware or cables. However, this distinction was largely unnoticed, both then and in history, because the Mark I (and ●●

1947 1947: earch universities, and the military could afford. Instead the true bi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story earch universities, and the military could afford. Instead the true birth of the digital age, the era in which electronic devices became embedded in e ●●

1947 1947: ng and put it down on the same piece of germanium.” 23 When Brattain a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ng and put it down on the same piece of germanium.” 23 When Brattain and Bardeen tried it on the afternoon of Tuesday, December 16, 1947, something am ●●

1947 Event of 1947 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ded in Europe. The world of the emerging Cold War sought its balances in the conduct and armament of two superpowers: the United States across the Atlantic and the Soviet Union at the geographic fringes of Europe. America had helped restart the Europ ●●

1947 up; visitor at the IAS ECP in 1947; author of Programming fo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bernal’s Biomolecular Structure Group; visitor at the IAS ECP in 1947; author of Programming for an Automatic Digital Calculator (1958) ●●

1947 and upgraded with 100 words of magnetic-core memory in 1953 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Converted to serial, stored-program control in 1947, and upgraded with 100 words of magnetic-core memory in 1953, the ENIAC logged a total of 80,223 h ●●

1947 top and to flash a light or ring a bell.”41 Some 175 copies rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hence an order is needed which will tell the computer to stop and to flash a light or ring a bell.”41 Some 175 copies of the report were distributed ●●

1947 New Jersey—forty-two miles from Princeton—on March 19 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —Julian Bigelow, 1947 JULIAN HIMELY BIGELOW, the fourth of five siblings, was born in Nutley, New Jersey—forty-two miles from Princeton—on March 19, ●●

1947 By February 1947 the first seventeen families rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By February 1947 the first seventeen families, including the Bigelows, were occupying the new apartments, and more were moving in ●●

1947 “we have come to know many of our neighbors quite well rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Since we have been here,” Bigelow reported to Aydelotte, “we have come to know many of our neighbors quite well, not only those working in mathematic ●●

1947 been able to make an arithmetic unit that works when first p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I think that the fact that so many of us have been able to make an arithmetic unit that works when first plugged in and which requires no fussing, is ●●

1947 In 1947 most electronic devices were laid out in two dimensi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1947 most electronic devices were laid out in two dimensions, with components above a flat chassis and wiring below ●●

1947 Richtmyer proposes computer simulation of a fission bomb ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “In September of 1947 I proposed to Johnny von Neumann a rather grandiose plan for computer-simulation of the explosion of a fission bomb,” Richtmyer ●●

1947 progenitor of the RAND Corporation candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Air Force’s Project RAND (progenitor of the RAND Corporation), for whom von Neumann was consulting in Santa Monica, took it upon themselves, in April ●●

1947 Turing summarized the essence (and weakness) of this convolu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Turing summarized the essence (and weakness) of this convoluted argument in 1947, saying that “in other words then, if a machine is expected to be inf ●●

1947 Report written in August 1947, distributed March 27, 1958), rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Report written in August 1947, distributed March 27, 1958), p ●●

1947 Frank Aydelotte to John von Neumann, June 5, 1947, IAS rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frank Aydelotte to John von Neumann, June 5, 1947, IAS ●●

1947 Los Alamos, N.M: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, April 9, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John von Neumann to Robert Richtmyer, March 11, 1947, in Stanislaw Ulam, “Statistical Methods in Neutron Diffusion,” LAMS-551 (Los Alamos, N.M: Los Al ●●

1947 13; John von Neumann to Robert Richtmyer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 13; John von Neumann to Robert Richtmyer, March 11, 1947, in Ulam, “Statistical Methods in Neutron Diffusion,” p ●●

1947 “problem” (ENIAC, 1947) binary, ack.1, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “problem” (ENIAC, 1947) binary, ack.1, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 13.1, 18.1 digital vs ●●

1947 government.74 “Communism” was found to be in control, or a threat, fro... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story government.74 “Communism” was found to be in control, or a threat, from the time trade unions were allowed to organize in 1947, and Arbenz’s modest and effective land reform was the last straw.75 With ●●

1947 In 1947, the State Department noted that Ho had established himself as... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1947, the State Department noted that Ho had established himself as “the symbol of nationalism and the struggle for freedom to the overwhelming majority of the population.”28 By September 1948, the ●●

