Events, Verisoph

1988 Year 1988: Mohammad Musaddiq, Champion of the Popular Movemen rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mohammad Musaddiq, Champion of the Popular Movement of Iran and Former Prime Minister (London: Jebhe, 1988), p. ●●

1988 All rights reserved, including without limitation the right to repr... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story All rights reserved, including without limitation the right to reproduce this ebook or any portion thereof in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known ... ●●

1988 Geneva Accords commit to Soviet withdrawal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 14, 1988, the Geneva Accords were signed by Afghanistan's communist-led regime, Pakistan, the United States, and the Soviet Union. The accords formally committed to Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan, though the Afghan rebels had no role in negotiations. ●●

1988 Soviet troops begin withdrawal from Jalalabad ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1988, the first Soviet troops began rolling out of Jalalabad. Some twelve thousand men and their equipment withdrew as part of the formal Soviet pullout. CIA officers and ISI brigadiers worked to prevent rebel commanders from attacking the retreating Soviet forces. ●●

1988 Florida grand juries indict Noriega on drug charges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then, early in 1988, two grand juries in Florida handed up criminal indictments charging Noriega and more than a dozen others, including Pablo Escobar (1988) ●●

1988 True, after his initial recommendations were accepted by the Peruvian government in 1988, there was candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story True, after his initial recommendations were accepted by the Peruvian government in 1988, there was a drastic reduction in the time it took to register a property (to just one month) and an even steeper 99 per cent cut in the costs of the transaction. ●●

1988 Then, in January 1988, Morgans became the first commercial bank to ... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The bank knew its genteel image hurt in the slash-and-burn takeover game. As Bob Engel said, “When a chairman wakes up in the middle of the night with a phone call from someone saying, ‘We want to buy your company,’ he thinks of Morgan Stanley ins... ●●

1988 In 1988, Merrill Lynch, once scorned as plebeian, led domestic unde... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER THIRTY-SIX SKYSCRAPER IN 1989, Morgan Stanley, with sixty-four hundred employees, occupied seventeen floors of the Exxon Building on Sixth Avenue—more than Exxon itself. The building was now owned by a Mitsui unit. Stepping off the elevat... ●●

1988 Morgan Grenfell shuts its securities operation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 6, 1988, Morgan Grenfell abruptly shut its securities operation, ending its chances of becoming an integrated global investment bank. There was a wholesale firing of 450 people, or a quarter of its entire payroll—one of the biggest sac... ●●

1988 Morgan bank borrows $400 million from Dai-Ichi Mutual ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1989, the bank had outgrown its shrine at 23 Wall. Lew Preston wanted a personal computer on every banker’s desk, and trading desks required an exotic jungle of electric wiring. To accommodate a high-tech bank, Morgans bought a new forty-seven-... ●●

1988 Parker Gilbert, comments made at Morgan Stanley Annual Meeting, May... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story NOTES PROLOGUE 1. FB, May 20, 1985; Hamilton, Financial Revolution, p. 80. ●●

1988 Ibid., March 22, 1988 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 23. Ibid., March 22, 1988. 24. ●●

1988 New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Klein, Maury. The Life and Legend of fay Gould. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. ●●

1988 The American Scholar, Summer 1988, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The American Scholar, Summer 1988, p. 449. ●●

1988 Moving in and out of Germany on business (1988) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Like Siegmund, she had an uncommon capacity for keeping secrets. Even when she published her memoirs in 1988, she toyed with disclosing the episode, b... ●●

1988 he was released in March 1988. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story he was released in March 1988. ●●

1988 Information history in 1988 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hester is a light-sealed device called Aunt Martha (short for Aunt Martha’s coffin). Bennett and his research assistant John Smolin jury-rigged it in 1988 and 1989 with a little help from the machine ●●

1988 hat, if the managers do not themselves take action, then outsiders [in the government] will seek to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hat, if the managers do not themselves take action, then outsiders [in the government] will seek to apply remedies of their own.”134 And, in fact, in January 1988, General Dimitri T. Yakov, the Soviet defense minister, applied Freedom House and Braes ●●

1988 ar caused the Soviet defense minister to denounce the press as unpatriotic; see Bill Keller, “Soviet rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ar caused the Soviet defense minister to denounce the press as unpatriotic; see Bill Keller, “Soviet Official Says Press Harms Army,” New York Times, January 21, 1988. 3. For an account of critiques, and the present writers’ replies, see Noam Chomsk ●●

