Events, Verisoph

1979 Sergey Brin's family leaves the Soviet Union ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sergey Brin's family received exit visas and left the Soviet Union when he was five. ●●

6 October 1979 The Volcker shock 2 cit. The Federal Reserve under Paul Volcker sharply raises interest rates, pushing the federal funds rate above 19 percent to break the inflation of the 1970s. The policy triggered a severe recession and high unemployment in the early 1980s but succeeded in bringing inflation down, and it is widely seen as the practical vindication of monetarist thinking in U.S. policy. economy ●●●

1979 Herat revolt crushed with mass killing by the Afghan communist government ai_extracted 1 cit. The first major anticommunist mutiny erupted in Herat in March 1979 after Kabul's Marxists ordered girls taught to read. Soviet-trained pilots bombed the town in reprisal; by the regime's first anniversary the government had killed as many as twenty thousand people in Herat. ●●

1979 Carter signs the first covert-action finding to aid Afghan rebels ai_extracted 1 cit. On July 3, 1979, months before the Soviet invasion, President Carter signed a presidential finding authorizing the CIA to spend just over $500,000 on propaganda, radios, medical supplies, and cash for the anticommunist Afghan rebels, funneled through Pakistan. ●●●

1979 Mob sacks and burns the U.S. embassy in Islamabad ai_extracted 1 cit. On November 21, 1979, a mob of Pakistani students, inflamed by a false rumor that America had seized Mecca's Grand Mosque, overran the U.S. embassy in Islamabad. CIA officers and Marines sheltered in a vault as the compound burned; Marine Corporal Stephen Crowley and others died, and General Zia's forces took hours to respond. ●●

1979 Armed zealots seize Mecca's Grand Mosque ai_extracted 1 cit. In November 1979 followers of Juhayman al-Utaybi smuggled weapons into Mecca's Grand Mosque and proclaimed a Mahdi, seizing Islam's holiest site. Saudi troops and French commandos retook it after weeks of fighting, hardening the Saudi royal family's embrace of Wahhabi religious rule. ●

c. 1979 Uhuru grows up in the St Marys Catholic elite pipeline 2 cit. Uhuru grew up between State House privilege, Mama Nginas Catholic household and St Marys School in Nairobi, a Catholic-founded private school for children of Kenya elites. Profiles remember him as a rugby player, prefect and popular school figure. The point is not only personal religion; it is the formation of a postcolonial ruling-class style: Catholic schooling, English-speaking elite networks, and social confidence before electoral politics. culture / politics / religion / society ●●●●

1980 Benchmark revision of the foreign exchange law ai_extracted 1 cit. Japan's legal restrictions on capital movements were eased over the 1980s, starting with benchmark changes of the foreign exchange law in 1980. ●●●

1980 to June 1991 Window guidance operated continuously through the 1980s ai_extracted 1 cit. Interviews with BoJ officials and bank officers unanimously confirmed that window guidance credit controls were conducted without interruption during the 1980s, in the same form as before, until at least June 1991. ●●●

December 1980 Japan liberalizes capital flows ai_extracted 1 cit. Japan liberalized its international capital flows in December 1980, a major departure from the old economic structure that later served as a parallel to Thailand's deregulation. ●●

1 June 1980 CNN launches 24-hour news 1 cit. Ted Turner's Cable News Network began broadcasting on 1 June 1980 as the first around-the-clock television news channel. Continuous cable news changed the pace and expectations of news coverage. society / technology ●●●●

c. 1980 Positive confession, name it and claim it 1 cit. Word of Faith teachers hold that believers can speak desired outcomes into existence through positive confession, a practice critics nickname name it and claim it. Many mainstream theologians reject this as closer to New Thought magic than to biblical prayer, which submits requests to God's will. religion ●●

c. 1980 Singapore streams students in a meritocratic system 1 cit. Singapore built a system that sorted students by ability and rewarded exam performance, tied to national development. Tight central planning and strong results made it a model studied abroad. politics / society ●●●

1980 US strikes down federal usury laws ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 struck down all federal usury laws in the United States, letting lenders follow the laws of the state where they registered. ●●

1980 Desert One hostage rescue fails ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Pentagon special-operations mission to rescue the American hostages in Iran ended in catastrophe. Eight commandos died when a helicopter crashed into a transport plane in the desert. ●●

1980 Carter's first Central America covert actions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Carter approved three small covert-action programs in Central America aimed at the Sandinistas in Nicaragua. They supported pro-American parties, churches, and unions against the spread of socialism. ●●

