Events, Verisoph

1952 The Formation of the Kikuyu Home Guard ai_extracted 1 cit. The idea of mobilizing loyalist Kikuyu as a government militia was first discussed at Government House in November 1952, drawing on the name of Britain's wartime Home Guard. The force, presented as a Kikuyu initiative, turned the conflict into a civil war and by March 1954 numbered 25,600 men, exceeding the forest armies. ●●

October 1952 Police and army converge during the Mau Mau Emergency 2 cit. During the Emergency, ordinary police work gave way to a joint campaign of police, colonial administration and army. Special Branch expanded, British-trained policemen were imported, District Military Intelligence Officers were appointed, and communications and aircraft supported operations. The colonial state treated internal politics as a war problem. politics / society / war ●●●●

1953 Anti-Monopoly Law watered down ai_extracted 1 cit. By 1953, a year after the U.S. occupation left, the Anti-Monopoly Law had been drastically watered down: restrictions on stock retention, interlocking directorships, and mergers were relaxed, and depression and rationalization cartels allowed. ●●●

1953 Central African Federation created and dissolved ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Rhodesias and Nyasaland were federated over native protests in 1953 as the Central African Federation, which broke up again in 1964. ●●

1953 CIA covert operations in Iran, Guatemala, Cuba ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley lists covert subversion under the Cold War umbrella, including CIA successes in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1954) and the failed Cuban invasion of 1961. ●●

1953 Reece Committee investigates tax-exempt foundations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1953 the 83rd Congress set up a Special Committee to Investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations under Representative B. Carroll Reece. ●●

1953 Stalin's death breaks the Korean deadlock ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley writes that only the death of Stalin in March 1953 broke the stalemate that had prolonged the Korean armistice negotiations. ●●

1953 Korean armistice signed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Korean truce was signed on 27 July 1953 after 37 months of war in which the United States lost 25,000 dead, 115,000 other casualties, and about $22 billion. ●●

1953 Oppenheimer's classified papers seized ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The attack on Oppenheimer began in summer 1953; on 7 July the AEC, at Strauss's request, ordered that classified documents in his possession in Princeton be taken from him. ●●

1953 Borden's letter accusing Oppenheimer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 7 November 1953 W. L. Borden wrote to J. Edgar Hoover asserting that Oppenheimer was probably an agent of the Soviet Union, triggering the security case against him. ●●

1953 Eisenhower inaugural speech signals 'unleashing' of Chiang Kai-shek ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his January 1953 inaugural address, the new President Eisenhower implied he would remove restraints on Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist forces against Red China. Quigley argues the implications were misleading and that Dulles's policy largely continued Truman's line under loud denunciation of it. ●●

1953 'New Look' defense strategy adopted in NSC 162 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The National Security Council's strategic survey, NSC 162, embodied the Eisenhower administration's 'New Look' defense posture emphasizing nuclear retaliation over conventional forces. It was accepted by the President on October 30, 1953. ●●

1953 Death of Stalin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. Stalin died on March 5, 1953, just as he was preparing a third great purge of the party. His death set off a concealed five-year struggle for power from which Khrushchev eventually emerged as supreme leader. ●●

1953 East Berlin workers' uprising ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On June 16, 1953, East Berlin workers rose against the Communist government amid relaxation encouraged by Beria. After a day's hesitation, Soviet occupation armored divisions crushed the revolt. ●●

1953 CIA directs overthrow of Mossadegh ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley claims the chief effort to crush Mossadegh in 1953 came from the CIA under the personal direction of Allen W. Dulles, brother of the secretary of state. He describes secret CIA funds used to turn the Tehran mobs against Mossadegh. ●●

1953 Commercial television arrives in Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Commercial television began in Japan in 1953 and spread rapidly, reaching 72 percent of urban houses by 1961. It was part of the new middle-class consumer life underpinning Japan's political and social stability. ●●

1953 Reece Committee on tax-exempt foundations set up ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book cites Quigley's account that the 83rd Congress created a Special Committee to Investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations in July 1953, chaired by B. Carroll Reece. It frames this as an inquiry into the Network's interlocking foundations. ●●

1953 Year 1953: Ike will agree.” Eisenhower was inaugurated on Ja rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ike will agree.” Eisenhower was inaugurated on January 20, 1953. Days later, the American ambassador in Tehran, Loy Henderson, began contacting Iranians he thought might be intere... ●●

