Events, Verisoph

1957 Year 1957: His influence did not diminish after his father’s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His influence did not diminish after his father’s fall, and in 1957 he married the Shah’s eldest daughter, Princess Shahnaz. Wary of his growing power, the Shah sent him off to gol... ●●

1957 5. “Set Up Is Revised at Anti-Red Radio,” New York rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5. “Set Up Is Revised at Anti-Red Radio,” New York Times, April 29, 1957, p. 6. ●●

1957 On the evening of July 27, 1957, as he walked candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the evening of July 27, 1957, as he walked down a corridor toward dinner at his official residence, he was shot dead (1957) ●●

1957 Indonesia Crisis Threatens Foreign Policy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1957, the Indonesia situation threatened American foreign policy as the CIA-backed rebellion faltered. ●●

1957 By 1957, Siegmund had crafted rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1957, Siegmund had crafted the splendid fighting machine that would soon dominate London finance, but he still had second-rate clients. He now ran... ●●

1957 In 1957 a member bank rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1957 a member bank came up for sale for the first time in fifty years. Although the least prestigious member, Seligman Brothers provided the... ●●

1957 When the merger took place candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the merger took place in May 1957, S. G. ●●

1957 Spira trained as a chartered rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Spira trained as a chartered accountant, joining the firm in 1957. Spira was a nonobservant Jew with a Jewish wife. ●●

1957 17. WW. Series III. B19 F139. Letter to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17. WW. Series III. B19 F139. Letter to Siegmund G. Warburg, August 29, 1957. ●●

1957 Reagan retells Hall's tale at Eureka College ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ronald Reagan, then a corporate spokesman for General Electric, spoke at a commencement address at his alma mater, Eureka College in Illinois, retelling Manly Hall's tale of the unknown speaker at the Declaration of Independence signing without attribution. ●●

1957 James Reston reports on television effects rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story James Reston publishes article about mouse attacking girl and cat after watching television, illustrating changing effects of new media ●●

1957 Soviet Union launches Sputnik satellite ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In October 1957, the Soviets launched Sputnik, an artificial satellite, into an earth orbit. Khrushchev interpreted this accomplishment as proof that the Soviet Union was outstripping the democracies in the scientific as well as the military field. ●●

1957 1957: He finally was hired in 1957 to work on magnetic storage sys... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story his planet, which made it difficult for him to get funding for his project. He finally was hired in 1957 to work on magnetic storage systems at the Stanford Research Institute, an independent nonprofi ●●

1957 1957: eaving his owner humiliated in front of the staff. Thus Beckman was at rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story eaving his owner humiliated in front of the staff. Thus Beckman was attentive when he was called in May 1957 by Gordon Moore, who had been tapped by o ●●

1957 1957: right people at the right place at the right time. The demand for tran rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story right people at the right place at the right time. The demand for transistors was growing because of the pocket radios that Pat Haggerty had launched ●●

1957 1957: CHAPTER FIVE THE MICROCHIP In a paper written to celebrate the tenth a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER FIVE THE MICROCHIP In a paper written to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the transistor, published in 1957 just when Fairchild Semiconducto ●●

1957 1957: 100 percent sure would succeed,” he later claimed. 31 When he had soug rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 100 percent sure would succeed,” he later claimed. 31 When he had sought a home for the traitorous eight in 1957, he pulled out a single piece of lega ●●

1957 1957: , Licklider became even more focused on computers. That led him in 195 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , Licklider became even more focused on computers. That led him in 1957 to sign on with the fledgling Cambridge-based firm of Bolt, Beranek and Newman ●●

1957 1957: Bush’s vision. It also had a more proximate cause. On October 4, 1957, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bush’s vision. It also had a more proximate cause. On October 4, 1957, the Russians launched Sputnik , the first man-made satellite. The connection th ●●

1957 1957: difficult for him to get funding for his project. He finally was hired rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story difficult for him to get funding for his project. He finally was hired in 1957 to work on magnetic storage systems at the Stanford Research Institute, ●●

1957 Information history in 1957 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ids. ” It was Seymour Benzer, said Stent, who established that definitively. ●●

1957 “Institute for Advanced Study Electronic Computer Project Mo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Institute for Advanced Study Electronic Computer Project Monthly Progress Report, January 1957,” p ●●

1957 Event of 1957 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gamble decided to go his own way and, in 1957, created a new organization: the Pathfinder Fund ●●

