Events, Verisoph

12 December 1963 Independent Kenya keeps army, police and prisons in one security ministry 1 cit. At independence the Ministry of Defence was called Internal Security and Defence, and it held the Kenya Army, Kenya Air Force, Kenya Navy, Kenya Police and Prisons together. That architecture matters: the new state inherited security as a single command problem, then moved police under Home Affairs in 1964 and the Office of the President in 1966. politics / war ●●●●

1964 BoJ reintroduces window guidance to slow the economy ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1964 the Bank of Japan under Deputy Governor Sasaki suddenly reintroduced window guidance credit controls, broadening them to trust, regional, and mutual banks, and used them to slow the economy; growth fell from 11 percent in 1964 to 5.8 percent in 1965. ●●●

2 July 1964 Civil Rights Act of 1964 1 cit. Lyndon Johnson signs the landmark law banning discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and federally funded programs. It creates the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and dismantles the legal architecture of Jim Crow. politics / society ●●●●

1964 Marcuse becomes the father of the New Left 1 cit. Herbert Marcuse's One-Dimensional Man, following his Eros and Civilization, argues that consumer society smothers dissent. His work makes him an intellectual guide to the 1960s student movements, the real and documented link between the Frankfurt School and radical politics. culture / politics ●●●●

1964 Military coup ousts Goulart in Brazil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley points to Washington's joy at the April 1964 military coup that ejected the left-of-center Joao Goulart government from Brazil. He notes that government, however incompetent, at least recognized Brazil's urgent social and economic problems. ●●

1964 Sino-Soviet split becomes unbridgeable, 1964 ai_extracted 2 cit. After years of escalating ideological accusations, by 1964 the split within the world Communist movement between Moscow and Peking appeared beyond repair. ●●

1964 Goldwater captures the Republican nomination, 1964 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the 1964 capture of the Republican National Party by extremist elements, to run Barry Goldwater for president with petty-bourgeois support alone, a temporary aberration in American politics. ●●

1964 French force de frappe becomes operational, 1964 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of 1964 France had twenty operational Mirage IV nuclear bombers, produced at one a month and matched by one plutonium bomb a month from the Marcoule pile, giving France an independent nuclear force. ●●

1964 Labour wins the British general election, 1964 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Conservatives' reluctance to face Britain's problems pushed voters toward Labour, which won the general election of October 1964 by a bare majority in the House of Commons. ●●

1964 Khrushchev removed; Nehru dies, 1964 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The removal of Khrushchev from office in October 1964 and the death that year of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's prime minister since independence in 1947, were part of a broad turnover of world leaders. ●●

1964 US pressure on Greece over Cyprus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says that in 1964 the Greek ambassador rejected Network demands to divide Cyprus, prompting a crude threat from President Johnson. It links this to the 1967 Greek Gladio coup that followed. ●●

1964 Johnson and the Joint Chiefs seek to widen the Vietnam War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book cites former CIA analyst Ray McGovern that in the summer of 1964 Johnson and the Joint Chiefs were eager to widen the Vietnam War and stepped up attacks on North Vietnam. It presents the escalation as decided against the public's wishes. ●●

1964 The dubious second Gulf of Tonkin incident ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says the evidence for the second Gulf of Tonkin incident on August 4, 1964 was highly dubious, yet it was used to escalate the war. It presents this as a pretext manufactured for a war already decided upon. ●●

1964 KGB officer Yuri Nosenko defects to the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Soviet intelligence officer Yuri Nosenko defected just as Angleton took over the Kennedy assassination inquiry. He claimed the KGB had no ties to Oswald. ●●

1964 CIA imprisons Nosenko in solitary confinement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With Robert Kennedy's approval, the CIA jailed the Soviet defector under harsh conditions for years. Interrogators later concluded he had told the truth. ●●

1964 First Gulf of Tonkin clash with the USS Maddox ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The destroyer Maddox exchanged fire with North Vietnamese patrol boats off the coast. American jets damaged the boats while the Maddox took one bullet hole. ●●

1964 Phantom second Gulf of Tonkin attack ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On a stormy night the Maddox and Turner Joy fired at radar ghosts, reporting an attack that never happened. The false report was used to justify bombing North Vietnam. ●●

1964 Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Based on the disputed attack, Congress authorized the war in Vietnam almost unanimously. Only two senators voted no. ●●

1964 CIA spends millions to defeat Allende in 1964 Chile vote ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The agency pumped roughly $3 million into Chilean politics to beat Salvador Allende. The money helped elect Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei. ●●

