Events, Verisoph

1950 10.1 “Mathematics and the Arts” (Morse rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story applied, 3.1, 4.1, 10.1 “Mathematics and the Arts” (Morse, 1950) Mauchly, John W ●●

1950 Event of 1950 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indeed, in 1950 Margaret Sanger pointed to the death camps as conclusive proof of the “widespread devaluation of human lives” and the urgent need for ●●

1950 merican citizenship and desire to help mankind. Upon rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story merican citizenship and desire to help mankind. Upon review, his sentence was commuted to fifteen years. Katzen-Ellenbogen then appealed for special clemency on the grounds of poor health. In July of 1950, a clemency board comprised of three civilian attorneys reduced his sentence to just twelve yea ●●

1950 Indonesia's 1950 constitution sidelines Sukarno ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indonesia’s original constitution upon independence in 1950 provided for multiparty democracy and sidelined President Sukarno as a weak figurehead. ●●

1950 “Population Commission, Fifth Session, Provisional Summary Record of the Fifty-Fourth Meeting,” M... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Population Commission, Fifth Session, Provisional Summary Record of the Fifty-Fourth Meeting,” May 23, 1950, Hauser Papers, box 30, folder 1; UN Secretariat, Department of Social Affairs, Populati... ●●

1950 On the death threats, see Sauvy, “Le Population dans le Monde.” For the debate, see Symonds and C... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the death threats, see Sauvy, “Le Population dans le Monde.” For the debate, see Symonds and Carder, The United Nations and the Population Question, 71–72; and “Population Commission, Fifth Sess... ●●

1950 At the height of China’s “Soviet” period in the 1950s, the state had greatest autonomy from the part rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the height of China’s “Soviet” period in the 1950s, the state had greatest autonomy from the party at the level of the higher centralized ministries. ●●

1950 Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Material Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Material Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. ●●

1950 I, 1950-1962 (MIT Press, Cambridge, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I, 1950-1962 (MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1969) pp ●●

1950 Smith, The State of Europe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Smith, The State of Europe (London, 1950), p ●●

1950 Greece 1947 to early 1950s: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Greece 1947 to early 1950s: From cradle of democracy to client state ●●

1950 Vietnam 1950-1973 soon turned it rejected ai_extracted 3 cit. no story Vietnam 1950-1973 soon turned it back to the French ●●

1950 By the early 1950s, Greece rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the early 1950s, Greece had been molded into a supremely reliable ally-client of the United States ●●

1950 Jessup, speaking in April 1950, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jessup, speaking in April 1950, put it this way: There is constant fighting between the South Korean Army and bands that infiltrate the country from the North ●●

1950 So reluctant was Rhee to candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story So reluctant was Rhee to allow an honest election, that by early 1950 he had becomeenough of an embarrassment to the United States for Washington officials to threaten to cut off aid if he failed to do so and also improve the state of civil liberties ●●

1950 Lifton, brainwashing was popularly held rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lifton, brainwashing was popularly held to be an “all-powerful, irresistible, unfathomable, and magical method of achieving total con- trol over the human mind.”45 Although the CIA experimented, beginning in the 1950s, to develop just such a magic, n ●●

1950 Smith was a CIA officer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Smith was a CIA officer who, in the early 1950s, worked in the Far East Division, which includes the Philippines, concerned with political and psychological-warfare matters ●●

1950 Another Italian newspaper, the Daily candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Another Italian newspaper, the Daily American of Rome, for decades the country’s leading English-language paper, was for a long period in the 1950s to the ’70s partly owned and/or managed by the CIA ●●

1950 New York Times, 27 March rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story New York Times, 27 March 1950; 9 April 1951, p ●●

1950 Rusk’s talk in 1950, oth- rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rusk’s talk in 1950, oth- ers in his government were actively plotting the downfall of the Chinese revolutionary gov- ernment ●●

1950 In both 1950 and 1951, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In both 1950 and 1951, an espionage airplane with a crew of ten was shot down, with no survivors ●●

1950 (The latter was Diem’s predecessor.) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (The latter was Diem’s predecessor.) 126 Vietnam 1950-1973 The study of the Pentagon papers cited “State Department cables and National Security Council memorandums indicating that the Eisenhower Administration wished to postpone the elections as lo ●●