1957 from Geneva conference in 1927 to 1957,” MSP, Smith College Collec- tions, UPA, reel 70, frames 2... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story from Geneva conference in 1927 to 1957,” MSP, Smith College Collec- tions, UPA, reel 70, frames 270, 330, 335. ●●

1957 Osborn, “Talk with Father William Gibbons,” No- vember 16, 1956; “Concluding Statement by Chairma... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Osborn, “Talk with Father William Gibbons,” No- vember 16, 1956; “Concluding Statement by Chairman,” April 4, 1957; and Osborn to members of Ad Hoc committee, April 15, 1957; all in RAC, Population... ●●

1957 On Indonesia, see Nielsen, “Draft Recommendations for Foundation Ac- tivity,” May 28, 1953, FFA, ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On Indonesia, see Nielsen, “Draft Recommendations for Foundation Ac- tivity,” May 28, 1953, FFA, 1953 General Correspondence, C-1165A, “Popula- tion.” On fellowships, see Docket Item, “The Populati... ●●

1957 Osborn to Houghton, March 7, 1957, CMAC, C. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Osborn to Houghton, March 7, 1957, CMAC, C. ●●

1957 1957, UKNA, CO/859/1026; Begum Saida Waheed, “Report of the Family Planning Association of Pakist... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1957, UKNA, CO/859/1026; Begum Saida Waheed, “Report of the Family Planning Association of Pakistan,” in Sixth International Conference on Planned Parenthood, 363; Marshall C. ●●

1957 Martial law declared across Indonesia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the first general elections in 1955, Sukarno began an attack on parliamentary democracy as such, and with the outbreak of ethnic rebellions on the outer islands, martial law was declared in March 1957. ●●

1957 Syria 1956-1957: Purchasing a new rejected ai_extracted 3 cit. no story Syria 1956-1957: Purchasing a new government ●●

1957 The idea was abandoned “for candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The idea was abandoned “for pragmatic considerations rather than moral scruples.”32 After Magsaysay died in a plane crash in 1957, various other Filipino politicians and parties were sought out by the CIA as clients, or offered themselves as such ●●

1957 CIA funds Chamoun's candidates in Lebanese elections ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and in 1957 the Agency furnished generous sums of money to Chamoun to use in support of candidates in the Chamber of Deputies (Parliament) June elections who would 94 Middle East 1957-1958 back him and, presumably, US policies ●●

1957 | could find no clue rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story | could find no clue as to what the Masjumi did with the million dollars.” 10 In 1957, the CIA decided that the situation called for more direct action ●●

1957 South Vietnam mandates national ID cards ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the terms of a 1957 law, drawn up by the MSU group, every Vietnamese 15 years and older was required to register with the government and carry ID cards ●●

1957 “I fore-see perfectly well,” he rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I fore-see perfectly well,” he said at one time, “the collapse of an independent and neutral Cambodia after the complete triumph of Communism in Laos and South Vietnam.”4 In May 1957, a National Security Council (NSC) paper acknowledged that “the Un ●●

1957 Middle East 1957-1958 the CIA candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Middle East 1957-1958 the CIA (see Iran chapter), later disclosed some of the background: The US Embassy in Syria connived at false reports issued in Washington and London through diplomatic and press channels to the effect that Russian arms were pou ●●

1957 Pathet Lao join Laos coalition government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1957 the Pathet Lao (“Lao nation”) held two ministerial posts in the coalition “gov- ernment of national union” ●●

1957 !4 In the same issue, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story !4 In the same issue, a Times editorial speculated upon other plausible-sounding explana-tions.!> Neither in its news report nor in its editorial did the New York Times seem to con- 88 Syria 1956-1957 sider even the possibility that the Syrian accus ●●

1957 Accordingly, during their stay they rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Accordingly, during their stay they were taken to Baltimore’s shabby sex district to indulge themselves.!8 The Special Group’s approval of the political action mission was forthcoming in November 1957,!9 and the CIA’s paramilitary machine was put int ●●

1958 Establishment of the French Fifth Republic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France could not contribute much to the Common Market until its political instability ended with the establishment of the more authoritarian Fifth Republic in 1958. ●●

1958 Khrushchev becomes premier ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In spring 1958, after elections for the new Supreme Soviet on March 28th, Bulganin resigned as premier and was replaced by Khrushchev. This left Khrushchev as complete ruler, head of both state and party. ●●