1947 Event of 1947 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frank Notestein shared Davey’s skepticism, but by November 1947 he was also becoming worried about the speed of mortality declines ●●

1947 Katzen-Ellenbogen tried for war crimes at Dachau ai_extracted 1 cit. no story f you are in any doubt that I am not guilty, convict me because I would have a chance then in higher court or any other place to defend myself in a way that I perhaps didn’t do here.”63 On August 14, 1947, in a Dachau barrack set up for war crimes trials, Katzen-Ellenbogen stood, somewhat disheveled ●●

1947 Allies indict Reich eugenics organization leaders ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ther they are constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials or private individuals.” American prosecutors at the subsequent Nuremberg Trials took their cue from the treaty.69 In early July of 1947, the Allies indicted the leaders of the Reich’s militarized eugenics umbrella organization, the ●●

1947 Japan adopts American-drafted postwar constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A genuine rule of law finally arrived in Japan with its defeat in the Pacific War and adoption of an American-drafted constitution in 1947 that has remained in force without amendment until the present day. ●●

1947 Alexandre Kojève, Introduction à la Lecture de Hegel (Paris: Gallimard, 1947) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alexandre Kojève, Introduction à la Lecture de Hegel (Paris: Gallimard, 1947). ●●

1947 Nationalist army massacres thousands of Taiwanese ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1992, the Taiwan government admitted that its army had killed an estimated 18,000 to 28,000 native-born Taiwanese in the 1947 massacre ●●

1947 225-30; William Hardy McNeill, The rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 225-30; William Hardy McNeill, The Greek Dilemma: War and Aftermath (US, 1947) passim ●●

1947 US intervenes in 1948 Italian elections ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Italy 1947-1948: Free elections, Hollywood style ●●

1947 The US Information Service presented rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The US Information Service presented an exhibition on “The Worker in America” and made extensive use of documentary and feature films to sell the 30 Italy 1947-1948 American way of life ●●

1947 The matter was particularly sensitive rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The matter was particularly sensitive because the CIA’s 1947 charter and Congress’s interpretation of it had traditionally limited the Agency’s domestic operations to information collection ●●

1947 By contrast, the Italian government candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By contrast, the Italian government prohibited sever- al of its own ambassadors abroad from returning home to campaign for the FDP, In his historic speech of 12 March 1947, which came to be known as “The TrumanDoctrine”, the president had proclaimed: ●●

1947 KILLING HOPE enon, of which rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story KILLING HOPE enon, of which the following are a sample: In September 1947, Vice-Prime Minister Constantine Tsaldaris agreed to the dissolu- tion of the government and the creation of a new ruling coalition ●●

1947 Greece 1947 to early 1950s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Greece 1947 to early 1950s themselves in positions of political power, predominant in the new Greek army and police; members of EAM/ELAS found themselves dead or in prison.+ In the early days of the world war, when defeating the Nazis was the Allies’ ●●

1947 Since 1947 the Greek army rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Since 1947 the Greek army and the American military aid group in Athens, numbering several hundred, have worked as part of the same team .. ●●

1947 Not until early 1947 did candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Not until early 1947 did the United States begin to withdraw some of its military forces, although aid and support to the Chiang government continued in one form or another long afterward ●●

1947 For a discussion of post-war rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For a discussion of post-war politics in South Korea see: a) Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945-1947 (Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1981) passim ●●

1947 Iran's Parliament rejects joint Soviet oil company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Iranian leader, moreover, had campaigned successfully against lingering Soviet occupation of northern Iran after World War II, and in October 1947 had led Parliament in its rejection of a government proposal that a joint Irano-Soviet oil company ●●

1947 225-30; William Hardy McNeill, The Greek Dilemma: War rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 225-30; William Hardy McNeill, The Greek Dilemma: War and Aftermath (US, 1947) passim ●●

1947 Congress passes the Taft-Hartley Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, the managers retained control over hiring, a prerogative that has never been seriously challenged since ●●

1947 The figures for the share of the 200 largest in manufacturing and mining assets... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The figures for the share of the 200 largest in manufacturing and mining assets are, for 1947, 44 ●●

1947 Aleister Crowley dies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda notes that Aleister Crowley died in 1947, after which the OTO was in disarray. ●●

