Events, Verisoph

1965 In September 1965, the same misunderstanding would occur during the Johnson Administration with resp rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1965, the same misunderstanding would occur during the Johnson Administration with respect to China, when Chinese Defense Minister Lin Piao’s manifesto on “People’s War” spoke grandly of “encircling” the world’s industrial powers by revo ●●

1965 I first began thinking seriously about Vietnam after three visits to that country, in 1965 and 1966, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I first began thinking seriously about Vietnam after three visits to that country, in 1965 and 1966, as a consultant on pacification to Ambassador Lodge. ●●

1965 In 1965, America was dedicating itself—amidst general approval—to winning a guerrilla war against wh rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1965, America was dedicating itself—amidst general approval—to winning a guerrilla war against what was seen as a global communist conspiracy, and to building free institutions in Southeast Asia; two years later, in 1967, the same enterprise began ●●

1965 Lin Piao also reaffirmed the statement Mao had made in 1965 to journalist Edgar Snow—that China had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lin Piao also reaffirmed the statement Mao had made in 1965 to journalist Edgar Snow—that China had no troops outside its own frontiers and had no intention of fighting anybody unless its territory was attacked. ●●

1965 , John Quincy Adams and American Continental Empire (Chicago: Times Books, 1965), p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , John Quincy Adams and American Continental Empire (Chicago: Times Books, 1965), p. ●●

1965 1965: Jack Kilby (1923–2005) at Texas Instruments in 1965. Kilby’s microchip rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jack Kilby (1923–2005) at Texas Instruments in 1965. Kilby’s microchip. Arthur Rock (1926– ) in 1997 ●●

1965 Event of 1965 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to stability. These dilemmas came to a head in the Vietnam War. Truman had sent civilian advisors to South Vietnam to resist a guerrilla war in 1951; Eisenhower had added military advisors in 1954; Kennedy authorized combat troops as auxiliaries in 1 ●●

1965 Information history in 1965 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story paper “On Computable Numbers,” but of course the real focus was on uncomputable numbers. Could uncomputable numbers and random numbers be related? ●●

1965 , and the Pentagon systems-analysis group concluded that “our control of the countryside and the def rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , and the Pentagon systems-analysis group concluded that “our control of the countryside and the defense of the urban areas is now essentially at pre-August 1965 levels,” when the U.S. war was being lost, according to General Westmoreland. A U.S. gov ●●

1965 falsely attributes to the media (see appendix 3), and estimated that “our control of the countryside rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story falsely attributes to the media (see appendix 3), and estimated that “our control of the countryside and the defense of the urban areas is now at pre-August 1965 levels.” It was because of this serious situation—not perceived American successes, as B ●●

1965 ed the Viet Cong as “righteous peasants,” there being none, and no example of anyone who denied that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ed the Viet Cong as “righteous peasants,” there being none, and no example of anyone who denied that North Vietnamese troops had entered the South by November 1965, since, again, there were none. Furthermore, opponents of the war at that time and for ●●

1965 eld by the enemy.” He describes “the motionless ruins and deserted houses” of the capital of Sam Neu candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story eld by the enemy.” He describes “the motionless ruins and deserted houses” of the capital of Sam Neua district, first bombed by the U.S. Air Force in February 1965. Much of this “population center” had been “razed to the ground” by bombing, and as he ●●

1965 The latter is based on a complete coverage of the New York Times from 1961 through mid-1965, and an rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The latter is based on a complete coverage of the New York Times from 1961 through mid-1965, and an extensive sample of television network news from August 1965 through January 1973. Elterman’s work covers the New York Times and the newsweeklies, co ●●

1965 the first sighting of a battalion of North Vietnamese regulars in the South, see Kahin, Intervention rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the first sighting of a battalion of North Vietnamese regulars in the South, see Kahin, Intervention, pp. 333f. Korean mercenaries began to arrive in January 1965, while Taiwanese soldiers had reached “several hundred” by mid-1964, in addition to “a ●●

1965 ITT's bid to acquire ABC fails ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It may be recalled that from 1965 to 1967, an attempt by International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT) to acquire ABC was frustrated following a huge outcry that focused on the dangers of allowing a gre ●●