1980 Year 1980: Joint communiqué: Alexander, Yonah, and Nanes, All rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Joint communiqué: Alexander, Yonah, and Nanes, Allen (eds.), The United States and Iran: A Documentary History (Frederick, Md.: Alethia Books, 1980), p. ●●

1980 In 1980 Grombach cited wartime rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1980 Grombach cited wartime Abwehr records as proof that “the Panama Canal giveaway … is the direct result of its definite selection by the USSR and Stalin as the first priority domino along with Cuba in the Communist play for world domination as far back as … 1942. ●●

1980 One million Afghan refugees flee to Pakistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Within one year of the Soviet invasion, approximately one million Afghan refugees poured into Pakistan, creating a humanitarian crisis. ●●

1980 Pinochet concedes a new Chilean constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1980, just seven years after the coup, Pinochet conceded a new constitution that prescribed a ten-year transition back to democracy. ●●

1980 As profit-hungry as their language was profane, the self-styled ‘Big Swinging Dicks’ at Salomon saw rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As profit-hungry as their language was profane, the self-styled ‘Big Swinging Dicks’ at Salomon saw a way of exploiting the gyrating interest rates of the early 1980s. ●●

1980 In 1980, perhaps taking a swipe at IBM, Morgan Stanley introduced r... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Morgan Stanley directors had an emotional, protracted debate about whether to reject the IBM offer and miss a fee of approximately $1 million. The meeting was filled with high-flown rhetoric about upholding tradition. Bob Baldwin and Fred Whittemo... ●●

1980 In 1980, it vainly badgered the country to go to the IMF rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As a latecomer to Latin America, Morgan’s position as chief adviser to Brazil was a startling achievement. It was accomplished through the virtuosity of an engaging young banker of mixed nationality named Antonio Gebauer. Born in Colombia to a wea... ●●

1980 In the past, British authorities had taken a relaxed attitude towar... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As in any share-rigging scheme, there was a critical weakness: what would happen to artificially elevated share prices when the secret props were removed? Apparently Roger Seelig feared that friendly parties might suddenly dump up to 20 percent of... ●●

1980 It also wasn’t far from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It also wasn’t far from Swabia and perhaps stirred some old memories; as late as 1980, Siegmund attended a reunion of his Gymnasium. He had more... ●●

1980 For years he nursed this rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For years he nursed this wound in silence and only told Spira at a 1980 lunch how hurt he had been.12 Spira’s error precipitated a fall from grace.... ●●

1980 With his usual thoroughness, leaving rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With his usual thoroughness, leaving nothing to chance, Siegmund had written up instructions in 1980 for how to handle his death. He didn’t want a... ●●

1980 In 1980, at Eric’s urging, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1980, at Eric’s urging, she took her son, Oliviero, to the town of Warburg and other spots in Germany. Only among old friends and Resistance... ●●

1980 1. Institutional Investor, March 1980 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1. Institutional Investor, March 1980. ●●

1980 8. Institutional Investor, March 1980 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 8. Institutional Investor, March 1980. ●●

1980 Reagan's 1980 election landslide ai_extracted 1 cit. Ronald Reagan's overwhelming 1980 election victory marked a fundamental shift in American foreign policy, rejecting détente and embracing ideological confrontation with the Soviet Union. ●●

1980 China tests long-range ICBMs ai_extracted 1 cit. no story China successfully tested intercontinental ballistic missiles with a range of 7,000 nautical miles, capable of reaching all Soviet territory and parts of the United States. ●●

1980 Chinese naval task force sails the South Pacific ai_extracted 1 cit. no story China deployed an eighteen-vessel naval task force on an 8,000-nautical-mile mission in the South Pacific, conducting major military exercises with ICBM tests. ●●

1980 and 2016, the ratio of CEO pay to that of the average worker in the United rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1980 and 2016, the ratio of CEO pay to that of the average worker in the United States grew ninefold, from 42 to 1 to 361 to 1 (thirty-three major U ●●

1980 to 2016, the share of national income going to the top 1 percent jumped fro rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1980 to 2016, the share of national income going to the top 1 percent jumped from 34 percent to 47 percent ●●

1980 Czeslaw Milosz wins Nobel Prize in Literature ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Polish-American poet and author Czeslaw Milosz was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. In his acceptance speech in Stockholm, he remarked that the modern age is characterized by a refusal to remember. ●●

1980 in the midst of his killing rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in the midst of his killing spree. ●●

1980 After a relatively brief interval, Americans recovered their bearing in the 1980s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a relatively brief interval, Americans recovered their bearing in the 1980s. ●●

1980 At one moment, at the beginning of the 1980s, it was as if communist momentum might sweep all before rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At one moment, at the beginning of the 1980s, it was as if communist momentum might sweep all before it; at the next, as history measures time, communism was self-destructing. ●●