1964 (Johnson would supplant this record in the 1964 election.) Despite the vict... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Johnson would supplant this record in the 1964 election.) Despite the victory and public support for the New Deal, FDR did lose some major fights with the Supreme Court about... ●●

1964 also notes Lebed as “an outstanding organizer and the chief rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story also notes Lebed as “an outstanding organizer and the chief of the OUN security service”; see Yaroslav Bilinsky, The Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine After World War II (New Bru... ●●

1964 the Soviet Lithuanian government’s account of Jankus’s wartime acti... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the Soviet Lithuanian government’s account of Jankus’s wartime activities, see Who Is Hiding on Grand Street? (Vilnius: Mintis Publishing House, 1964). 26. ●●

1964 For an excellent account of Lane’s lobbying and internal Republican rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For an excellent account of Lane’s lobbying and internal Republican party politics on the “ethnic voters” issue, see Louis L. Gerson, The Hyphenate in Recent American Politics and ... ●●

1964 His good looks and media-conscious style even led reporters and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His good looks and media-conscious style even led reporters and columnists to call him the “Chilean Kennedy.” When he ran for president in 1964, his A (1964) ●●

1964 Panamanian students riot over Canal Zone flag ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The bloodiest outburst came in 1964, when several hundred Panamanian students marched toward the canal carrying their flag and a banner reading, “Pana (1964) ●●

1964 The 1964 uprising marked the emergence of a new form rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1964 uprising marked the emergence of a new form of Panamanian nationalism (1964) ●●

1964 New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, 1964 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS AND ARTICLES Adams, Frederick B.; Jr. An Introduction to the Pierpont Morgan Library. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, 1964. ●●

1964 Three civil rights workers vanish in Mississippi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Three civil rights workers disappear in Mississippi during the summer voter registration campaign. President Johnson asks Allen Dulles to serve as a special envoy to investigate and mediate the crisis. ●●

1964 Spira didn’t fathom how sensitive rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Spira didn’t fathom how sensitive Siegmund could be, as became clear when he was named a director in 1964. Siegmund was afraid that Spira, with four... ●●

1964 23. MMW. Warburg Family Akten. Box 509, letter rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 23. MMW. Warburg Family Akten. Box 509, letter from Eric Warburg to Hans Meyer, June 16, 1964. ●●

1964 Freire jailed after Brazil's military coup ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paulo Freire was jailed immediately after the military coup in Brazil in 1964. His literacy methodology had become considered such a threat to the old order that he was targeted by the new military regime. ●●

1964 Mississippi Summer Project would also shape the fate of Edwin Finley Taliaf rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1964 Mississippi Summer Project would also shape the fate of Edwin Finley Taliaferro, a teenager living in Detroit who would later change his name to Chokwe Lumumba (in homage to the murdered Congoles ●●

1964 Khrushchev removed from power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nikita Khrushchev is removed from power in late 1964, and his successors immediately undo his party reform, rejecting his attempts to redefine the party's role in Soviet society. ●●

1964 Marshall McLuhan publishes Understanding Media ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marshall McLuhan publishes Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, analyzing how media reshape human perception and social structures ●●

1964 She was killed on January 4, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story She was killed on January 4, 1964. ●●

1964 Albert was arraigned on November 3, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Albert was arraigned on November 3, 1964 for the Green Man attacks. ●●

1964 Quoted in Herman Finer, Dulles over Suez: The Theory and Practice of His Diplomacy (Chicago: Quadran rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quoted in Herman Finer, Dulles over Suez: The Theory and Practice of His Diplomacy (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1964), p. ●●

1964 CIA-backed coup overthrows Brazil's Goulart ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 31, 1964, a CIA-backed military coup overthrew Brazilian President João Goulart. ●●

1964 1964: He arrived back on campus in October 1964 just as the Free S... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story clean. The incident had inflamed his antiauthoritarian streak. He arrived back on campus in October 1964 just as the Free Speech Movement protests erupted, and, like a sci-fi hero, he decided to use h ●●

1964 1964: Paul Baran, “Introduction to Distributed Communications Netw... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 78. Paul Baran, “Introduction to Distributed Communications Networks,” RAND, 1964, http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM3420/RM3420-chapter1.html . 79. Segaller, Nerds , 70. 80. Author’s inte ●●

1964 1964: ecause it was so invested in traditional circuits. 57 Baran’s work eve rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ecause it was so invested in traditional circuits. 57 Baran’s work eventually culminated in eleven volumes of detailed engineering analysis, On Distri ●●