1965 While dissent and domestic controversy became a focus of media coverag... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While dissent and domestic controversy became a focus of media coverage from 1965, the actual views of dissidents and resisters were virtually excluded. ●●

1965 Representing the more dovish view, David Fromkin and James Chace asser... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Representing the more dovish view, David Fromkin and James Chace assert without argument that “the American decision to intervene in Indochina was predicated on the view that the United States has a d ●●

1965 invasion of Vietnam, in 1965, when there was as yet no debate over the... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story invasion of Vietnam, in 1965, when there was as yet no debate over the righteousness of the already massive “intervention,” the United States had not yet succeeded in establishing a government able or ●●

1965 land invasion in 1965, over 150,000 people had been killed in South Vi... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story land invasion in 1965, over 150,000 people had been killed in South Vietnam, according to figures cited by Bernard Fall, most of them “under the crushing weight of American armor, napalm, jet bombers ●●

1965 Event of 1965 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1965 one such study landed on the desk of a senior National Security Council staffer, Robert Komer ●●

1965 Bill Nye visits 1965 World's Fair rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bill Nye attends 1965 World's Fair in New York where he sees population counter reaching 3 billion ●●

1965 “Evaluation of the Family Planning Programme, Reports of Assessment Teams,” June 25, 1965; “Summa... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Evaluation of the Family Planning Programme, Reports of Assessment Teams,” June 25, 1965; “Summary Record of the First Meeting of the Cen- tral Family Planning Council,” December 31, 1965, attache... ●●

1965 “Address of Doctor Sushila Nayar,” December 31, 1965, attached to “Central Family Planning Counci... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Address of Doctor Sushila Nayar,” December 31, 1965, attached to “Central Family Planning Council 2nd Meeting Agenda,” June 27, 1966, NIHFW, Depository, 204 IND. ●●

1965 Mukherjee to State Health Ministers, November 10, 1965; “Proceedings” of meetings on “The Physiol... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mukherjee to State Health Ministers, November 10, 1965; “Proceedings” of meetings on “The Physiological Approach to Fertility Control,” September 18, 1952, FFA, 1953 General Correspondence, C-1165,... ●●

1965 The Problem of Our Time,” November 1961, “Grants Made by the World Population Emergency Campaign,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Problem of Our Time,” November 1961, “Grants Made by the World Population Emergency Campaign,” 1962, and “Family Planning International Campaign: 12th Meeting of Steering Committee,” January 26... ●●

1965 In Europe, Asia, and the Americas, fertility had peaked by 1965 and began declining even before m... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In Europe, Asia, and the Americas, fertility had peaked by 1965 and began declining even before most government-sponsored family planning programs were up and running. ●●

1965 Lyndon Johnson backs family planning at home and abroad ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When, in 1965, Lyndon Johnson began backing family planning both at home and abroad, he presented it as part of a global war on poverty, explaining that his vision of a great society “did not stop ... ●●

1965 After federally funded family plan- ning programs began, the number of people enrolled grew rapid... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After federally funded family plan- ning programs began, the number of people enrolled grew rapidly, from 450,000 in 1965 to over three million in 1973, more than half with in- comes below the fede... ●●

1965 267-71; first printed in the US in 1965; rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 267-71; first printed in the US in 1965; although a poor piece of writing, the book is worth reading for Sukarno’s views ●●

1965 16 A fifth, Owens Bottle Machine, which became Owens-Illinois in 1965, is still... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 16 A fifth, Owens Bottle Machine, which became Owens-Illinois in 1965, is still a leader in this industry ●●

1965 Cooper's Honorable Discharge from the Air Force rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cooper completed his Air Force service and received an honorable discharge in 1965, shortly before joining the Navy. ●●

1965 Cooper Joins the U.S. Navy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In December 1965, following his Air Force discharge, Cooper enlisted in the Navy and was later assigned to submarine duty at Pearl Harbor. ●●

1965 Moore publishes the paper behind Moore's Law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gordon Moore's article forecasts that the number of components on a chip will double roughly every year, a prediction later dubbed Moore's Law. ●●

1965 Tshombe travels to Brussels to negotiate over Union Miniere candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Congolese prime minister Tshombe arrived in Brussels for talks with the Belgian foreign minister over the terms governing Union Miniere's stake in Katanga's mineral wealth. ●●