1988 violations of the accords, but they were virtually unmentioned in the media. For a detailed review, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story violations of the accords, but they were virtually unmentioned in the media. For a detailed review, see Noam Chomsky, “Is Peace at Hand?” Z magazine (January 1988). 13. Jacques Ellul, Propaganda (New York: Knopf, 1965), pp. 58–59. 14. A careful rea ●●

1988 Herman have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Pate... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Herman have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as the authors of this work This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of ●●

1988 Thus, in its first editorial on the 1988 election that brought Carlos ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, in its first editorial on the 1988 election that brought Carlos Salinas de Gortari to power, the Times noted that prior elections were corrupt (the PRI “manipulated patronage, the news media and ●●

1988 Important changes have occurred in Cambodia since 1988, including Viet... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Important changes have occurred in Cambodia since 1988, including Vietnam’s withdrawal from that country, elections held under UN auspices, and the death of Pol Pot. ●●

1988 In the years since 1988, structural changes have not been favorable to... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the years since 1988, structural changes have not been favorable to improved performance, but it remains a central truth that democratic politics requires a democratization of information sources a ●●

1988 Yellowstone fire burns nearly 800,000 acres ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The public began to take notice after the huge Yellowstone fire in 1988, which ended up burning nearly eight hundred thousand acres and took several months to control. ●●

1988 19–21; James Walston, The Mafia and Clientelism: Roads to Rome in Post-War Calabria (New York: Routl rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 19–21; James Walston, The Mafia and Clientelism: Roads to Rome in Post-War Calabria (New York: Routledge, 1988), pp. ●●

1988 On women in UNFPA, see Laskin, “Report on UNDP Governing Council Meeting,” June 6, 1988, IPPFA, s... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On women in UNFPA, see Laskin, “Report on UNDP Governing Council Meeting,” June 6, 1988, IPPFA, series B, reel 685, frames 699–703. ●●

1988 “Collaboration between religious governments in support of outlawing abortion is a fine begin- ni... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Collaboration between religious governments in support of outlawing abortion is a fine begin- ning for the conception of collaboration in other fields.” The Vatican was not above horse-trading: Li... ●●

1988 One year after the invasion, unemployment was running rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One year after the invasion, unemployment was running at more than 25 percent, and invasion damage, looting, and the US ●●

1988 © Oe KILLING HOPE Simpson, Blowback: America’s Recruitment rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story © Oe KILLING HOPE Simpson, Blowback: America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War (New York, 1988), p ●●

1988 David Leigh, The Wilson Plot: How the Spycatchers rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story David Leigh, The Wilson Plot: How the Spycatchers and Their American Allies Tried to Overthrow the British Government (N ●●

1988 Russian Church canonizes Andrei Rublev ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russian Orthodox Church declares Rublev a saint during millennium celebrations for conversion of Prince Vladimir. ●●

1988 Bailout or intervention rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the 1988 thrift rescues’ most expensive flaw doesn’t appear to be the enrichment of tycoons ●●

1988 Geneva Accords set the terms of the Soviet withdrawal ai_extracted 1 cit. On April 14, 1988, Afghanistan's communist government, Pakistan, the U.S., and the Soviet Union signed the Geneva Accords formalizing the Soviet pullout. The mujahedin were excluded, and under a formula called "positive symmetry" the CIA kept arming them as long as Moscow supplied Kabul. ●●●

1988 President Zia and the U.S. ambassador die in a plane crash ai_extracted 1 cit. On August 17, 1988, Pakistani dictator Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq died when his C-130 crashed after a tank demonstration near Bhawalpur. Also killed were ISI chief General Akhtar, U.S. ambassador Arnold Raphel, and much of Pakistan's senior military brass; the cause was never established. ●●

1988 Kibaki is dropped as Vice President and moved to Health 1 cit. After the 1988 elections, Moi dropped Kibaki as Vice President and appointed him Minister for Health. This demotion pushed Kibaki further from Moi's inner circle, but he did not immediately resign. He stayed in government until the return of multiparty politics opened a different route. politics ●●●●

1989 Yasushi Mieno becomes Bank of Japan governor ai_extracted 1 cit. Yasushi Mieno became governor of the Bank of Japan in 1989, with Haruo Maekawa having become governor ten years earlier; both had long been tipped as certain successors. ●●●

1989 Peak of the Japanese asset bubble ai_extracted 1 cit. By 1989 speculative credit had pushed asset prices to extremes: the land surrounding the Imperial Palace in Tokyo had the same market value as the entire state of California. ●●●

1989 End of the Showa era ai_extracted 1 cit. The Showa era, the official calendar of Emperor Hirohito's reign, ended in 1989, sixty-four years after it began; Hirohito had remained in office after 1945, exchanging his military uniform for civilian clothes. ●●●

