Events, Verisoph

1872 Jones Brothers Tea Company founded in Brooklyn ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1872 the Jones Brothers Tea Company of Brooklyn was formed; this became the Grand Union Company of today ●●

1872 Aaron Montgomery Ward founds first mail-order firm ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first enterprise to market a wide variety of goods exclusively by mail was formed in 1872 by Aaron Montgomery Ward and his brother-in-law George A ●●

1873 Treasury moves to refund Civil War bonded debt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1873, Washington decided to refund, at lower interest rates, the $300 million in bonded debt remaining from the Civil War. Until then, Jay Cooke—Tony Drexel’s main Philadelphia rival—reigned as the... ●●

1873 Rockefeller dissolves the Pittsburgh Plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 24, 1873, Rockefeller dissolved the Pittsburgh Plan in Saratoga Springs after refiners repeatedly violated production quotas. ●●

1873 Jay Cooke & Company collapse triggers Panic of 1873 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 18, 1873 (Black Thursday), the banking house of Jay Cooke and Company failed due to Northern Pacific Railway financing problems. ●●

1873 Rockefeller buys Forest Hill estate in Cleveland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1873, Rockefeller invested in seventy-nine scenic acres at Forest Hill, a wooded spot in Cleveland destined to become his country home. ●●

1873 Nobel Brothers Petroleum Company founded in Russia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1873, Robert Nobel, of the Swedish Nobel family, arrived in the Caucasus and organized the Nobel Brothers Petroleum Producing Company. ●●

1873 Germany enacts unified gold Coinage Law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Germany passed its Coinage Law in July 1873, establishing a gold-based currency to replace fragmented silver systems. The Reichsbank followed in March 1875 to manage the unified currency. ●●

1873 Stock market crash of 1873 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A speculative boom turned to crash in 1873. Investors scapegoated Jewish bankers for their losses. ●●

1873 Bismarck forms the Three Emperors' League ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yet Bismarck forged just such an alliance in 1873—the first so-called Three Emperors’ League. ●●

1874 Compulsory schooling spreads across Europe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto lists the rapid spread of compulsion schooling after Prussia's model: Hungary in 1868, Austria in 1869, all the Germanies in 1872, Switzerland in 1874, Italy in 1877, Holland in 1878, and Belgium in 1879. ●●

1874 Disraeli's imperial acts as prime minister ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book quotes Quigley on Disraeli as prime minister from 1874 to 1880 buying control of the Suez Canal and making Queen Victoria Empress of India. It presents these as dramatizing the profit and glamour of empire. ●●

1874 Standard Oil buys Imperial Refining Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 22, 1874, Rockefeller purchased the Imperial Refining Company and its vast facility near Oil City, Pennsylvania. ●●

1874 Standard Oil moves to new four-story building ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1874, Standard Oil relocated to a new four-story building, reflecting its growing status as a major oil colossus. ●●

1874 World's largest sewing machine factory built at Elizabethport ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1874 the company built by far the largest sewing machine factory in the world at Elizabethport, New Jersey ●●

1875 Disraeli buys Suez Canal shares, 1875 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1875 Disraeli, with Rothschild money, purchased 176,602 Suez Canal shares from the Khedive of Egypt to safeguard British communications with India. ●●

1875 Rhodes writes his 'Confession of Faith' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley grounds the secret society idea in Rhodes's early writing. Rhodes wrote a 'Confession of Faith' in 1875 outlining a Jesuit-modeled society for extending the British Empire, and enclosed it with his will. ●●

1875 Quigley: the adventure that began with Toynbee and Milner in 1875 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Closing his account, Quigley dates the origin of the whole idealistic imperial project to Toynbee and Milner in 1875, saying it had ground down to bitterness and ashes. ●●

1875 Standard Oil acquires Porter, Moreland; Archbold joins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early 1875, Rockefeller captured the second-largest Titusville refiner, bringing young John D. Archbold into the Standard Oil fold. ●●

1875 Acme Oil Company formed to absorb Oil Creek refineries ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1875, Standard Oil formed the Acme Oil Company to acquire Oil Creek refineries under Archbold's direction. ●●

