Events, Verisoph

1973 Xerox Alto is completed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Alto, Kay's 'interim Dynabook,' was finished with a bitmapped display and mouse-driven interface. ●●

1973 Community Memory terminal opens in Berkeley ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A public-access computer terminal linked to a shared mainframe opened at a Berkeley record store. ●●

1973 Gates and Allen program the Bonneville Power grid ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The two spent Gates's final semester of high school programming the agency's electrical grid management system. ●●

1973 Federal judge invalidates the ENIAC patent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Judge Earl Larson rules that Eckert and Mauchly derived their computer patent from Atanasoff's earlier work, invalidating the ENIAC patent. ●●

1973 Kahn sets out to interconnect packet networks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Kahn, having moved from BBN to ARPA, begins work on a way to connect the ARPANET with other incompatible packet networks. ●●

1973 Cerf sketches the internetworking gateway design ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vint Cerf sketches the gateway architecture, connecting separate packet networks, that becomes the basis for the Internet Protocol. ●●

1973 Fadiman's literal-migration reading and Peatrik's critique contested 1 cit. In a 1973 article J. A. Jeffrey Fadiman read Mbwaa literally, placing a Meru origin on the coast near Manda Island around 1700 and dating the migration from age-set lists. Anne-Marie Peatrik dismantles this: the coastal location rests on mistranslating "rutiri rwa urio," which means the right-hand side of the body and kinship, not a cardinal direction, and the Meru have no words for north or south. She also argues the age-set dating confuses the history of an institution with the history of settlement, so the migration reading collapses. culture / society ●●●

c. 1973 Stagflation breaks the old Keynesian consensus 2 cit. The 1970s brought high inflation together with weak growth and unemployment, a combination that old Keynesian fine-tuning handled poorly. The Great Inflation, oil shocks and collapsing confidence gave monetarists and new classical economists their opening against the postwar Keynesian consensus. economy / politics ●●●●●

17 April 1973 Kenya Air Force command is finally Kenyanized 1 cit. The Kenya Air Force kept British commanders for years after its 1964 creation. MOD commander records show Group Captain Ian Stockwell, Fred Rothwell and David Edwards leading the force before Colonel Dedan Gichuru took command on 17 April 1973. Full Kenyan command came almost a decade after independence. politics / war ●●●

1973 African company ownership widens inside Kenya capitalism 2 cit. By the early 1970s, African participation in registered Kenyan companies had grown sharply. This was not socialism. It was Africanisation inside a capitalist structure: ownership shifted toward Africans, but the commanding framework remained private property, banks, export crops, state patronage and access to political office. economy / politics ●●●

1974 Inflation peaks with 26 percent consumer price rise ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1974, following the credit boom and oil shock, Japan's consumer price index rose 26 percent year-on-year and the wholesale price index 37 percent, creating social friction. ●●●

1974 to 1975 Japan sinks into its biggest postwar recession ai_extracted 1 cit. After the credit tightening, bad debts piled up, industrial production dropped 19 percent between late 1973 and early 1975, and real GDP growth fell to virtually nil in 1974, ending Japan's high-growth era. ●●●●

c. 1974 Bank runs on credit associations ai_extracted 1 cit. As insolvencies from speculative real estate lending surfaced during the mid-1970s bust, several shaky credit associations faced full-scale bank runs, and MoF and BoJ officials were dispatched to Aichi Prefecture to reassure depositors. ●●

1974 Alternating MoF-BoJ governorship tradition begins ai_extracted 1 cit. The tradition of alternating the Bank of Japan governorship between Ministry of Finance alumni and trueborn BoJ men began in 1974, when BoJ governor Sasaki was succeeded by ex-MoF man Morinaga. ●●

August 1974 UN World Population Conference in Bucharest 1 cit. The 1974 UN World Population Conference in Bucharest adopted a World Population Plan of Action, though developing nations pushed back against Western pressure to curb births. It marked the peak of the mid-century view that population growth was a crisis to manage. economy / politics ●●●

1974 Richard Gardner's 'The Hard Road to World Order' (1974) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Richard Gardner's article The Hard Road to World Order appeared in Foreign Affairs in 1974, arguing sovereignty should be eroded piece by piece rather than by frontal assault. ●●