1958 Ayub Khan establishes martial law in Pakistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1958 martial law was imposed in Pakistan and commander in chief General Muhammad Ayub Khan became president and quasi-dictator. Under military rule Pakistan pursued land reform and a second Five-Year Plan. ●●

1958 American forces land in Lebanon unproven ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To prevent a threatened overthrow of the Lebanese government, American forces landed in Lebanon during July 15-17, 1958. In the same week a UN commission on the spot reported no evidence of outside subversion of Lebanon. ●●

1958 Iraqi military revolt under Qassim ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A military revolt in Iraq in July 1958, led by General Abdul Karim Qassim, overthrew the monarchy on a pro-Communist and anti-Nasser basis. Qassim's regime lasted until it was overthrown in a bloody upheaval in February 1963. ●●

1958 Nuclear test moratorium begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Kremlin entered an unofficial international suspension of nuclear-bomb testing, the Test Moratorium, from October 31, 1958 to October 23, 1961. It coincided with a period of Soviet self-confidence over the supposed missile gap. ●●

1958 Khrushchev's Berlin ultimatum ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 27, 1958 Khrushchev sent a note demanding settlement of the Berlin problem, threatening that within six months the USSR would sign a separate peace with East Germany and hand over its Berlin rights. This began a process that led to the Cuban missile crisis. ●●

1958 China's 'Great Leap Forward' begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 'Great Leap Forward' of 1958, the first year of the Second Five-Year Plan, brought China's population-food crisis to an acute stage. Its central feature merged collective farms into vast communes, but it drastically reduced agricultural output. ●●

1958 China's 1958 grain crop overstated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley recounts the collapse of Chinese grain output during the Great Leap Forward. The official 1958 estimate of over 300 million tons was later cut to less than 250 million, and probably under 200 million. ●●

1958 Birth of the French Fifth Republic, 1958 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Algerian crisis brought De Gaulle back to power in 1958, ending the Fourth Republic and creating the Fifth Republic, whose constitution Quigley says was tailored to De Gaulle's despotic ambiguity. ●●

1958 Guinea rejects the French Community, 1958 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1958 Sekou Toure led Guinea to vote against the new French constitution. De Gaulle instantly ejected Guinea from the Community and cut off its support, opening Africa to Soviet penetration. ●●

1958 Britain forms EFTA after Free Trade Area collapses, 1958 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When France and West Germany broke off the Free Trade Area talks in December 1958, Britain was left out of the EEC and responded by forming the European Free Trade Association. ●●

1958 CIA calls off its Indonesia operation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After pilot Al Pope was shot down over Ambon, the CIA abandoned its covert war against President Sukarno. Allen Dulles ordered his officers across the region to stand down and destroy the evidence. ●●

1958 Frank Wisner's mental breakdown ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frank Wisner, the CIA's covert-operations chief, returned from the Far East and suffered a severe psychotic episode. He was diagnosed with psychotic mania and treated with electroshock. ●●

1958 ACEN Lobbying Activity: ACEN to Senator John F. Kennedy, March rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ACEN Lobbying Activity: ACEN to Senator John F. Kennedy, March 3, 1958; ACEN to John F. Kennedy, March 17, 1958; Kennedy reply, April 24, 1958; ACEN to John F. Kennedy, July 1, 196... ●●

1958 John Foster Dulles retires and dies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Secretary of State Dulles fell ill, retired, and died in 1958 (1958) ●●

1958 Foster Dulles Family Trip rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1958, Foster Dulles's wife Janet traveled to England to visit their son Avery while Foster conducted diplomatic business in Berlin. ●●

1958 Lebanon crisis of 1958 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A crisis in Lebanon in 1958 followed misleading public statements by Eisenhower and Foster Dulles about American involvement. ●●

1958 The prevailing attitude was summed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The prevailing attitude was summed up in a letter Freddy wrote Eric in 1958, “We have been very busy with Siegmund’s ventures in Europe but now that... ●●

1958 One day in 1958, Freddy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One day in 1958, Freddy dredged up this ancient history and threw it in Siegmund’s face. To make matters worse, he cited Eric as its source—Eric who... ●●

1958 — In November 1958, the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story — In November 1958, the Reynolds/Tube group twice visited the posh BA headquarters on St. James’s Square and informed Lord Portal of their stake. ●●

1958 He called Barings the “finest rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He called Barings the “finest of all the City houses” and said its senior partner, Sir Edward Reid, “went out of his way to indicate sympathy and... ●●