1875 Standard Oil secretly buys J. N. Camden & Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1875, Rockefeller covertly bought J. N. Camden and Company of Parkersburg, West Virginia, completing his major refining center monopoly. ●●

1876 Leopold II's Congo and the scramble for Africa, 1876-1880 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story King Leopold II of Belgium, using Henry Stanley, moved to secure the Congo as his personal preserve in 1876-1880, setting off a decades-long fever of colony-grabbing in Africa. ●●

1876 Edward Mandel House at Hopkins Grammar School ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that during the 1876 Hayes-Tilden campaign the young Edward Mandel House frequented political offices in New Haven instead of attending to his studies at Hopkins Grammar School. ●●

1876 William H. Welch travels to Germany for a doctorate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto uses William H. Welch as an example of Americans seeking German credentials. In 1876 Welch left for Germany to earn a Ph.D.; he later became first dean of Johns Hopkins Medical School and a Rockefeller Foundation adviser. ●●

1876 Oil production booms in Bradford, Pennsylvania ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1876, oil production soared in Bradford, and prices sank from $4 per barrel to much lower levels as wild-eyed drillers besieged the area. ●●

1876 Disraeli peerage prompts Buckinghamshire by-election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lord Disraeli's elevation to the House of Lords prompts a by-election in his Buckinghamshire constituency. The political tensions deepen the Rothschilds' drift from the Liberal party toward Conservatism. ●●

1876 Western roads form Southwestern Railway Rate Association ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1876 a number of western roads organized the Southwestern Railway Rate Association with an organization copied directly from that of the Southern R ●●

1876 Schmidt discovers temporary star in Cygnus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A temporary star was discovered in November 1876 in the constellation Cygnus by J. F. J. Schmidt, exhibiting a spectrum with brilliant lines that gradually transformed, raising questions about the Nebular Theory. ●●

17 July 1877 to 9 January 1878 Battle of Shipka Pass wikidata 0 cit. no story 1877 battle ●●

9 May 1877 Independence of Romania 0 cit. no story Romania declares independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War; the principalities had united in 1859. politics / war ●●●

29 January 1877 to 24 September 1877 Satsuma Rebellion 0 cit. no story Disaffected samurai under Saigo Takamori rise against the Meiji government and are defeated by its conscript army. The rebellion is the last armed challenge to Japan's modernization. politics / war ●●

24 April 1877 to 3 March 1878 Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 0 cit. no story Russia defeats the Ottoman Empire in a war fought partly to protect Balkan Christians. The peace creates an autonomous Bulgaria and independence for Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania. politics / war ●●●

1877 Chinese famines of 1877-1879 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley records that Chinese population pressure was relieved by the famines of 1877-1879, which killed about 12 million people. ●●

1877 Standard Oil conquers last independent refineries ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 21, 1877, Camden reported completing the conquest of the last independent refineries, giving Standard Oil near-total monopoly. ●●

1877 Satsuma Rebellion suppressed by conscript army ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These changes led to a samurai revolt known as the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877, which was militarily suppressed in short order by the new conscript army. ●●

3 March 1878 Liberation of Bulgaria 0 cit. no story The Treaty of San Stefano ends the Russo-Turkish War and re-establishes a Bulgarian state after five centuries of Ottoman rule; full independence was declared in 1908. politics / war ●●●

13 July 1878 Independence of Serbia 0 cit. no story The Congress of Berlin recognizes Serbia's full independence from the Ottoman Empire after decades of autonomy won through uprisings. politics / war ●●●

November 1878 to September 1880 Second Anglo-Afghan War 0 cit. no story Britain invades Afghanistan again to counter Russian influence. It withdraws after securing control of Afghan foreign policy, leaving the country a buffer state. war ●●

c. 1878 to c. 1904 Conquests of Menelik II 0 cit. no story Menelik II of Shewa conquers vast southern territories and doubles the size of the Ethiopian Empire. The campaigns and accompanying famines kill millions but create modern Ethiopia's borders. war ●●●