1964 1964: t attacked Kleinrock in surprisingly strong terms. “The work of Kleinr rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story t attacked Kleinrock in surprisingly strong terms. “The work of Kleinrock before and up to 1964 gives him no claim to have originated packet switching ●●

1964 1964: aims to have introduced the idea of packetization. This is utter nonse rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story aims to have introduced the idea of packetization. This is utter nonsense; there is NOTHING in the entire 1964 book that suggests, analyzes, or allude ●●

1964 1964: ncident had inflamed his antiauthoritarian streak. He arrived back on rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ncident had inflamed his antiauthoritarian streak. He arrived back on campus in October 1964 just as the Free Speech Movement protests erupted, and, l ●●

1964 1964: 78. Paul Baran, “Introduction to Distributed Communications Networks,” rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 78. Paul Baran, “Introduction to Distributed Communications Networks,” RAND, 1964, http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM3420/RM3420-cha ●●

1964 Information history in 1964 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nable a machine to do that? In other words, could a computer be made to learn from experience? ●●

1964 “There was a clear but not formally stated understanding rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “There was a clear but not formally stated understanding,” explained Paul Baran, a RAND colleague who helped develop the communication architecture no ●●

1964 OPLAN-34A operations against North Vietnam begin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ed that “the basic elements of Communist strength in South Vietnam remain indigenous.”94 U.S.-run military operations against North Vietnam began on February 1, 1964 (OPLAN-34A), using South Vietnamese and “third-country” mercenaries, “presumably mo ●●

1964 sm” and “a coalition government” (Maxwell Taylor, Aug. 10, 1964), and who warned about “Saigon and V rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story sm” and “a coalition government” (Maxwell Taylor, Aug. 10, 1964), and who warned about “Saigon and Vientiane hanky panky with Reds” (John McNaughton, October 1964)—that is, moves toward a political settlement—in accordance with the NLF program as des ●●

1964 y operations began in 1961, and the regular U.S. bombing began in early 1964: Operation Barrel Roll, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story y operations began in 1961, and the regular U.S. bombing began in early 1964: Operation Barrel Roll, directed against northern Laos, was initiated in December 1964, several months before the regular bombing of North Vietnam. The bombing of northern L ●●

1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed by Congress ai_extracted 1 cit. no story war, efforts to obtain congressional support succeeded with the August 7, 1964 resolution, after the Tonkin Gulf incident, authorizing the president “to take all necessary measures to repel any armed ●●

1964 Event of 1964 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”22 In October 1964 the Population Council sponsored a second confer- ence ten times as large to report on the first year of Tietze’s Cooperative Sta- ●●

1964 Nigerian democracy collapses after contested 1964 election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But democracy did not last long: after a violent and contested election in 1964 that led to a breakdown of order throughout the country, the civilian government was overthrown by the military in 1966. ●●

1964 3 (2002): 226– 231; “Proceedings of the First International Conference on Voluntary Steriliza- ti... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3 (2002): 226– 231; “Proceedings of the First International Conference on Voluntary Steriliza- tion,” April 16, 1964, National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, Documen- tation Centre, New De... ●●

1964 Shep Melnick has described the way that the federal courts rewrote Title VII of the 1964 Civil Right rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Shep Melnick has described the way that the federal courts rewrote Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, “turning a weak law focusing primarily on intentional discrimination into a bold mandate to compensate for past discrimination. ●●

1964 BOLIVIA 1964 to 1975 The account of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story BOLIVIA 1964 to 1975 The account of the events leading up to the coup of 1964 was derived primarily from the following s ●●

1964 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story James Warburg, The Long Road Home (New York: Doubleday, 1964), p ●●

1964 Free Speech Movement protests erupt at Berkeley ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Felsenstein arrived back on campus just as the Free Speech Movement protests began. ●●

1964 Baran completes his packet-switching network study ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paul Baran finishes an eleven-volume RAND study, On Distributed Communications, describing a distributed, packet-switched network resistant to attack. ●●

1964 Kesey and the Merry Pranksters bus trip ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kesey and his Merry Pranksters drive a Day-Glo painted school bus across the country on an LSD-fueled odyssey that helps seed the counterculture. ●●

1964 Jeanneney Report urges France to redeploy African aid ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An official French government report concluded that the protective franc-zone system no longer served France's interests and recommended reshaping French aid to former African colonies. ●●

1964 Alcan takes full control of British Aluminium ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Aluminium Ltd. of Canada, through its Alcan Industries arm, paid 54 million pounds to seize full control of British Aluminium, a deal a British newspaper headlined as wrapping up 'the last of the foil'. ●●