1965 Nkrumah briefs Ghana's parliament on the Congo settlement rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nkrumah told the Ghana National Assembly the details of the Congo situation, describing how in the five years before independence a massive outflow of wealth had left the country impoverished. ●●

1965 Bildad Kaggia Rebuked for Not Enriching Himself 5 cit. Bildad Kaggia, one of the Kapenguria Six, pressed for free land for the landless and the veterans and broke with Kenyatta over it. At a 1965 rally Kenyatta publicly mocked him, contrasting Kaggia's empty hands with the coffee and property that other former detainees had acquired, asking what Kaggia had done for himself. The episode captured the government's message that reward came from playing the new patronage game, not from championing the poor who had fought. economy / politics ●●

c. 1965 Squatters and Veterans Left Landless 6 cit. Many Mau Mau veterans and former squatters, the very people whose landlessness had driven the revolt, could not afford the loans and plots and were pushed to forests, towns, and marginal land. The unresolved land question festered, feeding later squatter movements and the ethnic land conflicts of the Rift Valley. The failure to settle the fighters and the poor on the land they had fought for is central to the case that the settlement served the propertied instead. economy / society ●●●

24 February 1965 Pio Gama Pinto shot dead in Nairobi 6 cit. Pio Gama Pinto, a Goa-born socialist, journalist and anti-colonial organizer, was shot at close range in the driveway of his Nairobi home while his young daughter sat in the car. He was the first politician killed in independent Kenya. Pinto had built the intellectual and financial base of the parliamentary left and worked closely with Vice-President Oginga Odinga's faction. politics / society ●●●

May 1965 African Socialism promises a Kenyan welfare state 2 cit. Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965, African Socialism and its Application to Planning in Kenya, promised political equality, social justice, and freedom from want, disease, and exploitation, the language of a welfare state. Broad welfare spending stayed thin. Colin Leys and other critics argued the policy mainly opened a path for accumulation by a political elite around Jomo Kenyatta. ●●●

1965 ADC is created to hold the large-farm inheritance 2 cit. The Agricultural Development Corporation was established in 1965 to help transfer land from European settlers to locals while keeping high-quality livestock and large-farm production going. It shows the postcolonial compromise plainly: the settler estate form was not simply broken up; parts of it were held and managed through a state corporation. economy / politics ●●●●

1966 Cross-shareholding program completed ai_extracted 1 cit. By 1966 the program to boost stable cross shareholdings among Japanese firms was virtually completed, and Article 280 was modified again to give the appearance of propriety and avoid foreign criticism. ●●

1966 to 1982 Tight Bundesbank policy linked to fall of three chancellors ai_extracted 1 cit. The downfalls of chancellors Ludwig Erhard in 1966, Kurt Georg Kiesinger in 1969, and Helmut Schmidt in 1982 were directly or indirectly linked to tight Bundesbank policies. ●●●

1966 Tragedy and Hope published and pulled from the market ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book recounts Quigley's Tragedy and Hope, published by Macmillan in 1966. It says the book sold about 8,800 copies before the publisher let it go out of print. ●●

1966 McNamara commissions the Pentagon Papers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a candid CIA briefing, McNamara ordered a secret history of the war and questioned his own strategy. That study became the Pentagon Papers. ●●

1966 CIA-backed Barrientos wins the Bolivian presidency ai_extracted 1 cit. no story General Rene Barrientos, funded by more than a million CIA dollars, won election as president of Bolivia. The agency reported the operation a success. ●●

1966 The Waffen SS. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1966. Stephan, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Waffen SS. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1966. Stephan, John J. ●●

1966 And from 1966, under Regulation Q, there was a ceiling of 5. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And from 1966, under Regulation Q, there was a ceiling of 5. ●●

1966 Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown, 1966 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vazquez, Josefina Zoraida, and Lorenzo Meyer. The United States and Mexico. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1985. ●●

1966 In January 1966 Pincus acquired candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1966 Pincus acquired a 50 percent stake in E. M. ●●

1966 As the Financial Times said rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the Financial Times said of Brinckmann in 1966, he “regarded himself as more of a custodian than the Nazis would have liked, and relations with... ●●

1966 The New Yorker, April 9, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The New Yorker, April 9, 1966. 17. ●●

1966 30. The New Yorker, April 9, 1966 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 30. The New Yorker, April 9, 1966. ●●