1958 24. Leo Baeck Institute Year Book III, 1958 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 24. Leo Baeck Institute Year Book III, 1958, p. 296. ●●

1958 18. Sir William Wiseman Papers. Series III. B19 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 18. Sir William Wiseman Papers. Series III. B19. F143. Note for Sir William Wiseman et al. from Siegmund G. Warburg, September 20, 1958; and letter from Siegmund Warburg to Sir William Wiseman, Septem ●●

1958 The Suez Crisis 22 Hungary: Upheaval in the Empire... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story : The Suez Crisis 22 Hungary: Upheaval in the Empire 23 Khrushchev’s Ultimatum: The Berlin Crisis 1958–63 24 Concepts of Western Unity: Macmillan, de ●●

1958 Khrushchev issues the Berlin Ultimatum ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 27, 1958, Khrushchev sent formal notes to the United States, Great Britain, and France declaring the Four-Power Agreement on Berlin null and void and insisting that West Berlin be transformed into a demilitarized free city, with a six-month ultimatum for agreement. ●●

1958 Khrushchev speaks to Seventh Congress of Bulgarian Communist Party on economic superiority rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 4, 1958, Khrushchev told the Seventh Congress of the Bulgarian Communist Party that he was firmly convinced the time was approaching when socialist countries would outstrip the most developed capitalist countries in volume of industrial production. ●●

1958 Khrushchev issues the Berlin ultimatum ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 10, 1958, Khrushchev delivered a speech demanding an end to Berlin's four-power status and warning that the Soviet Union intended to turn control of its access over to the East German satellite, threatening a fundamental shift in Berlin's international status. ●●

1958 1958: Born in 1958 and raised in Hawaii, with a placid temperament... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Born in 1958 and raised in Hawaii, with a placid temperament that made it seem as if he had been nurtured by dolphins, Steve Case had a pacific façade. Called ●●

1958 1958: ” The phrases were reminiscent of those used in its 1958 sto... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story speak, listen, navigate, manipulate and control.” The phrases were reminiscent of those used in its 1958 story on the Perceptron (“will be able to walk, talk, see, write, reproduce itself and be consc ●●

1958 1958: alized that he needed to work at a bigger company. Weighing a variety rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story alized that he needed to work at a bigger company. Weighing a variety of offers, he decided in the summer of 1958 to join Texas Instruments, where he ●●

1958 1958: n devised by an outside engineer named Ralph Baer. He could not claim rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story n devised by an outside engineer named Ralph Baer. He could not claim to have invented the concept; its roots went back at least to 1958, when William ●●

1958 1958: appointed him to be his full-time science advisor. 28 Together with th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story appointed him to be his full-time science advisor. 28 Together with the defense secretary, Killian worked out a plan, announced in January 1958, to pu ●●

1958 1958: here should be a “D” for “Defense” in the acronym. The agency was crea rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story here should be a “D” for “Defense” in the acronym. The agency was created in 1958 as ARPA. It was renamed DARPA in 1972, then reverted to AR ●●

1958 1958: Born in 1958 and raised in Hawaii, with a placid temperament that made rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Born in 1958 and raised in Hawaii, with a placid temperament that made it seem as if he had been nurtured by dolphins, Steve Case had a pacific façade ●●

1958 1958: , speak, listen, navigate, manipulate and control.” The phrases were r rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , speak, listen, navigate, manipulate and control.” The phrases were reminiscent of those used in its 1958 story on the Perceptron (“will be able to w ●●

1958 1958,” in Mao Papers: Anthology and Bibliography, ed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rd, 1872), 52–53. Though emerging as one of the victorious: See Rana Mitter, Forgotten Ally: China’s World War II, 1937–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013). “The cycle, which is endless”: “Sixty Points on Working Methods—a Draft Resolution ●●

1958 Egypt and Syria form the United Arab Republic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story on with contemporary international order was taking shape. Some of the more ambitious rulers such as Nasser and Saddam Hussein attempted to enlarge their territorial reach—either through force or by means of demagogic appeals to Arab unity. The short ●●

1958 Information history in 1958 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ame invisible. Donald Broadbent, an English experimental psychologist exploring issues of attention and short-term memory, wrote of one experiment in 1958: “The difference between a description of the ●●

1958 “one can divine the germ of von Neumann’s future interest in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his axiomatization of set theory, “one can divine the germ of von Neumann’s future interest in computing machines,” says Ulam, speaking with hindsi ●●