1953 Year 1953: Extra police officers were on the street that Sund rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Extra police officers were on the street that Sunday morning, August 16, 1953. Sirens wailed as security agents swooped down on conspirators implicated in the abortive coup. ●●

1953 Year 1953: “Now this was 1953, and a copying machine is about rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Now this was 1953, and a copying machine is about the size of two refrigerators. But at that time neither I nor most American journalists or most American people would have been a... ●●

1953 Year 1953: Fatemi was a zealous antimonarchist, and during th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fatemi was a zealous antimonarchist, and during the turbulent days of August 1953 he had attacked the Shah, whom he called “the Baghdad fugitive,” with special venom. Iran had fall... ●●

1953 Year 1953: The men who organized and carried out the 1953 cou rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The men who organized and carried out the 1953 coup soon scattered. General Zahedi, the prime minister who replaced Mossadegh, pleased the Shah with his repressive campaign against... ●●

1953 Year 1953: As a postrevolutionary generation came of age in I rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As a postrevolutionary generation came of age in Iran, Iranian intellectuals began assessing the long-term effects of the 1953 coup. Several published thoughtful essays that raised... ●●

1953 Year 1953: Kermit Roosevelt could sense this view taking hold rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kermit Roosevelt could sense this view taking hold even before he had finished delivering his White House briefing on September 4, 1953. “One of my audience seemed almost alarmingl... ●●

1953 Year 1953: Undoubtedly, there would have been no coup in Augu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Undoubtedly, there would have been no coup in August 1953 if it had not been for the CIA. The CIA devised Operation Ajax, paid a large sum to carry it out—estimates of the final co... ●●

1953 Year 1953: Yet Mossadegh himself helped bring Iran to the dea rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yet Mossadegh himself helped bring Iran to the dead end it reached in mid-1953. It may be an exaggeration to assert, as some have done, that at some level he actually wished to be ... ●●

1953 Year 1953: Gasiorowski: In retrospect, the United States–spon rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gasiorowski: In retrospect, the United States–sponsored coup d’etat in Iran of August 19, 1953, has emerged as a critical event in postwar world history…. Had the coup not occurred... ●●

1953 Year 1953: I wanted to be in Iran for the forty-ninth anniver rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I wanted to be in Iran for the forty-ninth anniversary of the 1953 coup, and he admitted that there seemed little prospect of that. “Maybe I should apply for a tourist visa,” I sug... ●●

1953 Year 1953: On this day, however, the forty-ninth anniversary rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On this day, however, the forty-ninth anniversary of the coup that brought down his government on August 19, 1953, we were the only ones. I had come halfway around the world to be ... ●●

1953 Year 1953: The house before which this gate once stood was wr rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The house before which this gate once stood was wrecked and burned on the night of August 19, 1953, and later the debris was bulldozed to make way for an apartment building. All th... ●●

1953 Year 1953: He told me that a few weeks before the 1953 coup, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He told me that a few weeks before the 1953 coup, he attended a reception at the home of an Iranian diplomat in Washington and overheard the wife of Colonel Abbas Farzanegan, a mil... ●●

1953 Year 1953: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A small but dedicated group of sc rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A small but dedicated group of scholars has devoted considerable effort to uncovering the truth about events surrounding the 1953 coup.Most persistent among them i... ●●

1953 Year 1953: Roosevelt Firsthand accounts of the events of Aug rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roosevelt Firsthand accounts of the events of August 15–19, 1953, appeared in the New York Times and in newspapers served by the Associated Press, among them the Chicago Tribune. ... ●●

1953 Year 1953: Zahedi will send Mossadegh to city jail: London Ti rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zahedi will send Mossadegh to city jail: London Times, August 24, 1953. Zahedi’s government receives millions from CIA: Service History, op. ●●

1953 Year 1953: “The 1953 Coup in Iran” (article), in Science & So rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The 1953 Coup in Iran” (article), in Science & Society, vol. ●●

1953 Year 1953: coup of 1953. See Operation Ajax Ctesiphon Cuba rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story coup of 1953. See Operation Ajax Ctesiphon Cuba Curzon, Lord Cyrus Czechoslovakia Daftary, Mohammad Danton Darbyshire, Norman D’Arcy, William Knox Darius Davidson, R. ●●

