Events, Verisoph

1756 Joseph Black identifies fixed air ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Joseph Black demonstrates that fixed air (carbon dioxide) is consistently distinguishable from normal air. This discovery marks a turning point in pneumatic chemistry and leads to the investigation of gases as distinct substances. ●●

1756 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It remained so even during the economic strain of the Seven-Years War (1756-1763) and during the period immediately prior to the Revolution ●●

1756 Economic Recovery After Fiat Money Ban rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin notes that after the ban on fiat money, prosperity occurred as colonists returned to using gold coins. The economy remained stable even during the Seven Years' War (1756-1763). ●●

18 June 1757 Battle of Kolín wikidata 0 cit. no story 1757 battle of the Third Silesian War ●●

1757 Franklin sent to England over the Penns ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1757 Franklin was sent to England to protest the influence of the Penns in Pennsylvania's government, remaining there five years. ●●

1757 The second form of British aid was financial rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick the Great, for example, received from the British the substantial sum of £675,000 each year from 1757 to 1760; and in the closing stages of the Napoleonic War the flow of British funds reach ●●

1758 trian succession. In the same spirit, the philosop... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story trian succession. In the same spirit, the philosopher of history Emmerich de Vattel could write in 1758, the second year of the Seven Years’ War, that ●●

1759 Britain's annus mirabilis of 1759 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1759, the annus mirabilis, French colonies were falling into British hands right across the globe, nicely complementing the considerable victory of the Anglo-German troops over two French armies at ●●

1759 Nevertheless, the sheer costs of all this campaigning were s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nevertheless, the sheer costs of all this campaigning were slowly grinding down Prussian power (60,000 soldiers lost in 1759 alone), and the Russian foe proved much more formidable—partly because of C ●●

1759 Portugal expels the Jesuits ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Accordingly, Catholic monarchs beginning with King José I of Portugal in 1759 brought mounting pressure on successive popes to dissolve the whole Society of Jesus, because they resented its vision of priorities wider than their own, including its loy ●●

7 June 1760 to 26 July 1760 Siege of Glatz wikidata 0 cit. no story 1760 battle ●●

1760 Russian troops occupy Berlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The ferocity and frightening doggedness of the Russian troops during the Seven Years War, and their temporary occupation of Berlin in 1760, quite changed Frederick the Great’s view of his neighbor. Fo ●●

1760 The second form of British aid was financial rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick the Great, for example, received from the British the substantial sum of £675,000 each year from 1757 to 1760; and in the closing stages of the Napoleonic War the flow of British funds reach ●●

1760 Frederick the Great wins the Battle of Liegnitz ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 22 July during the Silesian campaign of 1761, Frederick the Great stole a march on Laudon and moved to Nossen near Neisse. The battle of Liegnitz in 1760 resulted from Frederick's night move to a better position, catching Laudon by complete surprise and resulting in Austrian losses of 70 cannon and 10,000 men. ●●

1760 History of Suffrage, 1760–1867 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story History of Suffrage, 1760–1867. ●●

15 February 1761 Battle of Langensalza wikidata 0 cit. no story 1761 battle ●●

13 October 1761 Battle of Ölper wikidata 0 cit. no story 1761 battle ●●

1761 Maratha defeat at the Battle of Panipat ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Marathas suffered a catastrophic defeat at Panipat. The talented generation of leaders who rose after that battle had, by 1800, all died, leaving the Confederacy without capable direction. ●●

October 1762 to November 1762 Siege of Cassel wikidata 0 cit. no story 1762 siege ●●

30 August 1762 Battle of Nauheim wikidata 0 cit. no story 1762 battle of the Seven Years' War ●●

1762 Rousseau's Emile and permissive education, 1762 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces the doctrine that a child's maturation should be left free to unfold, the basis of permissive education, back to Rousseau's Emile of 1762, which idealized the state of nature. ●●

1762 Rousseau publishes Emile, 1762 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto identifies Rousseau's 1762 book Emile as a blueprint for the psychological molding of children, a rival to Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management. ●●

1762 Spain enters the war and loses its colonies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Spain foolishly entered the war in 1762, the same fate befell its colonies in the Caribbean and Philippines. Meanwhile, the House of Brandenburg had already seen its share of “miracles,” and in t ●●

May 1763 to July 1766 Pontiac's War 0 cit. no story Native nations led by the Odawa chief Pontiac rise against British rule after the French defeat. The war prompts the Royal Proclamation of 1763 limiting colonial settlement, a grievance on the road to American revolution. war ●●

1763 Corning soon after the victory over their French rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Corning soon after the victory over their French imperial rival in 1763, defeat at the hands of colonial rebels forced British leaders to come to grip... ●●