1980 By the mid-1980s, Soviet policymakers faced an agenda on which any one item would have been difficul rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the mid-1980s, Soviet policymakers faced an agenda on which any one item would have been difficult enough to overcome but which, in combination, proved insuperable. ●●

1980 He had come into office confronted by a restive Poland in which, since 1980, Solidarity had become a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He had come into office confronted by a restive Poland in which, since 1980, Solidarity had become an ever more potent factor. ●●

1980 Ten years earlier, that might have worked; by the late 1980s, Gorbachev could not catch up with the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ten years earlier, that might have worked; by the late 1980s, Gorbachev could not catch up with the power curve. ●●

1980 At a growth rate of 8 percent, which is less than it has maintained over the 1980s, China’s Gross Na rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At a growth rate of 8 percent, which is less than it has maintained over the 1980s, China’s Gross National Product will approach that of the United States by the end of the second decade of the twenty-first century. ●●

1980 Evergreen airline flies the Shah of Iran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The CIA-linked airline Evergreen flew the Shah of Iran around in 1980, part of its mysterious government operations. ●●

1980 1980: But when that option was debated at a July 1980 meeting, IBM... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e Atari 800 home computer and slapping IBM’s name on it. But when that option was debated at a July 1980 meeting, IBM’s CEO Frank Carey dismissed it. Surely the world’s greatest computer company could ●●

1980 1980: So on July 21, 1980, he placed a call to Bill Gates and aske... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story have to license software from outside vendors rather than have it written in-house. So on July 21, 1980, he placed a call to Bill Gates and asked to see him right away. When Gates invited him to fly t ●●

1980 1980: 20 In early 1980 he applied for a job at the J. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hich technology would connect people to each other and all of the world’s information. 20 In early 1980 he applied for a job at the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency. “I firmly believe that techno ●●

1980 1980: ns, language is just a game divorced from meaning. This objection led rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ns, language is just a game divorced from meaning. This objection led to the most enduring challenge to the Turing Test, which was in a 1980 essay by ●●

1980 1980: i 800 home computer and slapping IBM’s name on it. But when that optio rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story i 800 home computer and slapping IBM’s name on it. But when that option was debated at a July 1980 meeting, IBM’s CEO Frank Carey dismissed it. Surely ●●

1980 1980: side vendors rather than have it written in-house. So on July 21, 1980 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story side vendors rather than have it written in-house. So on July 21, 1980, he placed a call to Bill Gates and asked to see him right away. When Gates inv ●●

1980 1980: to each other and all of the world’s information. 20 In early 1980 he rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to each other and all of the world’s information. 20 In early 1980 he applied for a job at the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency. “I firmly bel ●●

1980 Information history in 1980 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story bing the routes, intersections, and histories of every numbered highway and road in the United States. (“Route 273 [New York State, decommissioned in 1980] began at an intersection with U. ●●

1980 Jule Charney, “Conversations with George Platzman,” recorded rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jule Charney, “Conversations with George Platzman,” recorded August 1980, in R ●●

1980 El Salvador opposition leaders murdered in San Salvador ai_extracted 1 cit. no story n heavy risks of being murdered—the five leaders of the political opposition in El Salvador were tortured, murdered, and mutilated in San Salvador in November 1980. 3. As we pointed out in chapter I, the government and other power groups try to mono ●●

1980 client-state El Salvador in 1980; he was given more coverage than the ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story client-state El Salvador in 1980; he was given more coverage than the aggregate of one hundred religious victims killed in U.S. ●●

1980 The American Legal Foundation, organized in 1980, has specialized in F... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The American Legal Foundation, organized in 1980, has specialized in Fairness Doctrine complaints and libel suits to aid “media victims.” The Capital Legal Foundation, incorporated in 1977, was the Sc ●●

1980 client states:1 Row 2 shows the coverage given seventy-two individuals... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story client states:1 Row 2 shows the coverage given seventy-two individuals in a list of Latin American religious “martyrs” named by Penny Lernoux in her book Cry of the People; row 3 describes media cover ●●

1980 Archbishop Oscar Romero assassinated in El Salvador ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Row 4 summarizes the coverage of the murder of Archbishop Oscar Romero, of El Salvador, shot by an assassin in March 1980. ●●

1980 John Bushnell, of the State Department, stated before a House appropri... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Bushnell, of the State Department, stated before a House appropriations committee that “there is some misperception by those who follow the press that the government is itself repressive in El Sa ●●