1950 Studies in Vietnam since the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Studies in Vietnam since the war have pointed to abnormally high rates of cancers, particularly of the liver, chromosomal damage, birth defects, long-lasting neurolog- 152 Vietnam 1950-1973 ical disorders, etc ●●

1950 34, states that Anschuetz served rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 34, states that Anschuetz served in the Military Intelligence Service of the US Army during World War 2 and joined the CIA in 1950 ●●

1950 Years later, the New York Times noted: In rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Years later, the New York Times noted: In El Salvador, American aid was used for police training in the 1950’s and 1960’ ●●

1950 34, states that Anschuetz served in the Military rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 34, states that Anschuetz served in the Military Intelligence Service of the US Army during World War 2 and joined the C ●●

1950 Turing publishes Computing Machinery and Intelligence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Turing's paper proposes what becomes known as the Turing Test, an operational definition of machine intelligence. ●●

May 1950 The Nairobi general strike of 1950 7 cit. In May 1950 the East African Trade Union Congress called a general strike in Nairobi that halted much of the city for days before the colonial authorities broke it. The strike followed the arrest of union leaders, including Fred Kubai and Makhan Singh, and marked a sharp rise in African labour militancy. It showed the organising power of the Nairobi networks the Forty Group drew on. economy / politics / society ●●

1950 British ban Mau Mau as violence spreads ai_extracted 1 cit. By 1950 the mass Kikuyu oathing campaign had grown impossible to hide, and the colonial government outlawed Mau Mau in August. Rather than suppressing the movement, the ban coincided with rising violence in the White Highlands, Nairobi, and the Kikuyu reserves. ●●

1950 Mau Mau Outlawed ai_extracted 1 cit. Alarmed by the spreading oathing campaign, the colonial government banned the Mau Mau society in August 1950 as an unregistered and therefore illegal organization. Officials still had little understanding of what the movement was, and prosecutions remained difficult because witnesses would not speak out. ●●

1950 Moi attends Jeans School, Kabete 1 cit. In 1950 Moi attended a course at Jeans School, Kabete, the colonial institution later associated with Kenya Institute of Administration. This deepened the administrative side of his education and placed him closer to the colonial state formation of African teachers and local officials. politics / society ●●

1950 Nairobi receives city status 6 cit. Nairobi was granted city status in 1950. By then it was already the colony's administrative, labour, transport and surveillance centre, with African locations and trade-union politics treated as security problems. politics / society ●●●

18 April 1951 Treaty of Paris (1951) 1 cit. Treaty creating the European Coal and Steel Community among France, West Germany, Italy, and the Benelux states, pooling the industries of war. It was the first step of European integration. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●●

1951 McCarran Committee and the 'loss of China' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1951 the Senate's McCarran Committee sought to show that China had been lost to the Communists through the deliberate actions of Far East experts coordinated by the Institute of Pacific Relations. ●●

1951 Truman relieves MacArthur ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the MacArthur-Martin letter was read in Congress on 5 April 1951, Truman removed MacArthur from all his Far East commands five days later, provoking a storm of opposition. ●●

1951 Japanese peace treaty signed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dulles obtained a peace treaty with Japan, signed 8 September 1951, that ended the Pacific war within a mutual-security structure and excluded the Soviet Union and Communist China. ●●

1951 McCarthy's Senate attack on Marshall ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1951 Senator McCarthy delivered a 60,000-word Senate speech attacking General Marshall as steeped in falsehood and part of a vast conspiracy. ●●

1951 Assassination of Razmara and Iranian oil nationalization ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Iranian opposition to nationalization collapsed in March 1951 when Prime Minister Ali Razmara and his education minister were assassinated within two weeks. The nationalization law passed the following month and Mossadegh was appointed prime minister to carry it out. ●●

1951 American occupation reforms Japanese agriculture ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The reorganization of Japanese agriculture, largely due to the American Military Occupation (SCAP), raised the index of agricultural production 40 percent in the decade 1951-1961. Quigley calls the Japanese agrarian reform one of the remarkable economic transformations of the century. ●●

1951 Senate subcommittee investigates the IPR ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book cites a 1951 Senate Judiciary subcommittee that sought to show China had been lost to Communists through a group of Far East experts tied to the Institute of Pacific Relations. It presents the IPR as an instrument of the Network. ●●