1953 In any case, the majority of American voters backed Eisenhower, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In any case, the majority of American voters backed Eisenhower, at least in part because of his proliberation, “let’s get tough with the Communists” foreign policy stance. In Janua... ●●

1953 Eisenhower nominates Bohlen as ambassador to USSR ai_extracted 1 cit. no story intelligence— was next.54 Eisenhower had nominated Bohlen as U.S. ambassador to the USSR in February 1953, but the nomination had to be confirmed by the Senate before Bohlen could ... ●●

1953 “We’re not in the Boy Scouts,” as latter-day CIA Director rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “We’re not in the Boy Scouts,” as latter-day CIA Director Richard Helms often said. “If we’d wanted to be in the Boy Scouts we would have joined the Boy Scouts.”1 By the time Allen... ●●

1953 President’s Report, 1953, p. 18ff., and 1954, p. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President’s Report, 1953, p. 18ff., and 1954, p. ●●

1953 40–83378-A; 62–118313 serial x2; (deleted file no.); 65–62842 seria... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 40–83378-A; 62–118313 serial x2; (deleted file no.); 65–62842 serials 89, 99; 77–63190 serial 8; 100–89-35 serials 48, 76, 79; 100–392404 serial 2; 105–0 serial 2346; 105– 11044 se... ●●

1953 Joint Intelligence Committee. JIC 634/1, “Vulnerability of Soviet B... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Joint Intelligence Committee. JIC 634/1, “Vulnerability of Soviet Bloc Armed Forces to Guerrilla Warfare,” September 8, 1953 (top secret), available on microfilm through Records of... ●●

1953 Operation Ajax overthrows Mossadegh ai_extracted 1 cit. The United States Central Intelligence Agency orchestrated Operation Ajax, overthrowing Iran's democratic government and installing a long dictatorship. ●●

1953 Operation Ajax coup begins against Mossadegh ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In the early morning hours of August 15, 1953, an armored caravan set out through Tehran to execute the planned coup against Prime Minister Mossadegh. ●●

1953 Free Trade, Creeping Colonization, and the Refashioning of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Free Trade, Creeping Colonization, and the Refashioning of Empire Worlds In a famous article of 1953, Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher took issue wi... ●●

1953 The American diplomat in Tehran assigned to monitor Tudeh recognized rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The American diplomat in Tehran assigned to monitor Tudeh recognized all this, and reported to Washington that the party was “well-organized but not v (1953) ●●

1953 That war was reaching its climax when Dwight Eisenhower assumed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That war was reaching its climax when Dwight Eisenhower assumed the presidency in 1953 (1953) ●●

1953 Shah executes officers after the 1953 Iran coup ai_extracted 2 cit. no story AFTER THE 1953 COUP IN IRAN, THE TRIUMPHANT SHAH ORDERED THE execution of several dozen military officers and student leaders who had been closely ass (1953) ●●

1953 “Then came a series of jolts, starting with Iran in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Then came a series of jolts, starting with Iran in 1953, Guatemala in 1954, and Vietnam (1953) ●●

1953 Stalin dies; Eisenhower finds CIA unprepared ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Stalin died March 5, 1953, one week after Dulles became director. Eisenhower was frustrated no detailed plans existed for this predictable event. ●●

1953 Soviet Union tests its first thermonuclear weapon ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Soviet Union tested first thermonuclear weapon in August 1953 with no American warning. Eisenhower considered preemptive nuclear strike. ●●

1953 CIA and Britain plan Mossadeq's overthrow in Iran ai_extracted 2 cit. no story British intelligence chief met Dulles to plan overthrow of Iranian PM Mossadeq. CIA made policy by default without White House approval. ●●

1953 CIA warns NSC of communist threat in Indonesia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA submitted September 9, 1953 report to NSC warning Indonesia threatened by communism and recommending measures to topple Sukarno. ●●

1953 Dulles's first speech as Secretary of State ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Foster Dulles gave his first speech as Secretary of State on national television, unveiling a map showing Soviet-dominated territory. ●●

1953 Mossadegh appeals to Eisenhower over oil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Iranian PM Mossadegh sent a message to President Eisenhower seeking assistance in protecting Iran's oil nationalization. ●●

1953 British Intelligence Chief Arrives in Washington candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The newly appointed head of the British Secret Intelligence Service arrived in Washington to coordinate plans regarding Iran. ●●