1980 By the end of May, church sources reported 1,844 civilian deaths alrea... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of May, church sources reported 1,844 civilian deaths already in 1980, a figure that reached 10,000 by the end of the year, almost all at the hands of the government. ●●

1980 is straightforward lying: Romero never accused the left of torture or ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 31, 1980) is straightforward lying: Romero never accused the left of torture or widespread killing, he never equated the right and the left, and he was quite clear that the government (an agent of the ●●

1980 Pyes and Becklund write that “During the time Vides commanded the Guar... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pyes and Becklund write that “During the time Vides commanded the Guard, active-duty military officers working with the G-2 were linked in State Department cables to the March 1980 assassination of Ar ●●

1980 D'Aubuisson arrested in raid over Romero plot ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After D’Aubuisson was caught in a raid on May 8, 1980, with documents showing that he was planning a coup and with evidence of his involvement in the murder of Romero, he was arrested and faced with t ●●

1980 On November 29, 1980, following the massacre of the leaders of the opp... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 29, 1980, following the massacre of the leaders of the opposition in San Salvador, the Times suggested that there is “a severe challenge to the credibility” of the government, but there is ●●

1980 The violence in El Salvador is likely to focus with increasing ferocit... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 15, 1980), “The violence in El Salvador is likely to focus with increasing ferocity on the Roman Catholic Church. ●●

1980 They were also ignorant of the statement of former National Guard Serg... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They were also ignorant of the statement of former National Guard Sergeant Dagoberto Martínez, taken by the FBI in Los Angeles, California, which establishes the existence of a coverup of the crime as ●●

1980 Salvadoran forces kill five Human Rights Commission officials ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between October 1980 and March 1983, five officials of the Human Rights Commission of El Salvador were seized and murdered by the security forces. ●●

1980 El Salvador suspends free speech under state of siege ai_extracted 1 cit. no story FREE SPEECH AND ASSEMBLY In El Salvador, the right to free speech and free assembly was legally suspended under a state-of-siege order of March 7, 1980. ●●

1980 El Salvador's Decree 507 guts judicial protections ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 507 of December 3, 1980, essentially destroyed the judicial system, permitting the armed forces to hold citizens without charge or evidence for 180 days. ●●

1980 El Salvador shuts critical papers La Cronica and El Independiente ai_extracted 1 cit. no story FREEDOM OF THE PRESS In El Salvador, the only substantial newspapers critical of the government, La Crónica del Pueblo and El Independiente—neither by any means radical papers—were closed in July 198 ●●

1980 Duarte joins El Salvador's junta amid crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Duarte joined the junta at a moment of severe crisis in March 1980, when all the progressive civilians had left and immediately after the murder of the Christian Democratic attorney-general, Mario Zam ●●

1980 In a variant Sterling version of the timing of his recruitment, Agca w... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In a variant Sterling version of the timing of his recruitment, Agca was hired by the Bulgarians in July 1980, which was still prior to the Gdansk shipyard strike, and thus before Solidarity appeared ●●

1980 The agenda for this meeting included a series of tough questions: “Looking to the 1980’s, what is... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The agenda for this meeting included a series of tough questions: “Looking to the 1980’s, what is the population field after? ●●

1980 But whereas some in the pro-life community really do see their struggle as otherworldly, this way... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But whereas some in the pro-life community really do see their struggle as otherworldly, this way of thinking is debilitating for people who are genuinely committed 376 f a t a l m i s c o n c e p ... ●●

1980 Ansley Coale, “Report to UNFPA on Trip to People’s Republic of China,” October 1980, and “Draft P... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ansley Coale, “Report to UNFPA on Trip to People’s Republic of China,” October 1980, and “Draft Proposal for the Meeting,” November 17, 1981, both in UNRC, S-0024-0011, China Demographic Training a... ●●

1980 As a UNFPA-funded conference concluded in 1980: it was “also imperative to devise measures to rai... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As a UNFPA-funded conference concluded in 1980: it was “also imperative to devise measures to raise the quality of population from the point of view of eugenics, education and ethics etc.” Medical ... ●●

1980 Foreign donors supported India’s tough new program with over $53 million in aid in 1984–85—about ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Foreign donors supported India’s tough new program with over $53 million in aid in 1984–85—about $103 million in today’s dollars—a nearly fivefold increase over 1980–81.57 In the same period, South... ●●

1980 But what happens to liberal democracy if the middle class reverses course and starts to shrink rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But what happens to liberal democracy if the middle class reverses course and starts to shrink? There is unfortunately a lot of evidence that this process may have begun to unfold in the developed world, where income inequality has increased massive ●●