1951 Year 1951: It said that he was “supported by the majority of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It said that he was “supported by the majority of the population” and described him as “witty,” “affable,” “honest,” and “well informed.” This could not have been more different fr... ●●

1951 Year 1951: During that year of 1951, Mossadegh vaulted onto t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During that year of 1951, Mossadegh vaulted onto the world stage and came to dominate it. He had become a defining figure whose ideas, for better or worse, were reshaping history. ●●

1951 Year 1951: He was Mohammad Mossadegh, Premier of Iran in the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He was Mohammad Mossadegh, Premier of Iran in the year 1951. He was the Man of the Year. ●●

1951 Year 1951: The two best, Ali Jalili and Farouk Keyvani, began rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The two best, Ali Jalili and Farouk Keyvani, began working for the CIA in early 1951 as organizers of the propaganda and sabotage network known as Bedamn. They had organized riots ... ●●

1951 Year 1951: Reston says United States intervened too late: New rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Reston says United States intervened too late: New York Times, October 18, 1951. McGhee’s efforts with Mossadegh: McGhee, op. ●●

1951 Year 1951: Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh thrilled Iranian rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh thrilled Iranians when he nationalized the oil company in 1951. Here he is shown in the bed from which he often conducted business. ●●

1951 It is at that point rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It is at that point, over the winter of 1951–1952, that the blowback from the CIA’s overseas operations reached a new and more dangerous stage. ●●

1951 intelligence was financing, training, and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story intelligence was financing, training, and arming a squadron of former Waffen SS and Wehrmacht soldiers with about $500,000 per year—and that’s in 1951 dollars—and they still could credibly claim that they did not know what their own contract agents were up to. ●●

1951 CIC gives Klaus Barbie passage to Argentina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That, in the final analysis, is why the CIC chose to provide Barbie with a new identity and safe passage to Argentina in 1951, while thousands of other ex-Nazis who had been “of interest” to the CIC at one time or another have simply lived out their lives in Germany. ●●

1951 29 McCloy announced the recommendations rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 29 McCloy announced the recommendations of this task force in January 1951, only a few days after Seoul had fallen to Communist forces. He began by acknowledging the “enormity of the crimes” committed by the prisoners at Landsberg and called for stern measures against them. ●●

1951 First Lodge Act recruits arrive at Camp Kilmer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Italians ? The first known group of Lodge Act recruits arrived by a military airlift at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, in October 1951. Most were Ukrainians and Poles, but virtually ever... ●●

1951 O’Connor, it will be recalled, had been the U.S. displaced rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story O’Connor, it will be recalled, had been the U.S. displaced persons commissioner who had spearheaded the legal revisions that permitted Waffen SS veterans from Latvia, Lithuania, an... ●●

1951 charter. Similarly, some ex-SS men insist that they entered the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story charter. Similarly, some ex-SS men insist that they entered the country under the Displaced Persons Act waiver for Baltic SS veterans engineered by Displaced Persons Commissioner O... ●●

1951 Both funds placed particular stress on émigré affairs. For an rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Both funds placed particular stress on émigré affairs. For an early Free Russia Fund publication, see George Fischer, ed., Russian éMigré Politics (New York: Free Russia Fund, Inc.... ●●

1951 150–54. See also George Neagoy, “Memorandum for the Record, Subject: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 150–54. See also George Neagoy, “Memorandum for the Record, Subject: Disposal of Dropped Intelligence Informant,” March 27, 1951 (top secret), reproduced in Ryan, Barbie Exhibits, ... ●●

1951 H. Raskin, “3 Agencies Resettling D.P.’s Told to End Contracts rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story H. Raskin, “3 Agencies Resettling D.P.’s Told to End Contracts of Leftist Union,” New York Times, May 2, 1951, and “Cut Leftist Union Ties,” New York Times, May 3, 1951. 14. ●●

1951 Time names Mossadegh Man of the Year ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mohammad Mossadegh, Iran's nationalist prime minister, was recognized by Time magazine as the most influential figure of 1951, chosen over major world leaders. ●●