1878 Treaty of Berlin, 1878 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the 1878 Treaty of Berlin a disaster that left nearly every Balkan state dissatisfied, turning the region into a powder keg for decades. ●●

1878 John H. Vincent founds the Chautauqua reading circle ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes the launch of the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle. On August 10, 1878, John H. Vincent announced a four-year guided reading program, and it enrolled thousands within its first year. ●●

1878 First US pathology lab opens at Bellevue ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Trained in Germany, he had transplanted high German medical standards to America by opening the first pathology lab at Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1878. ●●

1878 Yohannes IV convenes Ethiopian Church council ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yöhannes IV, another provincial governor turned Negus, imitated Constantine in presiding over a Church council in 1878 to settle long-standing disputes on Christology, although his order to tear out the tongues of some of those challenging his decisi ●●

1878 First long-distance oil pipeline construction begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the construction of the first long-distance pipeline was not begun until 1878 ●●

1878 Albert Fink creates trunk-line railroad federation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In this way Albert Fink had by the end of 1878 created a federation of railroads which included nearly all the lines north of the Ohio and east of the ●●

5 April 1879 to 4 April 1884 War of the Pacific wikidata 0 cit. no story war between Chile and a Bolivian, Peruvian alliance ●●●●

1879 United States resumes specie payment ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1879, the ascendant Morgans were joining with August Belmont and the Rothschilds to market the last Civil War refunding loan. The United States resumed specie payment that year—that is, government ... ●●

1879 Rockefeller creates the Standard Oil trust agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1879, Rockefeller created an ingenious trust agreement using three trustees to hold subsidiary stock, circumventing state incorporation laws. ●●

1879 Gilchrist and Thomas invent the basic steel process ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Within five years of Gilcrist and Thomas’s 1879 invention of a way to turn cheap phosphoric ores into basic steel, there were eighty-four basic converters in operation in western and central Europe,16 ●●

1879 Theosophical Society arrives in India ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Blavatsky marks the arrival of the Theosophical Society in India in 1879, a pivotal moment in her narrative of reviving ancient esoteric wisdom in the modern age. ●●

1880 Feudal structure of American finance capitalism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that for almost fifty years, from 1880 to 1930, American financial capitalism approximated a feudal structure in which two great New York powers dominated a web of lesser powers. ●●

1880 Charles Francis Adams compares schools to mills and prisons ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Charles Francis Adams, who observed in 1880 that the newly proposed institutional schools combined features of the cotton mill, the railroad, and the state prison. ●●

1880 Aztec Club of 1847 founding dinner, 1880 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes the hereditary Aztec Club of 1847, whose 1880 founding dinner he says would have seated President Grant and Jefferson Davis together. ●●

1880 Wundt founds his psychology laboratory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto dates the founding of Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory of scientific psychology in Germany to 1880, tying it to the rise of scientific pedagogy. (The lab is usually dated to 1879.) He links it to Francis Parkman's contemporaneous negative judgment of schooling. ●●

1880 Natty Rothschild votes against Irish Land Bill ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Natty Rothschild joins Whig opponents voting against the Irish Land Bill, a measure to protect tenant interests. This marks the first organized Rothschild resistance to Liberal domestic reform. ●●

1880 Gladstone defeats Disraeli in general election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the most striking example of the vital new role of public opinion was in Great Britain, when Gladstone defeated Disraeli in 1880 in the only Briti ●●

1880 Railroad track construction peaks in the 1880s ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1880s more miles of track were built than in any other decade in American history, and in the 1890s more mileage was in bankruptcy than in ●●

1881 to 1896 Fifth cholera pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story fifth major international outbreak of cholera in the 19th century ●●●

June 1881 to November 1899 Mahdist War 0 cit. no story Muhammad Ahmad declares himself the Mahdi and drives Egypt and Britain from Sudan, taking Khartoum in 1885. Britain reconquers Sudan at Omdurman in 1898 in a war that costs millions of lives through fighting and famine. religion / war ●●●

1881 Assassination of Tsar Alexander II, 1881 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anarchist terror produced the assassinations of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, King Humbert of Italy in 1900, and President McKinley in 1901. ●●