1964 France intervenes in Gabon amid February 1964 unrest ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mass discontent that led to disorders in February 1964 gave France the occasion to warn the United States it would brook no interference in its African sphere of influence. ●●

1964 Tshombe proposes renegotiating Union Miniere's concession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moise Tshombe, having returned from exile to become Congolese prime minister, published proposals to renegotiate the terms of Union Miniere du Haut Katanga's mining concession ahead of its 1990 expiry. ●●

1964 African Development Bank founded in Abidjan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A significant step in continental economic cooperation came with the founding of the African Development Bank, headquartered in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. ●●

1964 Non-Aligned Nations conference in Cairo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A conference of Non-Aligned Nations held in Cairo showed itself, in Nkrumah's view, clearly aligned with the rising forces of liberation against imperialism. ●●

c. 1964 Land-Buying Companies and the New Elite 6 cit. To buy large former settler farms, Africans pooled money in land-buying companies and cooperatives, a model that favored those with capital, credit, and political connections. Politicians, civil servants, chiefs, and business figures, many from loyalist backgrounds, used these vehicles and their access to government to acquire prime estates. The pattern concentrated the best land in the hands of an emerging elite while ordinary members often received little or nothing. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1964 Land-Buying Companies Take the Highlands 4 cit. To buy larger former settler estates, Africans pooled money in land-buying companies and cooperatives. The model could settle real families, but it favoured people who could raise capital, manage paperwork, reach ministers, and control company committees. Politicians, senior civil servants, chiefs, Home Guard veterans, businessmen and other connected figures used these vehicles to accumulate prime land while many ordinary members received small parcels, delayed allocations or nothing. economy / politics / society ●●●●●

1964 The Timau settlement scheme allocates former highland land 2 cit. Kenya Law records a Timau Settlement Scheme parcel allocated in 1964 by the Settlement Fund Trustees, with repayment through the SFT loan system. That local case shows how independence-era redistribution worked on the ground: land moved through purchase, loans, occupation rules and title, rather than simple restitution to everyone displaced by the highland farm economy. economy / politics / society ●●●

c. 1964 Private treaty sales favour politicians, officials and businessmen 2 cit. Once British and World Bank money could not buy all settler land for settlement schemes, private treaty purchases filled the gap. Those with cash, credit, files, contacts and state offices moved faster than ordinary families. Reporting from declassified records describes senior officials, political allies and business figures asking for and acquiring land they were often not qualified to receive. This was not an accident; it was the market version of political power. economy / politics ●●●●●

1964 KTDA turns smallholder tea into a managed growth machine 6 cit. The Kenya Tea Development Authority was established in 1964, replacing the Special Crops Development Authority as the main manager of smallholder tea. KTDA built a powerful system of nurseries, factories, buying centres, transport, extension and payments. The result was real smallholder growth, but inside a centralized crop machine. economy / politics / society ●●●●

24 January 1964 Lanet mutiny forces Kenyatta to call British troops back 2 cit. The 11th Battalion Kenya Rifles mutinied at Lanet near Nakuru weeks after independence, demanding better pay and faster Africanisation. Kenyatta called on British forces still in Kenya to disarm the mutineers. The episode proved how thin the new security handover was: the army wore Kenyan colours, but British force still sat behind it. politics / war ●●●●

1 June 1964 Kenya Air Force inherits RAF personnel and equipment 1 cit. On 1 June 1964, elements of the former Royal Air Force left after independence and their personnel, facilities and equipment converted into the Kenya Air Force. The air arm was therefore not created from scratch. It was a handover from an imperial air base system into a national force. technology / war ●●●

c. 1965 Run on Yamaichi Securities and forced BoJ rescue ai_extracted 1 cit. After stocks crashed, the fourth biggest broker Yamaichi Securities suffered a customer run, and Finance Minister Kakuei Tanaka demanded that the Bank of Japan extend unlimited credit to Yamaichi and expand credit creation, which the legally subordinate BoJ had to do. ●●●

July 1965 Window guidance abolished again ai_extracted 1 cit. With window guidance attracting public attention after the Yamaichi episode, the Bank of Japan once more abolished the credit controls in July 1965, though the controls continued informally. ●●

November 1965 First postwar Japanese government bonds issued ai_extracted 1 cit. After Tanaka agreed to change the Finance Law to permit bond issuance, the first batch of Japanese government bonds came onto the market in November 1965, tipping the power balance between MoF and the BoJ in the central bank's favor. ●●●

1965 Council of the Americas founded by David Rockefeller ai_extracted 1 cit. no story David Rockefeller founded the Council of the Americas in 1965. Wood says it later lobbied for the 1974 Fast Track trade legislation. ●●