1953 Execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Convicted atomic spies Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed, hardening Eisenhower's Cold War image. ●●

1953 House subcommittee questions Dulles on CIA operations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A House Appropriations Committee subcommittee summoned Allen Dulles in spring 1953 to question CIA covert operations. ●●

1953 Foster Dulles Adjusts Cold War Vision rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1953, Foster Dulles adjusted his vision to focus exclusively on Cold War confrontation following Churchill's iron curtain speech. ●●

1953 CIA Guatemala Coup Planning candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story From mid-1953 to mid-1954, Allen Dulles focused intensely on planning a covert operation to overthrow Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz. ●●

1953 Eisenhower Administration Foreign Policy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Eisenhower administration implemented aggressive foreign policy through CIA covert operations in 1953. ●●

1953 Press Describes Dulles Brothers Roles rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Press accounts in 1953 distinguished between Foster's conservative approach and Allen's activist role in foreign policy. ●●

1953 Morgan Stanley leads record GM debt issue ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Morgan Stanley presided over General Motors' record $300-million debt issue in 1953, demonstrating the firm's dominance in underwriting. ●●

1953 In addition (1953) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Warburg & Co. executives contend that no Brandeis, Goldschmidt files exist from before 1953. Paul Kohn-Speyer had effectively vetoed his son as a poss... ●●

1953 Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations is published, introducing his concept of paradigms and language-games. This work influences Kuhn's thinking about how scientific communities use exemplars and shared practices. ●●

1953 Church of Scientology incorporated in Los Angeles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the Church of Scientology was formally incorporated in Los Angeles. ●●

1953 Nixon parted company with the fathers of containment and chose a path reminiscent of Churchill, who rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nixon parted company with the fathers of containment and chose a path reminiscent of Churchill, who in 1953 had called for talks with Moscow after Stalin’s death. ●●

1953 6, Triumph and Tragedy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953), p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6, Triumph and Tragedy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953), p. ●●

1953 1953: Paul Allen (1953– ) and Bill Gates (1955– ) in the Lakeside ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paul Allen (1953– ) and Bill Gates (1955– ) in the Lakeside school’s computer room. Gates arrested for speeding, 1977. The Microsoft team, with Gates at bottom ●●

1953 1953: Paul Allen (1953– ) and Bill Gates (1955– ) in the Lakeside school’s c rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paul Allen (1953– ) and Bill Gates (1955– ) in the Lakeside school’s computer room. Gates arrested for speeding, 1977. The Microsof ●●

1953 Event of 1953 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story iction—essentially correct—was Wilsonian in the belief that at the end of the process democratic principles would prevail, that legitimacy would trump power. This belief is what Dean Acheson, the model and seminal Secretary of State to many of his su ●●

1953 Information history in 1953 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story n house. ” He urged more research and less exposition. ●●

1953 ONE 1953 If it’s that easy to create living organisms rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ONE 1953 If it’s that easy to create living organisms, why don’t you create a few yourself ●●

1953 —Nils Aall Barricelli, 1953 AT 10:38 P.M rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —Nils Aall Barricelli, 1953 AT 10:38 P.M ●●

1953 The year 1953 was one of frenzied preparations in between rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The year 1953 was one of frenzied preparations in between ●●

1953 conducted at the Nevada Test Site in 1953 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Of the eleven nuclear tests, yielding a total of 252 kilotons, conducted at the Nevada Test Site in 1953, most were concerned not with trying to make ●●

1953 “The total power dissipated in the main body of the machine rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The total power dissipated in the main body of the machine is approximately 19.5 kw,” it was reported in 1953 ●●

1953 one could experiment with entities which rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “If, instead of using living organisms, one could experiment with entities which, without any doubt could evolve exclusively by ‘mutations’ and select ●●

1953 Off!” is his last entry in the early morning of May 31 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Off!” is his last entry in the early morning of May 31, 1953 ●●

1953 “There are a number of offspring of the Princeton machine rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “There are a number of offspring of the Princeton machine, not all of them closely resembling the parent,” Willis Ware reported in March 1953 ●●

1953 George Gamow to Stan Ulam, July 20, 1953, SUAPS rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story George Gamow to Stan Ulam, July 20, 1953, SUAPS ●●

1953 9.2 as difference equations digital universe “artificially rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story deuterium, 1.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4 differential analyzer, 5.1, 5.2, 14.1 differential equations, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2 as difference equations digital ●●