1974 Brzezinski defines 'New World Order' to Veja ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1974 Brzezinski was interviewed by the Brazilian newspaper Veja and asked to define the New World Order, calling for the international system to be changed into a global one. ●●

1974 First 'Fast Track' trade legislation passed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Congress passed the first Fast Track (Trade Promotion Authority) legislation in 1974, one year after the Trilateral Commission's founding. It let the President negotiate trade deals with limited congressional review. ●●

1974 Trilateral Commission report Crisis of Democracy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites the 1974 Trilateral Commission report Crisis of Democracy, quoting its call for a program to lower the job expectations of college graduates. He uses it as evidence that elites planned to manage educated discontent. ●●

1974 Seymour Hersh exposes CIA domestic spying ai_extracted 1 cit. The New York Times published Seymour Hersh's front-page story revealing the CIA had spied on antiwar Americans at home. The disclosure triggered a year of congressional investigations into the agency. ●●

1974 Turkey invades Cyprus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Greek junta's coup against Archbishop Makarios, Turkish forces landed and split Cyprus in two. Two NATO armies fought with American weapons. ●●

1974 Richard Nixon resigns the presidency ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nixon resigned after admitting he had ordered the CIA to obstruct the Watergate investigation. It was the final blow of the scandal. ●●

1974 Grenada gains independence from Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He dominated Grenada for most of the next quarter century, led it to independence in 1974 (though it remained part of the British Commonwealth), and b (1974) ●●

1974 This was part of a general explosion of debt which saw total debt (financial, corporate, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This was part of a general explosion of debt which saw total debt (financial, corporate, household and government) rise from just over 160 per cent of GDP in 1974 to more than 350 per cent in 2008. ●●

1974 In 1974, Greenhill was field marshal for Morgan Stanley’s first hos... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Instead of tennis or golf, Greenhill liked solitary sports that tested endurance. Early each morning, he jogged near his Greenwich, Connecticut, home. He was also a motorcycle enthusiast. ●●

1974 In 1974, $100 million was still considered a big deal rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Once Morgan Stanley sanctioned hostile takeovers, competitors jumped in. A year later, George Shinn of First Boston paired up Bruce Wasserstein and Joe Perella to launch a separate M&A operation. In 1974, $100 million was still considered a big deal. ●●

1974 In May 1974, Franklin’s foreign-exchange losses led to the first ma... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER THIRTY SHEIKS FOR Morgan Guaranty, too, the recession of 1973–74 disclosed a turbulent new world. The Arab oil embargo and consequent jump in world oil prices produced inflation and skidding financial markets. With an end to fixed exchang... ●●

1974 The London bank’s home success had bred hopes for bigger things abr... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE TRADERS IN the early 1980s, as the final vestiges of fraternity among the Morgan houses disappeared and Morgan Guaranty abandoned wholesale lending to enter global investment banking, it ran into Morgan Stanley. It was also o... ●●

1974 Sir Eric Roll, who became rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sir Eric Roll, who became chairman in 1974, wrote that to know what was happening in the office, “the quickest and surest way was to telephone... ●●

1974 New York: Ktav Publishing House, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story New York: Ktav Publishing House, Inc., 1974. Peterson, Edward Norman. ●●

1974 6. Sharp, “Gloom,” February 1974 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6. Sharp, “Gloom,” February 1974. ●●

1974 23. Business Week, November 23, 1974 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 23. Business Week, November 23, 1974. ●●

1974 Watergate scandal and Nixon's resignation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Watergate scandal forced President Nixon to resign in August 1974, severely damaging American credibility and government trust during critical geopolitical tensions. ●●

1974 In June 1974, Senator Henry Jackson circulated to his Subcommittee on Arms Control a critique of det candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1974, Senator Henry Jackson circulated to his Subcommittee on Arms Control a critique of detente prepared by a group of eminent scholars that maintained: ●●

1974 Kissinger memo details Project AZORIAN cover story ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A May 1974 memo to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger explained the cover story for Project AZORIAN, the CIA submarine recovery operation using the Hughes Glomar Explorer. ●●