1951 Mossadegh becomes Iran's prime minister ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Frustrated with British exploitation of Iranian oil reserves, Iranians selected Mohammad Mossadegh as prime minister to challenge the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. ●●

1951 Mohammad Mossadegh comes to power in Iran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They carried an outspokenly idealistic Iranian, Mohammad Mossadegh, to power in the spring of 1951 (1951) ●●

1951 General strike paralyzes colonial Grenada ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Grenada had been a relatively quiet British colony for more than a century when, at the beginning of 1951, it was paralyzed by a general strike (1951) ●●

1951 Bedell Smith names Dulles deputy director of plans ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA Director Bedell Smith appointed Allen Dulles as deputy director of plans to control Wisner's sprawling covert operations. ●●

1951 DDE, letter to George Whitney, June 14, 1951 rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story 30. Moore, Banker’s Life, p. 157. ●●

1951 Guantanamo Bay Used as Training Base rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Guantanamo Bay was used as a training base for Navy personnel and later as a secret detention facility. ●●

1951 2. Ibid., letter from Siegmund to Fritz Warburg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2. Ibid., letter from Siegmund to Fritz Warburg, February 21, 1951. ●●

1951 of kidnapping and sexually assaulting an rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of kidnapping and sexually assaulting an eight-year-old boy. ●●

1951 As early as November 1951, he had struck the theme he would never abandon: force alone was not enoug rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as November 1951, he had struck the theme he would never abandon: force alone was not enough to stop communism; America’s allies in that struggle had to build a political foundation for it. ●●

1951 Such a diplomacy was essentially what Churchill had proposed when he returned to office in 1951 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Such a diplomacy was essentially what Churchill had proposed when he returned to office in 1951. ●●

1951 Ridgway's spring offensive retakes Seoul ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the spring of 1951, a new American offensive under General Ridgway was grinding its way north using traditional American tactics of attrition. It had liberated Seoul and crossed the 38th Parallel when the communists proposed armistice negotiations. ●●

1951 Communists propose Korean armistice talks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1951, the communists proposed armistice negotiations in Korea. Washington ordered an end to offensive action, with operations at battalion level and above requiring approval by the Supreme Commander. ●●

1951 1951: Dan Bricklin (1951– ) and Ev Williams (1972– ) in 2001. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dan Bricklin (1951– ) and Ev Williams (1972– ) in 2001. Jimmy Wales (1966– ). Sergey Brin (1973– ) and Larry Page (1973– ). ●●

1951 1951: le interactive computing was like talking to them.” 20 The importance rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story le interactive computing was like talking to them.” 20 The importance of interactive computing became apparent at Lincoln Laboratory, the military-fun ●●

1951 1951: Dan Bricklin (1951– ) and Ev Williams (1972– ) in 2001. Jimmy Wales (1 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dan Bricklin (1951– ) and Ev Williams (1972– ) in 2001. Jimmy Wales (1966– ). Sergey Brin (1973– ) and ●●

1951 Event of 1951 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American military capacity needed to be used to the extent necessary, not conserved for hypothetical contingencies in distant geographic regions, meaning Western Europe. The Truman administration responded in two ways: In a demonstration of civilian ●●

1951 Information history in 1951 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Many more subtle kinds of experiments were suddenly fair game, some of them directly suggested by Shannon’s work on noise and redundancy. A group in 1951 tested the likelihood that listeners would hea ●●

1951 MANIAC computer completed and first tested ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The new machine was christened MANIAC (Mathematical and Numerical Integrator and Computer) and put to its first test, during the summer of 1951, with ●●

1951 While von Neumann was beginning to formulate rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While von Neumann was beginning to formulate, from the top down, the ideas that would develop into his 1951 “Reliable Organizations of Unreliable Elem ●●

1951 The first meeting to discuss the implications of the new app candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first meeting to discuss the implications of the new approach—which included Oppenheimer, Teller, von Neumann, Bethe, Fermi, and John Wheeler—was ●●

1951 a truly efficient and economical organism is a combination o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I would suspect, that a truly efficient and economical organism is a combination of the ‘digital’ and ‘analogy’ principle,” he wrote in his prelimina ●●

1951 he large number of candidate cells waiting to participate in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “A second result of the habitual serial-time sequence mode and of the large number of candidate cells waiting to participate in the computation at the ●●