1947 Bardeen and Brattain build the first transistor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Bell Labs, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain assemble a point-contact device from germanium and gold foil that can amplify current, the first transistor. ●●

c. 1 January 1947 Nuremberg Doctors Cite Buck v. Bell in Their Defense 1 cit. At the Doctors' Trial, defendants and defense counsel invoked Buck v. Bell and American sterilization law to argue that Nazi Germany's sterilization program had followed an accepted legal and scientific precedent set by the United States. The tribunal rejected the comparison to Nazi mass murder and forced experimentation, but the episode underscored how directly American eugenics law had shaped Nazi policy a decade earlier. diplomacy / politics / war ●●

1947 President of the Kenya African Union 1 cit. In 1947 Kenyatta became president of the Kenya African Union, the colony's leading African political body, succeeding James Gichuru. Under him the KAU pressed constitutional demands for land reform, African representation, and an end to the colour bar. Repeated colonial rejection of these moderate demands radicalised younger and landless members, opening a split between constitutional politics and those turning to direct action. politics ●●

January 1947 The Mombasa General Strike 5 cit. In January 1947 a general strike shut down Mombasa as dockworkers and thousands of other African labourers walked off the job over low pay and the rising cost of living. The stoppage paralyzed the colony's main port and forced wage concessions, showing the new power of organized African labour after the war. It marked the arrival of the militant, town-based worker as a force in colonial politics, distinct from and often ahead of the constitutional leadership of KAU. economy / politics / society ●●

c. 1947 The Forty Group is founded in Nairobi 6 cit. The Forty Group, Anake wa 40, took shape in Nairobi around 1947, with Mwangi Macharia named in several accounts as a founder. Its members were ex-soldiers, petty traders, taxi men and the unemployed of the city's African locations. Colonial officials and the settler press described it as a criminal gang, while nationalist accounts and later historians such as David Anderson and Frank Furedi describe it as an early organised militant wing of Kikuyu politics. politics / society ●●●

1947 Kibaki joins Mangu High School 1 cit. In 1947 Kibaki joined Holy Ghost College, later known as Mangu High School. Official accounts describe him as a standout student who passed six subjects with Grade 1 distinction in the 1950 Cambridge School Certificate examinations. Mangu made him part of the Catholic secondary-school elite that also produced Tom Mboya. religion / society ●●●

1947 Coffee boards and auctions centralize the crop before African entry expands 2 cit. Before African coffee expanded, the state had already built the coffee control machine: the Coffee Board in 1933, coffee auctions in the mid-1930s, and the Coffee Marketing Board in 1946-47. When African smallholders were later pushed into coffee, they entered an already centralized system of licensing, grading, warehousing, auction and payment. Cooperatives sat inside that machine. economy / politics ●●●

1948 Deconcentration program abandoned ai_extracted 1 cit. Of the 325 firms scheduled for dismantling in 1948, only 18 were actually split up, and the planned breakup of the five largest banks was abandoned, leaving the financial system unchanged from its wartime setup. ●●●

July 1948 Occupation restricts trade-based unions ai_extracted 1 cit. In July 1948, alarmed by communist influence over the labor movement, the U.S. occupation restricted the right to form trade-based unions and abolished civil servants' right to strike, after which wartime company unions were revived. ●●●

December 1948 Nine-Point Economic Stabilization Program ai_extracted 1 cit. In December 1948 Washington instructed SCAP to issue a Nine-Point Economic Stabilization Program recommending tighter monetary and fiscal policies for Japan. ●●●

9 December 1948 Genocide Convention 1 cit. Convention defining genocide as a crime under international law and obliging states to prevent and punish it, adopted in response to the Holocaust. It was the first human rights treaty of the United Nations era. diplomacy / politics / society ●●●●

10 December 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted 1 cit. The UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, setting out a common standard of rights for all peoples. It became a foundational document of the postwar international order. politics / society ●●●

1948 Truman defeats Dewey ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Truman's 1948 defeat of Dewey embittered Republican partisans and, Quigley argues, pushed them toward any weapon that could discredit the Democratic administration. ●●

1948 Break between Tito and Moscow ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moscow's efforts to dominate Yugoslavia alienated Tito, and by March 1948 a complete break between Belgrade and Moscow had been reached. ●●