1958 3, part 2 (May 1958): 1 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3, part 2 (May 1958): 1 ●●

1958 Leonard Carmichael, June 11, 1958, IAS rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Leonard Carmichael, June 11, 1958, IAS ●●

1958 Event of 1958 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The population of Hong Kong, for instance, had swelled with a million migrants both legal and illegal between 1946 and 1958 ●●

1958 al Society of Vienna, and the Japanese Society rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story al Society of Vienna, and the Japanese Society for Human Genetics.18 A later president of the American Society of Human Genetics, Kurt Hirschhorn, remembered his own encounter with Verschuer in about 1958. An Austrian Jew, Hirschhorn had come to the United States as a refugee during the Hitler era. ●●

1958 NSC meeting, December 3, 1958, Dwight D. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story NSC meeting, December 3, 1958, Dwight D. ●●

1958 McPeak to Osborn, June 16, 1958, FFA, 1953 Grant Files, PA 54–20, 436 n o t e s t o p a g e s 1 8... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story McPeak to Osborn, June 16, 1958, FFA, 1953 Grant Files, PA 54–20, 436 n o t e s t o p a g e s 1 8 6 – 1 8 9 ●●

1958 McGouldrick has written an excellent set of “Notes on Cotton Textile Records at... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story McGouldrick has written an excellent set of “Notes on Cotton Textile Records at the Baker Library,” dated December 26, 1958, a script of which is kept by the director of the Manuscript Division at Baker ●●

1958 Rosenblatt builds the Perceptron neural network ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cornell professor Frank Rosenblatt built a mathematical model of an artificial neural network he called a Perceptron. ●●

1958 Kilby conceives the monolithic integrated circuit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Working alone during Texas Instruments' company-wide vacation, Jack Kilby sketches the idea of building multiple circuit components on one piece of silicon. ●●

1958 Kilby demonstrates the first microchip ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kilby demonstrates a working oscillator built on a single sliver of silicon before Texas Instruments executives. ●●

1958 Pentagon creates ARPA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Spurred by Sputnik, Eisenhower's administration establishes the Advanced Research Projects Agency inside the Pentagon. ●●

1958 Referendum ratifies French Fifth Republic in Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Each African territory of the French Community voted separately on the new French constitution, a vote Nkrumah says completed the dismantling of the West and Equatorial African federations. ●●

1959 J. P. Morgan and Company disappears into Guaranty Trust ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces the decline of the House of Morgan from a partnership founded in 1861 to incorporation in 1940 and its final absorption into the Guaranty Trust Company in 1959. ●●

1959 Khrushchev visits the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Khrushchev's visit to the United States on September 15-17, 1959 marked a turning point in Soviet-American relations. Impressed despite himself by American prosperity, he revoked his six-month Berlin deadline at Camp David. ●●

1959 Castro marches into Havana ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The steady attrition of Batista's support let Castro's forces advance across Cuba, and on New Year's Day 1959 he marched into Havana. Within two weeks his firing squads began executing Batista supporters and dissidents. ●●

1959 Tibetan revolt crushed, Dalai Lama flees, 1959 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chinese pressure on Tibet peaked in March 1959 with an attempt to arrest the Dalai Lama. The resulting revolt was crushed in two weeks and the Dalai Lama fled to India. ●●

1959 Fortune reveals where New York policy is really made, 1959 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites a 1959 Fortune article that described the private metropolitan clubs where national policy and major deals were actually decided in New York City. ●●

1959 Conant publishes The American High School Today ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that Conant's 1959 book The American High School Today drove the growth of large secondary schools and the consolidation of small school districts in the 1960s. He treats it as a lever for making schools bigger. ●●

1959 Eisenhower lays the CIA headquarters cornerstone ai_extracted 2 cit. no story President Eisenhower laid the cornerstone for the CIA's headquarters, calling comprehensive information essential to peace. He warned that in intelligence, success cannot be advertised and failure cannot be explained. ●●

1959 Bissell takes over clandestine service as Castro seizes power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the same day Richard Bissell became chief of the CIA's clandestine service, Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba. The coincidence framed the agency's next decade. ●●

1959 Bissell proposes eliminating Castro ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bissell sent Dulles a memo urging consideration of removing Fidel Castro. Dulles struck the word 'elimination' and substituted 'removal' before approving the effort. ●●