1980 3 By the 1980s, this mission had ballooned in size in what one observer called a “war on fire rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3 By the 1980s, this mission had ballooned in size in what one observer called a “war on fire. ●●

1980 ” Across the board, private enforcement cases grew from fewer than 100 per year in the late 1960s to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” Across the board, private enforcement cases grew from fewer than 100 per year in the late 1960s to 10,000 in the 1980s, and more than 22,000 by the late 1990s. ●●

1980 Abernethy, The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980 (New Haven: Yale U rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Abernethy, The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), pp. ●●

1980 Italy and Its Discontents: Family, Civil Society, State, 1980–2001 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Italy and Its Discontents: Family, Civil Society, State, 1980–2001. ●●

1980 53 The government was afraid to release some rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 53 The government was afraid to release some of them lest they wind up in a Gairy and/or CIA mercenary force or engage i ●●

1980 ® The current conflict had its origins in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ® The current conflict had its origins in the brutal 1980-88 war between Iraq and Iran ●●

1980 *3 The Carter administration jumped on the issue rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story *3 The Carter administration jumped on the issue of the Soviet “invasion” and soon launched a campaign of righteous indi ●●

1980 Coup ousts General Carlos Romero in El Salvador ai_extracted 1 cit. no story El Salvador 1980-1994 “good name”, ousted General Carlos Romero from the presidency and took power in a bloodless coup ●●

1980 By January 1980, almost all the civilian members rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By January 1980, almost all the civilian members had resigned in disgust over government-as-usual ●●

1980 368 El Salvador 1980-1994 Before the election, some rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 368 El Salvador 1980-1994 Before the election, some workers were warned that if the FMLN won, heads would roll, or they ●●

1980 On 16 January 1980, a PDP spokesperson told rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 16 January 1980, a PDP spokesperson told the Afghan News Agency (Bakhtar): “In September 1979, Amin began preparing t ●●

1980 “Dissent Paper on El Salvador and Central America”, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Dissent Paper on El Salvador and Central America”, 6 November 1980, Section B3, ‘International Context’ (Argentina Chil ●●

1980 Congress passes the Monetary Control Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To pave the way for that, Congress passed the Monetary Control Act of 1980 which authorized the Federal Reserve to “monetize foreign debt ●●

1980 Al and Deanna Mertle murdered in California ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1980, Al and Deanna Mertle, who published a book about their Jonestown experience, are murdered in their home in an unsolved case ●●

1980 IBM decides to build its own PC ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At a July 1980 meeting IBM's CEO Frank Cary rejected licensing an Atari machine and vowed to build IBM's own PC. ●●

1980 IBM calls Bill Gates about the PC project ai_extracted 1 cit. no story IBM's software lead phoned Gates on July 21, 1980, launching the talks that led to MS-DOS. ●●

1980 Microsoft buys QDOS from Seattle Computer Products ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paul Allen negotiated to buy Tim Paterson's operating system outright for fifty thousand dollars. ●●

1980 Microsoft and IBM sign the PC-DOS deal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a month of negotiation, a thirty-two-page contract was struck in early November 1980, letting Microsoft license MS-DOS to other makers. ●●

c. 1980 The Wildenstein family holds Ol Jogi in Laikipia 3 cit. The Wildenstein family, a French-American art-dealing dynasty, holds the Ol Jogi ranch, tens of thousands of acres of Laikipia. The estate is later run as a private wildlife conservancy. It is a clear case of a former colonial ranch passing into foreign ownership and continuing as a fenced private landscape after independence. economy / environment ●

1980 Saudi intelligence agrees to match CIA funding for the Afghan jihad ai_extracted 1 cit. In July 1980 Prince Turki al-Faisal's General Intelligence Department reached a formal deal with the CIA to match, dollar for dollar, U.S. congressional funding for the mujahedin. Saudi money flowed through its Washington embassy into a CIA-controlled Swiss account used to buy weapons. ●●

c. 1980 Historians answer Sutton with a profit-not-plot reading 1 cit. Mainstream historians accept the underlying record Sutton assembled: Western firms and banks did trade with and equip both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. What they reject is the idea of one coordinating hand. They see many separate companies and financiers chasing profit and markets, often in rivalry, not a single group steering both regimes as an experiment. economy / politics / society ●●●

c. 1980 The 'same money funded both sides' idea is turned to propaganda 1 cit. The claim that the same financiers backed both communism and fascism has been misused to revive the antisemitic charge of a secret Jewish banking conspiracy. Historians and Sutton's own finance-focused account give no support to that reading. The documented story is one of banks, firms, and states pursuing profit and advantage, not any ethnic or bloodline cabal. politics / society ●●●