1966 Black Americans in professional roles double ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1960 and 1966, the number of Black Americans in professional, technical, and managerial positions doubles, marking significant economic advancement though with continued disparities. ●●

1966 Expansion of higher education in America rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Economic progress and new social expectations lead to massive influx of college and university students from families with no previous higher education background, with 63 percent of students in 1966 coming from such families. ●●

1966 Ronald Reagan declares politics is like show business rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1966, Ronald Reagan stated that politics is just like show business, providing a metaphor that reflected the increasing merger of entertainment and political discourse in American culture. ●●

1966 using an assumed name and then rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story using an assumed name and then later divorced. ●●

1966 At the end of 1966, North Vietnamese Prime Minister Pham Van Dong told Harrison Salisbury of The New rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of 1966, North Vietnamese Prime Minister Pham Van Dong told Harrison Salisbury of The New York Times that, though the United States was far stronger militarily, it would lose in the end because more Vietnamese than Americans were prepared ●●

1966 The same point had already been made in 1966, when Senator Fulbright had criticized the United State candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The same point had already been made in 1966, when Senator Fulbright had criticized the United States for succumbing to the “arrogance of power” by confusing its “power with virtue and major responsibilities with a universal mission. ●●

1966 David Halberstam, who was by 1966 an acerbic critic of the war, had himself argued earlier “that Vie rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story David Halberstam, who was by 1966 an acerbic critic of the war, had himself argued earlier “that Vietnam is a legitimate part of that (U. ●●

1966 Cleveland, The Atlantic Idea and Its European Rivals (New York: Published for the Council on Foreign rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cleveland, The Atlantic Idea and Its European Rivals (New York: Published for the Council on Foreign Relations by McGraw-Hill, 1966), p. ●●

1966 1966: Jimmy Wales was born in 1966 in Huntsville, Alabama, a town ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ho was trying, without much success, to build a free, online encyclopedia. Jimmy Wales was born in 1966 in Huntsville, Alabama, a town of rednecks and rocket scientists. Six years earlier, in the wake ●●

1966 1966: Taylor, however, was a clever and stubborn Texan. In the fall of 1966, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Taylor, however, was a clever and stubborn Texan. In the fall of 1966, he asked Herzfeld, “Charlie, doesn’t ARPA fund 51 percent of Lincoln Laboratory ●●

1966 1966: nted out to Roberts after getting Herzfeld’s call. So in December 1966 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nted out to Roberts after getting Herzfeld’s call. So in December 1966, Larry Roberts went to work at ARPA. “I blackmailed Larry Roberts into becoming ●●

1966 1966: R. Licklider, John von Neumann, and Vannevar Bush.” 15 All of these ex rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story R. Licklider, John von Neumann, and Vannevar Bush.” 15 All of these experiences led Brand to become the impresario and techie for one of the seminal e ●●

1966 1966: uch success, to build a free, online encyclopedia. Jimmy Wales was bor rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story uch success, to build a free, online encyclopedia. Jimmy Wales was born in 1966 in Huntsville, Alabama, a town of rednecks and rocket scientists. Six ●●

1966 Information history in 1966 candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story heard rumors of similar work coming from the Soviet Union. Sure enough, the first issue of a new journal arrived (after a journey of months) in early 1966: , Problems of Information Transmission. ●●

1966 1966 VON NEUMANN MADE a deal with “the other party” in 1946 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —Hannes Alfvén, 1966 VON NEUMANN MADE a deal with “the other party” in 1946 ●●

1966 But when IAS astronomers sought to exercise this privilege rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But when IAS astronomers sought to exercise this privilege, in 1966, the matter ended in dispute ●●

1966 aced an enemy combat force of 48,500, 97 percent of them South Vietnamese guerrillas (“Viet Cong”). rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story aced an enemy combat force of 48,500, 97 percent of them South Vietnamese guerrillas (“Viet Cong”). A few months after the Ia Drang Valley battle, in March 1966, the Pentagon reported 13,100 North Vietnamese forces in the South, along with 225,000 Vi ●●