1881 French protectorate over Tunis, 1881 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France, occupying Algeria since 1830, established a protectorate over Tunis in 1881, which triggered the British occupation of Egypt the following year. ●●

1881 First Japanese political parties founded (1881-1882) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Opposition to the Sat-Cho oligarchy led to the first real political parties, Itagaki's Liberal Party (1881) and Okuma's Progressive Party (1882), whose leaders often traded support for office. ●●

1881 Russian pogroms against Jews ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russian pogroms against Jews ●●

1881 Vacuum employees found Buffalo Lubricating Oil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1881, a trio of Vacuum employees—J. Scott Wilson, Charles B. Matthews, and Albert Miller—defected to start a rival refinery, the Buffalo Lubricating Oil Company. ●●

1881 Decree of Muharrem places Ottoman debt under control ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Ottoman Sultan issued the Decree of Muharrem on December 20, 1881, reducing foreign debt obligations and establishing an international administration to manage Ottoman public debt. This gave European creditors formal control over Turkish finances. ●●

1881 Duke begins producing cigarettes in Durham ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Duke, a manufacturer of smoking tobacco in Durham, North Carolina, had decided in 1881 to produce cigarettes because he was having difficulty in compe ●●

1881 Diamond Match Company formed by merger ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a brief period of competition for the national market, these four combined in 1881 to form the Diamond Match Company ●●

1881 T.S. Hunt reads his Celestial Chemistry paper ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 28, 1881, Dr. T.S. Hunt read a paper titled Celestial Chemistry, from the time of Newton, bringing attention to long-neglected passages in Newton's works that described his beliefs in a universal ethereal medium. ●●

1881 Modern refrigerated railroad car appears ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then, in 1881 the modern refrigerated car made its appearance ●●

1881 Swift builds national branch-house distribution network ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the dozen or so years after 1881, when Swift began to build a national branch-house distributing network, six integrated packers dominated the trade—two giants, Armour and Swift, and four smaller firms, Hammond, Morris, Cudahy, and Schwartzchild & Sulzberger ●●

1882 Society for Psychical Research founded by the Balfour circle ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the Society for Psychical Research an enduring creation of the Cecil Bloc. It was founded in 1882 by the Balfour family with Lord Rayleigh and Professor Sidgwick. ●●

1882 Milner's Whitechapel socialism lectures (1882) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Milner delivered six lectures on socialism in Whitechapel in 1882, later published in 1931. Quigley cites this as evidence of the Group's early, undemocratic socialistic leanings. ●●

1882 Appleton School Reader for fifth graders ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1882 fifth graders read authors such as Shakespeare, Thoreau, Scott, and Franklin in their Appleton School Reader. ●●

1882 Grand dinner honors Herbert Spencer in New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes an early 1882 dinner held in Herbert Spencer's honor, where the powerful gathered to hear scientific proof of Anglo-Saxon fitness for rule. He says it set a standard for twentieth-century management. ●●

1882 Atlantic Monthly writer warns of immigrant threat to homogeneity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites an 1882 Atlantic Monthly writer who predicted a coming struggle to preserve the American social order against European immigration. ●●

1882 Elite boarding schools founded after Spencer's 1882 visit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues that over 90 percent of the great American private boarding schools were founded in the short period just after Herbert Spencer's 1882 American visit. ●●

1882 Drexel, Morgan offices wired for Edison's electricity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Downtown, Drexel, Morgan hosted early meetings of the Edison company and in 1882 became the first Wall Street office to draw electricity from Edison’s generating station at Pearl Street. Edison himsel... ●●

1882 Libby and Wilson begin canned meat production ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1882 two of the smaller meat packers, Libby, McNeil & Libby and Wilson & Company, began volume production of canned meat in Chicago ●●

1882 Standard Oil Trust formed by shareholder agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the agreement signed on January 2, 1882, the shareholders of the forty companies exchanged their stock for certificates in the new Standard Oil Trust ●●