1953 The digital universe in 1953 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The digital universe in 1953 ●●

1953 A 32-by-32 array of charged spots—serving as working memory rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A 32-by-32 array of charged spots—serving as working memory, not display—is visible on the face of a Williams cathode-ray storage tube (stage thirty-s ●●

1953 terminating at memory location 18,8 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Bigelow family) An IAS General Arithmetic Operating Log entry for March 4, 1953, notes “over to” a thermonuclear weapons design code, immediately af ●●

1953 Event of 1953 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1953, for instance, Alva Myrdal carefully selected a committee of scientists to consider whether differential fertility might cause a decline in th ●●

1953 ogical worth. In 1952, a dozen years after rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ogical worth. In 1952, a dozen years after the ERO’s closure, Clifford Frazier, an attorney in Greensboro, North Carolina, wrote offering to “bring my family data heretofore furnished up to date.” In 1953, James Brunn, a realtor in Kansas City, Missouri, wrote requesting information to help trace h ●●

1953 enlightened human genetics and became a destination for rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story enlightened human genetics and became a destination for the best genetic scientists in the world. In the summer of 1948, a visionary young geneticist named James Watson studied there. He returned in 1953 to give the first public presentation on the DNA double helix, which he had codiscovered with Fr ●●

1953 Mukherjee to State Health Ministers, November 10, 1965; “Proceedings” of meetings on “The Physiol... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mukherjee to State Health Ministers, November 10, 1965; “Proceedings” of meetings on “The Physiological Approach to Fertility Control,” September 18, 1952, FFA, 1953 General Correspondence, C-1165,... ●●

1953 On Indonesia, see Nielsen, “Draft Recommendations for Foundation Ac- tivity,” May 28, 1953, FFA, ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On Indonesia, see Nielsen, “Draft Recommendations for Foundation Ac- tivity,” May 28, 1953, FFA, 1953 General Correspondence, C-1165A, “Popula- tion.” On fellowships, see Docket Item, “The Populati... ●●

1953 McPeak to Osborn, June 16, 1958, FFA, 1953 Grant Files, PA 54–20, 436 n o t e s t o p a g e s 1 8... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story McPeak to Osborn, June 16, 1958, FFA, 1953 Grant Files, PA 54–20, 436 n o t e s t o p a g e s 1 8 6 – 1 8 9 ●●

1953 “The Population Council”; Carroll to Overseas Representatives, April 1, 1959, and Hill to Ensming... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The Population Council”; Carroll to Overseas Representatives, April 1, 1959, and Hill to Ensminger, April 15, 1959, both in FFA, 1953 Grant Files, PA59-482, “Government of India”; “Policy Paper: P... ●●

1953 Two: Years of Trial and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Two: Years of Trial and Hope, 1946-1953 (Great Britain, 1956), p ●●

1953 b) Luis Taruc, Born of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story b) Luis Taruc, Born of the People (New York, 1953, although completed in June 1949) pp ●●

1953 Korea 1945-1953: Was it all rejected ai_extracted 3 cit. no story Korea 1945-1953: Was it all that it appeared to be ●●

1953 Ramon Magsaysay elected Philippine president ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The high-point of this effort was the election to the presidency, in 1953,of Ramon Magsaysay, the cooperative former defense department head ●●

1953 (This prompt- ed a French rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (This prompt- ed a French newspaper to comment that “the Indochina War has become France’s number one dollar-earning export”.)!0 In November 1953, the omnipresent CIA airline, CAT, helped the French air force air- lift 16,000 men into a fortified bas ●●

1953 1949 - Kim Koo, Korean rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1949 - Kim Koo, Korean opposition leader 1950s - CIA/Neo-Nazi hit list of more than 200 political figures in West Germany to be “put out of the way” in the event of a Soviet invasion 1950s - Zhou Enlai, Prime minister of China, several attempts on hi ●●

1953 (Marshall was awarded the Nobel rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Marshall was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.) A daily series of direct short-wave broadcasts to Italy backed by the State Department and fea- turing prominent Americans ●●

1953 Chiang was “brutally pressured” by rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chiang was “brutally pressured” by the US to build up his troops on the islands beginning around 1953 as a demonstration of Washington’s new policy of “unleashing” him.24 The Chinese retaliated several times with heavy artillery attacks on Quemoy, on ●●