1966 ties in Vietnam (Philadelphia: Pilgrim Press, 1970), pp. 81–83. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ties in Vietnam (Philadelphia: Pilgrim Press, 1970), pp. 81–83. 67. Harvard University physician Jean Mayer, “Crop Destruction in Vietnam,” Science (April 15, 1966). 68. Alistair Hay, The Chemical Scythe: Lessons of 2,4,5-T and Dioxin (New York: Pl ●●

1966 The Association of University Students (AEU) sought information on the... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Association of University Students (AEU) sought information on the disappeared through the courts in the course of a brief opening in 1966, but after one sensational exposé of the police murder of ●●

1966 Thus, in the Dominican Republic in 1966, and periodically thereafter, ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, in the Dominican Republic in 1966, and periodically thereafter, the United States organized what have been called “demonstration elections” in its client states, defined as those whose primary f ●●

1966 Julio Méndez Montenegro was a civilian president from 1966 to 1970, bu... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Julio Méndez Montenegro was a civilian president from 1966 to 1970, but he did not rule, and he was eventually discredited by the fact that he presided over a huge escalation of army violence. ●●

1966 Given the earlier similar performance of the mass media in the cases o... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Given the earlier similar performance of the mass media in the cases of the U.S.-sponsored elections in the Dominican Republic in 1966 and Vietnam in 1967, we offer the tentative generalization that t ●●

1966 An important feature of Italian politics in the period from 1966 throu... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An important feature of Italian politics in the period from 1966 through 1981 was the protection given by the intelligence services to right-wing terror, under a program designated the “strategy of te ●●

1966 Event of 1966 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In a White House interview in May 1966, Asoka Mehta regaled Presi- dent Johnson with their achievements and aspirations: “In 1965 there were more vase ●●

1966 David Schoenbaum, Hitler’s Social Revolution (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966), pp. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story David Schoenbaum, Hitler’s Social Revolution (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966), pp. ●●

1966 “Evaluation of the Family Planning Programme, Reports of Assessment Teams,” June 25, 1965; “Summa... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Evaluation of the Family Planning Programme, Reports of Assessment Teams,” June 25, 1965; “Summary Record of the First Meeting of the Cen- tral Family Planning Council,” December 31, 1965, attache... ●●

1966 “Address of Doctor Sushila Nayar,” December 31, 1965, attached to “Central Family Planning Counci... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Address of Doctor Sushila Nayar,” December 31, 1965, attached to “Central Family Planning Council 2nd Meeting Agenda,” June 27, 1966, NIHFW, Depository, 204 IND. ●●

1966 Guttmacher to Notestein, July 26, 1966; Mauldin, “Retention of IUD’s”; “Considerations of Suggest... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Guttmacher to Notestein, July 26, 1966; Mauldin, “Retention of IUD’s”; “Considerations of Suggestions Made by the State Governments and Other Mem- bers of the Central Family Planning Council,” atta... ●●

1966 They worried that, if they continued, “gov- ernments which formerly had not observed any demograp... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They worried that, if they continued, “gov- ernments which formerly had not observed any demographic policy will suddenly find themselves, over-night, obliged to adopt brutal measures.” But they al... ●●

1966 “Summary Proceedings of the Central Family Planning Council,” June 27, 1966, NIHFW, 204 IND; “Min... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Summary Proceedings of the Central Family Planning Council,” June 27, 1966, NIHFW, 204 IND; “Minutes of the Meeting Held under the Chair- n o t e s t o p a g e s 2 2 6 – 2 2 9 447 ●●

1966 (As the people of the Dominican Republic had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (As the people of the Dominican Republic had voted in 1966 for the US-supported candidate to forestall further American ●●

1966 For further discussion of CIA/USIA books and the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For further discussion of CIA/USIA books and the source of these and other titles, see the references in notes 14 and 15 ●●

1966 John Bartlow Martin, Overtaken by Events: The Dominican rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Bartlow Martin, Overtaken by Events: The Dominican Crisis From the Fall of Trujillo to the Civil War (New York, 196 ●●

1966 3; Washington Post, 1 June 1966; 30 September rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3; Washington Post, 1 June 1966; 30 September 1966; plus many other articles in both newspapers during the 1960s d) Warr ●●

1966 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The consequences of that process were summarized in 1966 by Alan Greenspan who, a few years later, would became Chairman of the Board of Governors of ●●