December 1989 Nikkei peaks at all-time high of 38,915 ai_extracted 1 cit. After rising an average 30 percent per year from 1984, the Nikkei 225 stock index peaked at an all-time high of 38,915 yen in December 1989. ●●●●

1989 Bubble lending reaches 27 percent of all bank loans ai_extracted 1 cit. By the end of 1989, loans to real estate, construction, and nonbank financial institutions used for speculation totaled 27 percent of all bank loans, some 98.9 trillion yen or 25 percent of nominal GDP. ●●●

1989 Banks suddenly restrict loan growth ai_extracted 1 cit. In mid-1989 Japanese banks suddenly restricted loan growth, cutting off the flow of new money into asset markets; stock prices peaked half a year later and land prices stopped rising. ●●●

December 1989 to 1994 Mieno becomes BoJ governor ai_extracted 1 cit. Yasushi Mieno served as governor of the Bank of Japan from December 1989 to 1994, determined to end the bubble he blamed for dividing Japan into haves and have-nots. ●●●

December 1989 Mieno's 'Christmas present' rate hike ends the bubble ai_extracted 1 cit. Only a fortnight after becoming governor, Mieno raised the official discount rate in December 1989, the infamous Christmas present; asset prices began tumbling in 1990 and land prices eventually fell around 80 percent. ●●●●

June 1989 BoJ tightens window guidance and ends the bubble ai_extracted 1 cit. The Bank of Japan ended the bubble by suddenly tightening its window guidance credit controls in June 1989, an act the author identifies as the trigger of the recession of the 1990s. ●●●●

1989 Death of Haruo Maekawa ai_extracted 1 cit. Former Bank of Japan governor Haruo Maekawa died in 1989, but his chosen successors Mieno and Fukui remained in power at the central bank. ●●

1989 Mieno appointed governor of the Bank of Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. Yasushi Mieno was appointed official governor of the Bank of Japan in 1989, with observers noting parallels between his career and that of former governor Sasaki. ●●●

July 1989 to 28 July 1990 Structural Impediments Initiative ai_extracted 1 cit. The bilateral U.S.-Japan Structural Impediments Initiative was launched in July 1989 and released its final report on July 28, 1990, detailing U.S. structural reform demands. ●●●

9 November 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall 1 cit. East Germany opens its border and crowds tear at the Berlin Wall. Communist rule across Eastern Europe collapses within months, ending the Cold War division of the continent. politics ●●●●●

1989 The Washington Consensus is named 1 cit. Economist John Williamson coined the term Washington Consensus to describe a set of market-oriented policies favored by the IMF, World Bank, and US Treasury. The label came to stand, often critically, for the whole adjustment agenda. economy / politics ●●●●●

1989 Campaign to change mathematics teaching launched ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Citing Tom Loveless, Gatto argues that in 1989 a group of math-education experts launched a campaign to change the content and teaching of mathematics, which he sees as a deliberate de-emphasis of math skills. ●●

1989 Gatto's grant to pay students, 1989 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that in 1989 he secured a foundation grant to pay his students cash for work they had done for free, an experiment that backfired. ●●

1989 Last Soviet soldier leaves Afghanistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan ended as the last soldier withdrew. The CIA's weapons kept flowing to radical Afghan factions, seeding forces that would become al Qaeda. ●●

1989 George H. W. Bush sworn in as president ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The CIA celebrated as Bush, the only president who had run the agency, took office. He became his own director of central intelligence and demanded daily briefings from professionals. ●●

1989 U.S. invades Panama to seize Noriega ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the CIA repeatedly failed to unseat its old ally Manuel Noriega, the United States mounted its biggest military operation since the fall of Saigon. Special Forces fought through Panama City to arrest the dictator. ●●

1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. The Berlin Wall, the greatest symbol of the Cold War, began to crack. The chief of the CIA's Soviet division watched it happen on CNN, with no worthwhile spies left to report from Moscow. ●●

1989 Noriega annuls Endara's election victory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When an opposition figure, Guillermo Endara, won the presidential election held in May 1989, Noriega simply ignored the result and imposed his own can (1989) ●●

1989 Soviet Troops Withdraw from Afghanistan ai_extracted 2 cit. The last Soviet military units withdrew from Afghanistan on February 15, 1989, crossing back into Soviet territory after nearly a decade of occupation. ●●

1989 Soviet Political Opening and Agricultural Reform candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following the decisive political opening in the Soviet Union in 1989, agricultural specialists convened to consider reforms including breaking up collective farms and privatizing land to recreate the private sector that had thrived in the 1920s. ●●