1948 Communist coup in Czechoslovakia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1948 Gottwald threatened President Benes with civil war unless he dismissed non-Communist ministers; Benes yielded on 25 February 1948, completing the Communist takeover. ●●

1948 German currency reform of 1948 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the 1948 West German currency reform the fiscal miracle of the postwar world, sparking an explosion of industrial expansion and tying West Germany to the West. ●●

1948 Berlin blockade begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Using the West German currency reform as a pretext, the Soviets blockaded Berlin in extreme form from 24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949. ●●

1948 Italian election defeats the Communists ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 18 April 1948 Communist efforts to gain power in Italy were defeated in the first general election under the new Republican constitution, a turning point in postwar Italian history. ●●

1948 LeMay takes command of Strategic Air Command ai_extracted 1 cit. no story General Curtis LeMay took over the underfunded Strategic Air Command in October 1948 and rebuilt it into a force of high war readiness. ●●

1948 HUAC publicity launches Nixon and Mundt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes the House Committee on Un-American Activities gave its Republican members such publicity that it carried Mundt and Nixon to the Senate and Nixon toward the vice-presidency. ●●

1948 HUAC testimony times the 1948 election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story HUAC released its most sensational ex-Communist testimony in late summer 1948 to influence the November election, though Truman was elected anyway. ●●

1948 Quigley: Wallace's 1948 run destroyed U.S. Communism contested ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that Henry Wallace's third-party campaign, engineered with Michael Straight, drove Communists out of the unions and progressive movements, ending Communism as a U.S. political force by December 1948. ●●

1948 Communist research group's Marshall Plan attack ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A 'Communist research group' meeting at Frederick Vanderbilt Field's home drew up an attack on the Marshall Plan for Wallace, published in The New Republic on 12 January 1948. ●●

1948 Independence of Southeast Asian states ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Japanese collapse, colonial rule unraveled across Southeast Asia. Burma became independent in 1948, Indochina in 1949, Malaya in 1957, and Singapore in 1959. ●●

1948 Deaths of Gandhi and Jinnah after India's partition ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The partition of India before independence in 1947 unleashed mass violence, and the founders of both states died in 1948. Gandhi in India was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic and Jinnah in Pakistan died, leaving both new nations under new leaders. ●●

1948 State of Israel proclaimed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ben-Gurion proclaimed the state of Israel on May 14, 1948, and President Truman recognized it sixteen minutes later in a race to beat the Soviet Union. The proclamation came as the British mandate ended and Arab armies entered Palestine. ●●

1948 Western European integration begins, 1948 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates the integration of Western Europe to 1948, driven by Soviet aggression that culminated in the Prague coup and the Berlin blockade. ●●

1948 Re-founding of Israel ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The re-founding of Israel in 1948 was among the events prophecy writers pointed to as end-times markers. Wood cites it as part of the model The Late, Great Planet Earth used to read current events. ●●

1948 'The Proper Study of Mankind' published with foundation funding ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto points to the 1948 book The Proper Study of Mankind, funded by the Carnegie Corporation and the Russell Sage Foundation, as evidence of the belief that a society could be remade in about 15 years by conditioning the young. ●●

1948 B.F. Skinner publishes Walden Two, 1948 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto opens the chapter with B.F. Skinner's 1948 utopian novel Walden Two, which he treats as a blueprint for behavioral engineering of society. ●●

1948 Death of Harry Dexter White ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Named publicly as a Soviet agent by Whittaker Chambers, White testified before the House Committee on Un-American Activities. On August 16, 1948, three days after his testimony, he died of a heart attack at 56. ●●

1948 Year 1948: In 1948 he served as the foreign policy adviser to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1948 he served as the foreign policy adviser to the Republican presidential candidate, Governor Thomas Dewey of New York. Many assumed that he would become secretary of state wh... ●●

1948 14 Then, in February 1948 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 14 Then, in February 1948, two important events took place. ●●

1948 “For many months, based on rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “For many months, based on logical analysis, I have felt and held that war [with the Soviets] was unlikely for at least ten years,” Clay cabled to Washington on March 5, 1948. ●●

1948 ”*20 Gehlen’s role in the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”*20 Gehlen’s role in the 1948 crisis was one of the first—and still one of the most important—examples of blowback created by the Nazi utilization programs. His seemingly authoritative intelligence reports played a very real role in shaping U. ●●