1974 Henry Kissinger and Shah of Iran oil pricing meeting candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to later accounts, when Saudi oil representative Sheik Ahmed Yamani was sent by King Faisal to the Shah of Iran in 1974, the Shah said Henry Kissinger wanted a higher price for oil. ●●

1974 1974: Alan Kay (1940– ) at Xerox PARC in 1974. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alan Kay (1940– ) at Xerox PARC in 1974. Kay’s 1972 sketch for a Dynabook. Lee Felsenstein (1945– ). The first issue, October 1972. ●●

1974 1974: When the Intel 8080 microprocessor was about to come out in ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story puter centers of the East Coast. When the Intel 8080 microprocessor was about to come out in April 1974, Ed Roberts was able to score some handwritten data sheets describing it. A burly entrepreneur w ●●

1974 1974: ” 3 What Gates and Allen embarked on that December day in 1... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story admitted, “was not our area of expertise.” 3 What Gates and Allen embarked on that December day in 1974 when they first saw the Popular Electronics cover would lead to the creation of software for per ●●

1974 1974: 50 As Gates was preparing to begin his sophomore year in th... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story aper coauthored with Gates. 50 As Gates was preparing to begin his sophomore year in the summer of 1974, he convinced Allen to move to the Boston area and take a job with Honeywell similar to one that ●●

1974 1974: ” 54 Gates’s haphazard life at Harvard was suddenly upended... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story t to be super-good friends.” 54 Gates’s haphazard life at Harvard was suddenly upended in December 1974, halfway through his sophomore year, when Allen arrived at his Currier House room with the new i ●●

1974 1974: When he returned in the fall of 1974, he went to work at Ata... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and then seeking spiritual enlightenment on a pilgrimage to India. When he returned in the fall of 1974, he went to work at Atari under Nolan Bushnell and Al Alcorn. Atari, flush with its success with ●●

1974 1974: Justin Hall (1974– ) and Howard Rheingold (1947– ) in 1995. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tim Berners-Lee (1955– ). Marc Andreessen (1971– ). Justin Hall (1974– ) and Howard Rheingold (1947– ) in 1995. ●●

1974 1974: 15, 1974, from file in Time magazine archives. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story NOTES INTRODUCTION 1. Henry Kissinger, background briefing for reporters, Jan. 15, 1974, from file in Time magazine archives. 2. Steven Shapin, The Scientific Revolution (University of Chicago Press, ●●

1974 1974: In 1974 there was no personal computer industry, much less a... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s both in a general way more than six years later, around the time of the release of the IBM PC. In 1974 there was no personal computer industry, much less a personal computer software industry.” 5. I ●●

1974 1974: Vannevar Bush (1890–1974), with his Differential Analyzer at MIT. Alan rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vannevar Bush (1890–1974), with his Differential Analyzer at MIT. Alan Turing (1912–54), at the Sherborne School i ●●

1974 1974: hat could be owned and operated by ordinary folks. “I can’t see any re rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hat could be owned and operated by ordinary folks. “I can’t see any reason that anyone would want a computer of his own,” DEC president Ken Olsen decl ●●

1974 1974: Alan Kay (1940– ) at Xerox PARC in 1974. Kay’s 1972 sketch for a Dynab rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alan Kay (1940– ) at Xerox PARC in 1974. Kay’s 1972 sketch for a Dynabook. Lee Felsenste ●●

1974 1974: Valley and the computer centers of the East Coast. When the Intel 8080 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Valley and the computer centers of the East Coast. When the Intel 8080 microprocessor was about to come out in April 1974, Ed Roberts was able to scor ●●

1974 1974: are,” he admitted, “was not our area of expertise.” 3 What Gates and A rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story are,” he admitted, “was not our area of expertise.” 3 What Gates and Allen embarked on that December day in 1974 when they first saw the Popular Elect ●●

1974 1974: lution in a scholarly paper coauthored with Gates. 50 As Gates was pre rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story lution in a scholarly paper coauthored with Gates. 50 As Gates was preparing to begin his sophomore year in the summer of 1974, he convinced Allen to ●●