1989 It also gave the Chilean economy a massive shot in the arm, since the effect rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It also gave the Chilean economy a massive shot in the arm, since the effect was significantly to increase the savings rate (to 30 per cent of GDP by 1989, the highest in Latin America). ●●

1989 (In early 1989, it was still America’s top merger adviser, c rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (In early 1989, it was still America’s top merger adviser, claiming $60 billion in deals during the year’s first half.) In the 1980s, it gentrified junk bonds and amassed a huge two-billion-dollar war... ●●

1989 Perkins that a Morgan issue “from the desert of Sahara” woul rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Perkins that a Morgan issue “from the desert of Sahara” would find buyers.39 For its services, the syndicate took in $57.5 million in stock (nearly $1 billion in 1989 dollars). ●●

1989 By early 1989, it had begun to fire one hundred people from the for... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If Main Street hoped that Black Monday would throw a cautionary fear into Wall Street, it was dead wrong. It only prodded the Street into more assertive, reckless behavior. Securities firms had already lost many safe, reliable businesses. ●●

1989 CHAPTER THIRTY-SIX SKYSCRAPER IN 1989, Morgan Stanley, with sixty-... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER THIRTY-SIX SKYSCRAPER IN 1989, Morgan Stanley, with sixty-four hundred employees, occupied seventeen floors of the Exxon Building on Sixth Avenue—more than Exxon itself. The building was now owned by a Mitsui unit. Stepping off the elevat... ●●

1989 Morgan Grenfell reports its first annual loss ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 6, 1988, Morgan Grenfell abruptly shut its securities operation, ending its chances of becoming an integrated global investment bank. There was a wholesale firing of 450 people, or a quarter of its entire payroll—one of the biggest sac... ●●

1989 By 1989, the bank had outgrown its shrine at 23 Wall rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1989, the bank had outgrown its shrine at 23 Wall. Lew Preston wanted a personal computer on every banker’s desk, and trading desks required an exotic jungle of electric wiring. To accommodate a high-tech bank, Morgans bought a new forty-seven-... ●●

1989 On the eve of the bank’s departure for 60 Wall in the summer of 198... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1989, the bank had outgrown its shrine at 23 Wall. Lew Preston wanted a personal computer on every banker’s desk, and trading desks required an exotic jungle of electric wiring. To accommodate a high-tech bank, Morgans bought a new forty-seven-... ●●

1989 First Vintage Books Edition, January 1989 Copyright © rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First Vintage Books Edition, January 1989 Copyright © 1987 by Paul Kennedy All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Random Hous ●●

1989 cult was first exposed in early rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story cult was first exposed in early April 1989. ●●

1989 THE POST-COLD WAR WORLD With the collapse of the S... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story THE POST-COLD WAR WORLD With the collapse of the Soviet sphere of influence in 1989, new instability has emerged in Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Pe ●●

1989 When we met in early 1989, he told me how he and Shevardnadze had concluded sometime in the 1970s th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When we met in early 1989, he told me how he and Shevardnadze had concluded sometime in the 1970s that the communist system needed to be changed from top to bottom. ●●

1989 For four years after the events of Tiananmen Square in 1989, this dialogue was inhibited by the Amer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For four years after the events of Tiananmen Square in 1989, this dialogue was inhibited by the American refusal to engage in high-level contacts—a measure never employed against the Soviet Union even at the height of the Cold War. ●●

1989 Excerpts of Gorbachev’s speech to the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, France, July 6, 1989, in The rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Excerpts of Gorbachev’s speech to the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, France, July 6, 1989, in The New York Times, July 7, 1989, p. ●●

1989 “Gorbachev, in Finland, Disavows Any Right of Regional Intervention,” The New York Times, October 26 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Gorbachev, in Finland, Disavows Any Right of Regional Intervention,” The New York Times, October 26, 1989, p. ●●

1989 “Gorbachev Lends Honecker a Hand,” The New York Times, October 7, 1989, p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Gorbachev Lends Honecker a Hand,” The New York Times, October 7, 1989, p. ●●

1989 1989: In March 1989 Berners-Lee had his design in place and offici... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story splayed information, and server software that could respond to requests from the network. In March 1989 Berners-Lee had his design in place and officially submitted a funding proposal to the top manag ●●

1989 1989: e that could respond to requests from the network. In March 1989 Berne rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e that could respond to requests from the network. In March 1989 Berners-Lee had his design in place and officially submitted a funding proposal to th ●●

1989 Information history in 1989 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story roughout its history”♦ is meant to be included. So for mackerel (“a well-known sea-fish, Scomber scombrus, much used for food”) the second edition in 1989 listed nineteen alternative spellings. ●●