1948 CROWCASS suspends operations after 85,000 reports ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the time it suspended operations in 1948, CROWCASS had processed 85,000 wanted reports, transmitted 130,000 detention reports to investigative teams from a dozen countries, and published a total of 40 book-length registries of persons being sought for crimes against humanity—probably the most ext ●●

1948 The Italian elections of early candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Italian elections of early 1948 marked another important milestone in the development of U. ●●

1948 Washington alarm over 1948 Italian Communist gains ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Italian Communist party was favored to score heavily in the 1948 elections, and many analysts said that the party might democratically win control of the country’s government. This prospect created such alarm in Washington that George Kennan—by then the foremost long- range strategist for the U. ●●

1948 The CIA was a young rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The CIA was a young organization in those days and was primarily limited (until June 1948) to simple information gathering and analysis. Therefore, much of this campaign was handled on an ad hoc basis out of the offices of Allen and John Foster Dulles at the Sullivan & Cromwell law firm in New York. ●●

1948 *22 Walter Rauff was still rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story *22 Walter Rauff was still hiding in the “convents of the Holy See,” as he put it, when the CIA provided his sponsor Monsignor Bicchierai with enough money to buy Jeeps, bedding, and guns for an underground squadron of some 300 anti-Communist Italian youths for use during the 1948 elections. ●●

1948 Kennan gains oversight of US clandestine operations ai_extracted 7 cit. no story By the summer of 1948 Truman and Marshall had delegated personal responsibility for political oversight of all peacetime clandestine operations to George Kennan, according to a later Senate investigation of U. ●●

1948 government increasingly accepted the exiles’ candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story government increasingly accepted the exiles’ organizations as legitimate and began to pour substantial amounts of money into them—at least $5 million in 1948 alone, and probably considerably more. The spring and summer of 1948 were a period of extraordinary activity in U. ●●

1948 ”8 In September 1948 a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”8 In September 1948 a new Joint Chiefs order amplified the plan. “A psychological offensive to subvert the Red Army is considered a primary objective,” it states. “This type of offensive, as attempted by the German Army in World War II, was known as the ‘Vlasov Movement. ●●

1948 NSC 10/2 authorizes CIA covert warfare ai_extracted 1 cit. no story covert warfare plans in a June 1948 decision known in national security parlance as NSC 10/2 (“NSC ten-slash-two”). The decision marked a crucial turning point in the history of U. ●●

1948 Third, they had to have rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Third, they had to have entered the United States between June 1948, when the program was approved, and mid-1950, when changes in U. ●●

1948 ” *Alexander’s highly publicized activities rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” *Alexander’s highly publicized activities during 1948 are another indication that Bloodstone was geared to bring in Nazi collaborators, not Communists. ●●

1948 Free Europe committee becomes CIA emigre funding pipeline ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Beginning as early as 1948 and picking up speed in the decade that followed, the National Committee for a Free Europe and its sister project, the American Committee for Liberation from Bolshevism, became the single most important pipeline through which the CIA passed money for émigré leaders. ●●

1948 The NCFE announced that it rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The NCFE announced that it had obtained the “Document” from “a former Baltic cabinet minister, favorably known to us,” who in turn had gotten it from a Ukrainian refugee, who in turn had “found it on the body of a dead NKVD officer” in Poland in 1948. ●●

1948 General Lucius Clay's 1948 war scare ai_extracted 1 cit. no story General Lucius Clay’s war scare of early 1948, together with the deepening cold war, convinced many Americans in and out of government that there was at least an even chance of an all-out U. ●●

1948 Secondly, at least one key rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Secondly, at least one key Bloodstone official, Boris Pash, was active in Bloodstone’s early phases in mid-1948, then became chief of the OPC office responsible for planning paramilitary operations, assassinations, and kidnappings at about the time that control of “politico-psychological” and parami ●●

1948 By mid- 1948 his “Liberation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By mid- 1948 his “Liberation Council” was receiving a substantial income from American sources, probably through army intelligence. His handlers liked him; his “political standpoint is positive,” reported the CIC in a study of personalities recommended for a Ukrainian government in exile —”i. ●●

1948 Perhaps worst of all, the candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Perhaps worst of all, the OUN had undergone another factional split during the summer of 1948, and some of his erstwhile comrades, men who knew his habits, hideouts, and contacts, were now after him as well. ●●