1974 1974: Gates. “And then we got to be super-good friends.” 54 Gates’s haphazar rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gates. “And then we got to be super-good friends.” 54 Gates’s haphazard life at Harvard was suddenly upended in December 1974, halfway through his sop ●●

1974 1974: spiritual enlightenment on a pilgrimage to India. When he returned in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story spiritual enlightenment on a pilgrimage to India. When he returned in the fall of 1974, he went to work at Atari under Nolan Bushnell and Al Alcorn. A ●●

1974 1974: m Berners-Lee (1955– ). Marc Andreessen (1971– ). Justin Hall (1974– ) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story m Berners-Lee (1955– ). Marc Andreessen (1971– ). Justin Hall (1974– ) and Howard Rheingold (1947– ) in 1995. ●●

1974 1974: Kissinger, background briefing for reporters, Jan. 15, 1974, from file rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kissinger, background briefing for reporters, Jan. 15, 1974, from file in Time magazine archives. 2. Steven Shapin, The Scientific Revolution (Uni ●●

1974 1974: ter, around the time of the release of the IBM PC. In 1974 there was n rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ter, around the time of the release of the IBM PC. In 1974 there was no personal computer industry, much less a personal computer software industry.” ●●

1974 Event of 1974 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story o two disengagement agreements between Egypt and Israel and a peace agreement with Israel in 1979. Egypt was expelled from the Arab League. Sadat was vilified and ultimately assassinated. Yet his courageous actions found imitators willing to reach co ●●

1974 Information history in 1974 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hulton Archive/Getty Images 8. 3 Alfred Eisenstaedt/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images 9. ●●

1974 , Japan in Crisis: Essays on Taishō Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974). rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , Japan in Crisis: Essays on Taishō Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974). ●●

1974 and The Population Bomb, 162, 165; and Population Council, 169, 329–330; relationship with Dunlop... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and The Population Bomb, 162, 165; and Population Council, 169, 329–330; relationship with Dunlop, 308, 315, 316; relationship with Frederick Osborn, 156, 159; and Rockefeller Foundation mission to... ●●

1974 Wade, 269, 351, 352 Rogers, Lester Cushing, 208 Rogers, William, 254 Romania: Bucharest conferenc... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wade, 269, 351, 352 Rogers, Lester Cushing, 208 Rogers, William, 254 Romania: Bucharest conference of 1974, 278, 299–300, 304, 310–316, 317, 318, 327, 328, 339; Ceausescu, 310; pro-natalism in, 310... ●●

1974 World Population Conference convenes in Bucharest ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Cadbury had anticipated, the first time population control proponents managed to assemble political leaders from almost every country—the 1974 World Population Conference in Bucha- rest—the proc... ●●

1974 He urged him to appoint his predecessor, U Thant, as his personal representative in organizing bo... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He urged him to appoint his predecessor, U Thant, as his personal representative in organizing both the World Popu- lation Conference in Bucharest in 1974 and the other activities that would mark W... ●●

1974 “Note to Episcopal Conferences regarding the World Population Year and Conference,” October 18, 1... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Note to Episcopal Conferences regarding the World Population Year and Conference,” October 18, 1973, National Conference of Catholic Bishops Papers, USCCBA, box 62, “Pro-Life Activities,” file on ... ●●

1974 Fazzi to Bellerive, March 15, 1973, WHOA, P12/80/3; Director, UN Li- aison Office to Bellerive, A... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fazzi to Bellerive, March 15, 1973, WHOA, P12/80/3; Director, UN Li- aison Office to Bellerive, April 12, 1973, WHOA, P13/86/2(B); “Note to Episco- pal Conferences,” October 18, 1973; Cadbury, “Spe... ●●

1974 Unless otherwise noted, the following account of the conference is based on these sources: daily ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Unless otherwise noted, the following account of the conference is based on these sources: daily reports of Planet, the conferences’ unofficial newspaper pub- lished by the IPPF, available in FFA, ... ●●

1974 On the World Bank, see “President’s Council Meeting,” September 16, 1974, WBGA, 03–04, Office of ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the World Bank, see “President’s Council Meeting,” September 16, 1974, WBGA, 03–04, Office of the President, Records of President McNamara, series 02, President’s Council Minutes, box 1; n o t e... ●●