1966 Brief gives an excellent analysis of replacement accounting in this article whic... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Brief gives an excellent analysis of replacement accounting in this article which can be supplemented by his “The Evolution of Asset Accounting,” Business History Review, 40:1–23 (Spring 1966) ●●

1966 Stewart Brand stages the Trips Festival ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Stewart Brand and Ken Kesey stage a three-day multimedia happening in San Francisco blending psychedelic culture with technology. ●●

c. 1966 GSU deployed against KPU opposition 1 cit. After Oginga Odinga's Kenya People's Union (KPU) broke from the ruling party, GSU and police units were used to break up KPU rallies and harass its officials, part of a pattern in which the paramilitary force served the ruling party rather than the public at large. The KPU was banned outright in 1969 following a shooting at a Kisumu rally that killed a number of civilians, an episode documented in Kenyan political histories though exact casualty figures vary by source. politics ●●

c. 1966 The land goes to the elite, not the fighters 6 cit. Because the land had to be bought, the main beneficiaries are Africans who already had money and connections: civil servants, politicians, colonial-era loyalists, and home guards. Many landless squatters and Mau Mau veterans who fought for the land are left out. Scholars and Kenyan commentators have long argued that the market model settled the colonial land question in favour of a new African elite rather than the dispossessed. economy / politics / society ●●

c. 1966 Forced villagisation into manyattas and mass killing of livestock contested 3 cit. The army herded pastoralists into guarded settlements, the manyattas, to cut the insurgents off from support. Security forces also killed large numbers of camels, cattle and goats, destroying the herds that livelihoods depended on. Estimates of the total dead in the war vary widely and reach into the thousands, a figure that remains disputed. economy / war ●●●●

April 1966 Odinga resigns and founds the Kenya People's Union 5 cit. Sidelined at Limuru, Oginga Odinga resigned as vice-president and left KANU to form the Kenya People's Union. The KPU positioned itself to the left of the government, calling for land redistribution and a less pro-Western foreign policy. Its creation gave Kenya, for a short time, a real opposition party. politics ●●●

June 1966 The 'little general election' 1 cit. Parliament passed an amendment forcing any member who changed party to resign and seek re-election. This sent about thirty legislators who had defected to the KPU back to the voters in what became known as the little general election. Most lost, though the KPU held on to a core of seats, and the government used the contest to weaken the new opposition. politics ●●

3 May 1966 Kibaki becomes Minister for Commerce and Industry 1 cit. On 3 May 1966 Kibaki was elevated to full Cabinet rank as Minister for Commerce and Industry after the Kenyatta-Oginga Odinga split and the formation of the Kenya People's Union. The role put him at the center of post-independence economic management just as the East African common currency and regional institutions were under strain. economy / politics ●●●●

1966 The Myth of Mau Mau reframes the uprising as nationalism 3 cit. Carl G. Rosberg Jr. and John Nottingham published The Myth of "Mau Mau": Nationalism in Kenya, a major early challenge to the colonial line that Mau Mau was irrational savagery. The book treated the uprising as a nationalist and political movement rooted in land, state violence and colonial rule. Nottingham mattered because he had been inside the colonial administration and later helped carry evidence of abuses into public view. culture / politics / society ●●●

1966 Penfold keeps British command above the new Kenyan army 2 cit. Joseph Ndolo became Army Commander in 1966, but the newly created Chief of Defence Staff post was held by Major-General Bernard Penfold, a British officer and former King's African Rifles commander. This was Africanisation with a British ceiling. The flag changed faster than the command architecture. politics / war ●●●●

1967 German parliament passes the Stability and Growth Act ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1967, ten years after the Bundesbank's founding, the German parliament passed the Stability and Growth Act, mandating the central bank to pursue price stability, high employment, external equilibrium, and steady adequate economic growth. ●●●

September 1967 to 1969 Window guidance reintroduced and expanded ai_extracted 1 cit. The Bank of Japan reintroduced window guidance credit controls in September 1967 and widened their scope in 1969 to cover all private-sector credit creators. ●●●

5 June 1967 to 10 June 1967 Six-Day War 1 cit. Israel preemptively destroys the Egyptian air force and defeats Egypt, Jordan, and Syria in six days. It captures Sinai, Gaza, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights, territories at the center of the conflict ever since. politics / war ●●●●