20 March 1883 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property wikidata 0 cit. no story treaty ●●●

August 1883 to April 1885 Sino-French War 0 cit. no story France and Qing China fight over control of northern Vietnam. France wins a protectorate over Vietnam, extending French Indochina. war ●●

1883 Pendleton civil service reform, 1883 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that the 1883 Pendleton Bill introducing civil service reform was pushed by business interests to cut off the patronage income that made party machines independent of business money. ●●

1883 Mahdist revolt and the fall of Khartoum, 1883 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Mahdi Muhammad Ahmed led a Sudanese revolt against Egyptian control in 1883, wiped out a British force under General Charles Gordon at Khartoum, and held an independent Sudan for fifteen years. ●●

1883 German law regulating stock promotion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the promotion excesses of 1870-1874, a government investigation led to a strict 1883 law regulating promotion. Quigley argues this pushed German bankers toward long-term control of industry rather than short-term speculation. ●●

1883 Milner establishes Toynbee Hall in memory of Arnold Toynbee ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arnold Toynbee, Milner's closest friend at Balliol, died young in 1883. Milner then helped found Toynbee Hall, a settlement house in London, and chaired its governing board for years. ●●

1883 Maguire obtains the Lobengula mining concession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story J. Rochfort Maguire, Rhodes's close college friend, obtained the original mining concession from Lobengula in 1883. Quigley notes it became the basis of the British South Africa Company. ●●

1883 Standard Oil assembles Manhattan headquarters site ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late 1883, Standard Oil began assembling real estate in Manhattan for new headquarters overlooking Broadway at Bowling Green. ●●

1883 Pendleton Act creates merit-based civil service ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Pendleton Act was passed in 1883, but it was not until the 1920s that a large majority of public servants were put under the merit classification system. ●●

1883 Pendleton Act reforms the US civil service ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prior to passage of the 1883 Pendleton Act and the spread of merit-based bureaucracy, American government was a cli-entelistic system in which public offices were allocated by the political parties on the basis of patronage. ●●

1884 Formation of the Comité des Forges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Comité des Forges was formed in 1884 as an association of all French metallurgical industries, using a single joint selling agency (comptoir) to prevent price competition. ●●

1884 Toynbee Hall founded as a settlement house (1884) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that Toynbee and Milner's mildly socialistic social-service work led to the founding of Toynbee Hall as a settlement house in 1884. He uses this to argue the Group was not driven by capitalist motives. ●●

1884 Rosebery uses 'commonwealth' at Adelaide (1884) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes the older Cecil Bloc imperialists used the term commonwealth for the Empire as early as 1884, when Rosebery did so in a speech at Adelaide. He argues the Group popularized rather than invented it. ●●

1884 IEEE founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers was founded in 1884 and has set electricity standards since Thomas Edison's era. Wood argues the IEEE, with hundreds of thousands of members, is positioned to lead the global Smart Grid standards effort. ●●

1884 Sara Warburg, banking matriarch, dies at 79 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sara, the formidable matriarch of the Warburg banking dynasty, died abruptly of a heart attack or stroke. Hamburg had never seen so many mourners at a funeral. ●●

1884 Japan creates a civil service career track ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A civil service career track was created in 1884 with a pension system that rewarded long service. ●●

1884 Death of Gregor Mendel and burning of his notes debunked ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gregor Mendel died in 1884, with his monastery burning all his scientific notes. His work remained obscure until 1900 when William Bateson rediscovered it, allowing American eugenicists to misapply his plant heredity laws to justify racial pseudoscience. ●●

1884 Huntington combines rail and steamship lines ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1884 Huntington and his associates combined all these rail and steamship lines into a single system headed by a holding and operating concern, the ●●

1885 Indian National Congress established (1885) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A British official who foresaw violent nationalism sought to channel it constructively by establishing the Indian National Congress in 1885, hoping to train Indians in representative institutions. ●●

1885 Cattell claims people read whole words ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that in 1885 James McKeen Cattell, trained under Wundt at Leipzig, used the tachistoscope to claim people read whole words rather than letters, a finding later shown to be wrong. ●●

1885 Vienna University bars Jews from membership ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vienna University bars Jews from membership ●●