1974 On food riots and cartels, see Claxton to Members of Inter-Agency Com- mittee for the World Popul... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On food riots and cartels, see Claxton to Members of Inter-Agency Com- mittee for the World Population Conference, December 5, 1973, USNA, Nixon Papers, NSC Institutional Files, Study Memorandums, ... ●●

1974 Teitelbaum, “Status of Women at the World Population Conference,” October 4, 1974, FFA, Populatio... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Teitelbaum, “Status of Women at the World Population Conference,” October 4, 1974, FFA, Population Office Files, box 6992, “World Population Year, Bucharest, 1974.” 470 n o t e s t o p a g e s 3 1 ... ●●

1974 290 f a t a l m i s c o n c e p t i o n Throwing Money at the Problem $0 $20,000,000 $40,000,000 ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 290 f a t a l m i s c o n c e p t i o n Throwing Money at the Problem $0 $20,000,000 $40,000,000 $60,000,000 $80,000,000 $100,000,000 $120,000,000 $140,000,000 $160,000,000 1971 109,567,000 7,446,0... ●●

1974 Villot orders bishops to prepare for Bucharest conference ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The secretary of state, Cardinal Jean-Marie Villot, ordered the national episcopal conferences to begin preparing for the World Population Conference in 1974, ensuring that the Church view was repr... ●●

1974 By the time conference participants gathered in August 1974, an epidemic of botched abortions had... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the time conference participants gathered in August 1974, an epidemic of botched abortions had caused maternal mortality to soar.89 More than a thousand official delegates representing 133 count... ●●

1974 The World Population Conference of 1974 thus witnessed an epic bat- tle between starkly different... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The World Population Conference of 1974 thus witnessed an epic bat- tle between starkly different visions of history and the future: one premised on the preservation of order, if necessary by radic... ●●

1974 9 R E P R O D U C I N G R I G H T S , R E P R O D U C I N G H E A LT H The 1974 World Population ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 9 R E P R O D U C I N G R I G H T S , R E P R O D U C I N G H E A LT H The 1974 World Population Conference, followed by India’s repudiation of Indira Gandhi three years later, exposed for all to s... ●●

1974 “Discussion on Additional General Grant Support,” November 2, 1976, IPPFA, 1.4.1.1.1, “IPPF Gover... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Discussion on Additional General Grant Support,” November 2, 1976, IPPFA, 1.4.1.1.1, “IPPF Governing Body, 14th Meeting (Special Meeting) 5th– 7th November.” On cuts at the Council, see “Minutes o... ●●

1974 Congressional Budget Office established ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office was established in 1974 to provide Congress with greater technocratic support in drawing up budgets, but in the end the making of an American budget is a highly decentralized and nonstrategic process in com ●●

1974 Before April 1974, when a coup in Portugal rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before April 1974, when a coup in Portugal ousted the dictatorship, the aid given to the Angolan resistance movements by ●●

1974 The story of Operation Splinter Factor comes from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The story of Operation Splinter Factor comes from the book of the same name by Stewart Steven published in London in 197 ●●

1974 ) released 18 December 1974 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ) released 18 December 1974 ●●

1974 William Jorden, US Ambassador to Panama 1974-78, has rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story William Jorden, US Ambassador to Panama 1974-78, has written that he’s almost certain that US intelligence agents gave t ●●

1974 Patty Hearst kidnapped by the SLA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda asserts that on February 4, 1974, publishing heiress Patty Hearst was kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army and subjected to brainwashing. ●●

1974 SLA shootout with Los Angeles police ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda describes the May 17, 1974 SWAT team attack on an SLA house that resulted in deaths including Donald DeFreeze, the group's leader, but Patty Hearst escaped. ●●

1974 MITS decides to build a computer on the Intel 8080 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After studying the Intel 8080's instruction set, Ed Roberts concluded MITS could build an affordable do-it-yourself computer kit. ●●

1974 Gates and Allen see the Altair on Popular Electronics ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paul Allen bought the January 1975 issue in December 1974 and rushed it to Bill Gates, launching their eight-week coding sprint. ●●