1965 Gordon Moore describes Moore's Law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore described the doubling trend of transistors on integrated circuits in his 1965 paper. Wood notes it is used to extrapolate toward the predicted Singularity. ●●

1965 Gatto marks 1965 as the turning point in schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues that in 1965 American schooling changed suddenly and nationwide, a coordinated restructuring he says arrived in all big cities at once without public debate. ●●

1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act passed, 1965 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto calls the 1965 passage of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act the watershed that funded psychological and psychiatric programs in schools. ●●

1965 Vietcong attack the American base at Pleiku ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Vietcong raid on the base at Pleiku killed eight Americans. The attackers carried a precise map of the base. ●●

1965 US Marines land at Da Nang ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American marines came ashore at Da Nang in full battle dress, greeted by garlands. It marked the start of large-scale US ground involvement. ●●

1965 McCone resigns warning Vietnam cannot be won ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On his final resignation, McCone warned Johnson that the war would mire the US in a fight it could not win. He predicted mounting pressure to stop the bombing. ●●

1965 Johnson appoints Admiral Red Raborn to run the CIA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Johnson chose retired admiral Red Raborn, a political ally, as director of central intelligence. Raborn proved ill-suited to the job. ●●

1965 US troops land in the Dominican Republic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Johnson sent thousands of troops into the Dominican Republic amid a rebellion, claiming a Castro-led threat. It was the largest US force in Latin America since 1928. ●●

1965 Press coins Johnson's 'credibility gap' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Raborn's unsupported claims about Cuban control of the Dominican revolt helped spawn the phrase 'credibility gap.' It stuck to Johnson's presidency. ●●

1965 Coup and killings convulse Indonesia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An overnight upheaval left at least five generals dead and a revolutionary council claiming power. The state radio blamed the CIA. ●●

1965 US troop strength in Vietnam reaches 184,000 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of the year the American deployment in Vietnam had swelled dramatically. The war was now in full swing. ●●

1965 Mass killings of suspected communists in Indonesia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With CIA backing, General Suharto's forces and allied militias slaughtered hundreds of thousands. American officials estimated 300,000 to 500,000 killed. ●●

1965 US embassy hands Indonesian army a list of PKI leaders ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An embassy officer gave a list of sixty-seven Communist Party leaders to Suharto's movement. It was compiled from press clippings during the anti-communist purge. ●●

1965 Frank Wisner takes his own life ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA founding officer Frank Wisner, long tormented by mental illness, killed himself with a shotgun at his Maryland estate. He was buried at Arlington. ●●

1965 Radical political doctrines introduced to Kabul rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1960s in Kabul, radical Marxist and Islamic doctrines were introduced on university campuses and in army barracks, setting the stage for conflict. ●●

1965 Over the next four years the CIA spent $2 million candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Over the next four years the CIA spent $2 million on covert projects aimed at supporting Frei, along with $175,000 in covert aid to twenty-two candida (1965) ●●

1965 We think of the days when gunboats ruled the world rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story We think of the days when gunboats ruled the world, when you landed Marines in somebody’s country: Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954, Dominican Republic in (1965) ●●

1965 It also laid bare the defects of a system of insurance that divided responsibility between rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It also laid bare the defects of a system of insurance that divided responsibility between private insurance companies, which offered protection against wind damage, and the federal government, which offered protection against flooding, under a scheme that had been introduced after Hurricane Betsy in 1965. ●●

1965 Indonesian political crisis of 1965 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A political crisis in Indonesia in 1965 involved Sukarno, the army, and communist PKI all claiming victory. ●●

1965 Rockefeller Institute renamed Rockefeller University ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The name was officially changed to Rockefeller University in 1965. Its faculty roster became heavily laden with Nobel Prize winners, and by the 1970s it had housed sixteen of them. For the son of an itinerant vendor of dubious nostrums, this was a most implausible feat. ●●

1965 To stimulate change, Donald Blinken rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To stimulate change, Donald Blinken introduced Eric to a tall, handsome young man named Lionel Pincus in 1965. Pincus’s grandfather had migrated from... ●●

1965 US military intervention in the Dominican Republic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United States intervened militarily in the Dominican Republic, replacing Kennedy's failed Alliance for Progress with military support for counterrevolutionary forces. ●●

1965 Cosmic microwave background radiation discovered ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Scientists discover universal background radiation, providing crucial evidence for the big bang cosmology. This discovery marks the end of competing steady state theory and establishes the big bang model as the dominant paradigm in cosmology. ●●