1951 “The purely ‘digital’ procedure is probably more circumstant rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The purely ‘digital’ procedure is probably more circumstantial and clumsy than necessary,” von Neumann warned in 1951 ●●

1951 has now expanded to billions of 64-floor hotels with billion rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The address matrix that began, in 1951, with a single 40-floor hotel, with 1,024 rooms on every floor, has now expanded to billions of 64-floor hotels ●●

1951 rst epoch in the digital era began with the introduction of candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first epoch in the digital era began with the introduction of the random-access storage matrix in 1951 ●●

1951 briefly on missile development at North American Aviation be rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Willis Ware, after obtaining his PhD from Princeton, left the Institute in August 1951, working briefly on missile development at North American Aviat ●●

1951 sing architecture to its redundancy—go back to RAND’s decisi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Many of the assumptions underlying the Internet—from its addressing architecture to its redundancy—go back to RAND’s decision to purchase eighty 256-b ●●

1951 Hannah Arendt publishes The Origins of Totalitarianism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuboff cites Arendt's groundbreaking analysis as the first scholarly attempt to comprehend totalitarianism's unprecedented systematic violence and the destruction of human autonomy. ●●

1951 B.F. Skinner publishes Science and Human Behavior ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuboff details Skinner's 1951 work establishing that all human action—choice, problem-solving, self-knowledge—must be analyzed through manipulation of external environmental variables. ●●

1951 Event of 1951 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pope Pius XII would likely have been informed about what was coming, which may help explain why, in October and November 1951, he spoke out on the sub ●●

1951 West German law reinstates former Nazi civil servants ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A federal law passed in 1951 granted all regular civil servants, including those with Nazi backgrounds and those expelled by East Germany, a right to reinstatement. ●●

1951 Houghton to Pyke, September 16, 1951, and Blacker to Sanger, October 17, 1951, IPPFA, series B, r... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Houghton to Pyke, September 16, 1951, and Blacker to Sanger, October 17, 1951, IPPFA, series B, reel 717, frames 1006–1009, 1545–1546; Linder, Cru- sader for Sex Education, 184; “Concluding Plenary... ●●

1951 77-8; New York Times, 28 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 77-8; New York Times, 28 July1951; 28 December 1951; 22 February 1952; 8 April 1952; 30 December 1952; opium: Robbins, pp ●●

1951 IV, The Hinge of Fate rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story IV, The Hinge of Fate (London, 1951), p ●●

1951 1949 - Kim Koo, Korean rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1949 - Kim Koo, Korean opposition leader 1950s - CIA/Neo-Nazi hit list of more than 200 political figures in West Germany to be “put out of the way” in the event of a Soviet invasion 1950s - Zhou Enlai, Prime minister of China, several attempts on hi ●●

1951 Jacobo Arbenz takes office as Guatemalan president ai_extracted 1 cit. The Guatemalan president, who took office in March 1951 after being elected by a wide mar-gin, had no special contact or spiritual/ideological ties with the Soviet Union or the rest of the Communist bloc ●●

1951 During November 1951, for example—long rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During November 1951, for example—long before the end of the war—American military announcements put the count of POW deaths at between 5,000 and 8,000.4 ●●

1951 John Gunther, The Riddle of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Gunther, The Riddle of MacArthur (London, 1951), pp ●●

1951 Iran nationalizes oil and elects Mossadegh premier ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1951, the bill for nationalization was passed, and at the end of April Mossadegh was elected prime minister by a large majority of Parliament ●●

1951 In early 1951, several reports rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early 1951, several reports came out of Albania of open organized resistance and uprisings.’ To what extent these happenings were a consequenceof the Western infiltration and agitation is impossible to determine ●●

1951 (Harry Truman’s surprising re-election postponed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Harry Truman’s surprising re-election postponed this for four years, but Dulles did become Deputy Director in 1951.) Noel Field, formerly a State Department Foreign Service Officer, was a long-time Communist fellow-traveler, if not a party member in ●●

1951 Radio station, unrest: New York rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Radio station, unrest: New York Times, 31 March 1951, p ●●

1951 In both 1950 and 1951, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In both 1950 and 1951, an espionage airplane with a crew of ten was shot down, with no survivors ●●