1974 Steve Jobs takes a job at Atari ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After returning from a pilgrimage to India, Jobs went to work for Nolan Bushnell and Al Alcorn at Atari. ●●

1974 Hayek awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 1 cit. Friedrich Hayek shares the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for their work on money, economic fluctuations, and the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena. The award gave fresh international visibility to Austrian School and free-market economics after decades in which Keynesian economics had dominated the mainstream. economy / science ●●●

1974 DEC's Ken Olsen dismisses the idea of personal computers candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story DEC president Ken Olsen tells his operations committee he sees no reason anyone would want a computer of his own, as debate over a smaller PDP-8 stalls. ●●

c. 1974 BATUK established as a permanent presence at Nanyuki 3 cit. The British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) became a standing garrison based at Nanyuki, supporting infantry battalions and other units that rotate through Kenya each year. It uses ranges across the Laikipia plateau and surrounding conservancies for live-fire and jungle training. Decades after independence, a permanent British military footprint remained on Kenyan soil. politics / war ●●

1974 Cooperatives become a state ministry and a rural finance pillar 2 cit. By 1974 cooperatives had become important enough to receive full ministerial status. That institutionalized them as pillars of rural production, savings, credit, land access and marketing. This is double-edged. Cooperatives give ordinary people a way to pool capital and acquire land or market crops collectively. But if officials, managers or political patrons capture the cooperative, they control loans, titles, factories, deductions, licences and payment schedules. economy / politics / society ●●●●

1975 Fiscal stimulus packages fail to revive the economy ai_extracted 1 cit. The government launched a string of fiscal stimulus packages in February, March, and June 1975 and repeatedly cut interest rates, but the economy did not respond while BoJ credit controls stayed tight. ●●

April 1975 to February 1978 Mieno heads the BoJ Banking Department ai_extracted 1 cit. From April 1975 to February 1978, Yasushi Mieno headed the Bank of Japan's Banking Department, in charge of implementing window guidance, during the recovery engineered by raising loan growth ceilings. ●●

15 November 1975 Founding of the Group of Seven (G7) 1 cit. Leaders of France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK and the US hold the first economic summit at the Chateau de Rambouillet amid oil shock and recession. Canada joined in 1976, making it the G7. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●

30 April 1975 Fall of Saigon and South Vietnam 1 cit. On 30 April 1975 North Vietnamese forces captured Saigon, ending the Republic of Vietnam. The fall closed the Vietnam War and led to the unification of the country under communist rule. politics / war ●●●●

1975 to 1976 Church Committee hearings 1 cit. The Senate committee chaired by Frank Church investigated intelligence abuses in 1975 and 1976, documenting MK-Ultra, CIA media ties, assassination plots, and domestic spying. Its public reports remain the primary record for many of these programs. politics / society ●●●●

15 November 1975 First G7 summit at Rambouillet 1 cit. Leaders of six major industrial democracies met at Rambouillet in France to coordinate on economic policy, joined the next year by Canada to form the G7. The summits became a regular forum for the leading Western economies. economy / politics ●●●●

1975 Senator Frank Church warns of total tyranny ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1975 Senator Frank Church, chairing a Senate panel on US intelligence agencies, warned that surveillance technology could enable total tyranny under a dictator. Wood cites the warning as prophetic of today's surveillance state. ●●

1975 Franco's long rule and death ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book notes Franco held power from 1939 until his death in 1975, killing tens of thousands of opponents. It says his funeral drew Network figures including US vice president Nelson Rockefeller. ●●

1975 Ford warns the CIA could be destroyed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At a White House luncheon for New York Times editors, President Ford said the reputations of every president since Truman could be ruined if the CIA's deepest secrets spilled, including assassinations. He was trying to keep the agency's past buried. ●●

1975 Colby warns America is losing Vietnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA director Bill Colby told the White House that South Vietnam was about to collapse. Kissinger refused to negotiate a peaceful end to the war. ●●

1975 Fall of Saigon ai_extracted 1 cit. no story North Vietnamese rockets and artillery hit Saigon's airport as the city fell. The CIA station chief Tom Polgar scrambled to evacuate Americans and Vietnamese allies before the capital was overrun. ●●