1989 Pittston miners' strike begins ai_extracted 1 cit. In a notable illustration of the applicability of the propaganda model, the nine-month-long Pittston miners’ strike that began in April 1989 was accorded much less attention, and less friendly treatme ●●

1989 he war, victims’ remains were transferred to or rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story he war, victims’ remains were transferred to or maintained by some of Germany’s leading medical research facilities. Hence the exterminated continued to provide organic service to German medicine. In 1989, the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, the successor to Hallervorden’s center, admitted ●●

1989 This changed suddenly with the end of the cold war in 1989. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This changed suddenly with the end of the cold war in 1989. ●●

1989 Tiananmen protests and the 1989 crackdown ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The contemporaneous Gorbachev reforms in the former Soviet Union inspired the Tiananmen protest movement and the government’s bloody crackdown in June 1989. ●●

1989 China permits village elections ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Chinese government has permitted village elections in rural areas since 1989 to elect village committees and village leaders with certain limited local powers. ●●

1989 It was not until the second half of the twentieth century that stable liberal democracy finally spre candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was not until the second half of the twentieth century that stable liberal democracy finally spread throughout Western Europe, and not until the collapse of communism in 1989–1991 that it was extended into Eastern Europe as well. ●●

1989 20,000 peo- ple had been packed into it; rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 20,000 peo- ple had been packed into it; the December 1989 invasion—10 hours of heavy assault—left 15,000 homeless ●●

1989 After the invasion, one of the docu- ments rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the invasion, one of the docu- ments the Iraqis found in a Kuwaiti intelligence file was a memorandum concerning a ●●

1989 In July, while all these warnings were ostensibly rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July, while all these warnings were ostensibly being ignored, the Pentagon was busy running its computerized command ●●

1989 5° In a visit to San Salvador in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5° In a visit to San Salvador in February 1989, Vice President Dan Quayle told army lead- ers that death squad killings ●●

1989 In October 1989, former Salvadorean Army commando Cesar rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1989, former Salvadorean Army commando Cesar Vielman Joya Martinez, in an interview on the CBS Evening News, ●●

1989 FMLN guerrillas launch major offensive in El Salvador ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A major offensive launched by the guerrillas in late 1989—in which they “brought the war home” to wealthy neighborhoods ●●

1989 In October 1989, President Bush, perhaps in reaction rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1989, President Bush, perhaps in reaction to this congressional rejection, and in anticipation of the upcomin ●●

1989 72; Dilip Hiro, The Longest War: The Iran- rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 72; Dilip Hiro, The Longest War: The Iran- Iraq Military Conflict (London, 1989), p ●●

1989 Berners-Lee proposes the World Wide Web to CERN ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Berners-Lee formally proposed his hypertext networking design to CERN managers. ●●

November 1989 The screening exercise and the pink card 3 cit. The government ran a screening drive that forced ethnic Somalis to appear before committees and prove they were citizens, singling them out by ethnicity while others were not screened. Those cleared were issued a special pink verification card they had to carry on top of the national ID. People judged non-citizens were detained and many were deported, and the pink card became a lasting mark of second-class status. politics / society ●●●

1989 NCPB turns maize into state food politics 1 cit. The National Cereals and Produce Board system made maize a political crop: depots, agents, prices, payments, imports, storage and strategic reserves all ran through state machinery. This gave farmers a buyer and the country a grain buffer, but it also made maize vulnerable to patronage, delayed payments and politically timed supply decisions. economy / politics / society ●●●●

1990 Collapse of the Japanese bubble ai_extracted 1 cit. From 1990 onward bank loan growth slowed, asset prices fell, speculators went bankrupt, and about 100 trillion yen of loans turned into bad debts, pushing Japan into its worst recession since the Great Depression. ●●●●

1990 Japan becomes the world's top direct investor ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1990 Japanese foreign direct investment reached $48 billion, overtaking portfolio investment, and Japan became the world's number one provider of direct investment. ●●●

March 1990 Unemployment hits record low of 2 percent ai_extracted 1 cit. At the height of the boom's labor shortage, Japanese unemployment fell to a record low of 2 percent in March 1990. ●●

January 1990 to December 1994 Asset prices collapse and the bust begins ai_extracted 1 cit. From January 1990 to December 1994 Japanese stock and land prices halved, bankruptcies soared to postwar highs, several banks and securities firms became insolvent, and the boom turned into the biggest slump since the 1930s. ●●●●

1990 Nikkei falls 32 percent in one year ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1990 the Nikkei 225 index dropped 32 percent and land prices began a sharp decline, with some speculative commercial plots losing 80 percent or more of their market value. ●●●