1763 The Winning of Wars, 1763–1815 The “breathing space” of wel rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Winning of Wars, 1763–1815 The “breathing space” of well over a decade which occurred before the next stage in the Anglo-French struggle gave only a few hints of the turnaround which would occur ●●

1763 Indeed, Choiseul and his successors, smarting from the defea rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indeed, Choiseul and his successors, smarting from the defeat of 1763, were taking measures to strengthen France’s position for the future. The French navy was steadily built up, despite the pressing ●●

1763 Although Britain’s concessions at the 1783 Peace of Versaill rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Although Britain’s concessions at the 1783 Peace of Versailles (Minorca, Florida, Tobago) were hardly a reversal of the great imperial gains of 1763, the French could proclaim themselves well satisfie ●●

1763 In eastern Europe, by contrast, the strategical balances wer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In eastern Europe, by contrast, the strategical balances were not greatly distorted by the maneuvers of the three great monarchies during the decades after 1763.72 This was chiefly due to the triangul ●●

1763 The Winning of Wars, 1660–1763 When Louis XIV rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Winning of Wars, 1660–1763 When Louis XIV took over full direction of the French government in March 1661, the European scene was particularly favorable to a monarch determined to impose his views ●●

1763 Britain wins New France in the Seven Years War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British victory in Seven Years War delivers New France (Canada) to British control in 1763. ●●

1764 The Club, an elite dining society, founded in 1764 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes two dining clubs that symbolized the early Cecil Bloc. The Club was founded in 1764 and counted famous figures such as Johnson and Burke among past members. ●●

1765 to 1783 American Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story revolution establishing the United States of America ●●●

1765 1 767 CHINA Empire, Nation, and Citizenship Territories rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1 767 CHINA Empire, Nation, and Citizenship Territories of British East I nd i a Company Ill I nd i a n states a l l ied with G reat Brita i n 241 Wi... ●●

1767 to May 1799 Anglo-Mysore Wars 0 cit. no story The Kingdom of Mysore under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan fights four wars against the British East India Company. Tipu's death at Seringapatam in 1799 removes the last major obstacle to British dominance in southern India. war ●●●

1767 Catherine convenes the Legislative Commission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1767, she called a "Legislative Commission" of delegates from various ranks nobles, townspeople, peasants, Cossacks, representatives from Ukrainian... ●●

1767 Information history in 1767 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ad hoc computation. “Computers” and “calculators” existed: they were people with special skills, and all in all, computing was costly. ●●

1768 to 1774 Sixth Russo-Turkish War wikidata 0 cit. no story 1768-1774 part of the Russo-Turkish Wars ●●●●

c. 25 September 1768 Unification of Nepal 0 cit. no story Prithvi Narayan Shah conquers Kathmandu, unifying the hill kingdoms into the modern state of Nepal, which was never colonized. politics / war ●●●

1768 From the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74, the victorious Russian rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74, the victorious Russian tsars claimed to be protectors of all Orthodox Christians under the sultan’s rule, and Catherine the Great extended Russian control over the kingdom of Georgia in the 1780s, ta ●●

1769 D nmnpy (1769) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ; Jacob Emden in n12D nmnpy (1769). 100 Cf. Abraham Zaccuto }'0m1) 1D (1857) p. 88, quoting from Isa ●●

1770 Prussian civil service reform introduces exams ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The groundwork for a modern state had already begun in the years before the Battle of Jena, with the 1770 civil service reform that introduced examinations as the basis for promotion. ●●

1771 to 1802 Tay Son Wars 0 cit. no story The Tay Son brothers overthrow Vietnam's ruling families and repel a Chinese invasion before falling to Nguyen Anh. The three decades of war end with Vietnam unified under the Nguyen dynasty. politics / war ●●●

1771 But it was Russian expansion into the Caucasus, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But it was Russian expansion into the Caucasus, the steppe regions to the north of the Black Sea, and the Crimea-conquered in 1771 and annexed in 1783... ●●

1772 Shah Alam's departure from Allahabad recalled ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wellesley opened secret negotiations to bring the Mughal emperor back under Company protection, the first such move since Shah Alam left Allahabad thirty years earlier. He offered the emperor asylum. ●●

1772 first, from 1772 to 1774, arose from tensions candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first, from 1772 to 1774, arose from tensions created by imperial management strategies applied in the middle Volga region-playing diverse groups... ●●

1772 Lavoisier deposits sealed note on combustion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lavoisier deposits a sealed note with the Secretary of the French Academy stating his conviction that something is wrong with phlogiston theory and that burning bodies absorb part of the atmosphere. ●●

1772 1772-1833), who travelled across the oceans to Britain to defend the reforms rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1772-1833), who travelled across the oceans to Britain to defend the reforms of Hindu customs like widow-burning promoted by his former employees the East India Company; he died in Bristol, where the grand classical chapel built by prosperous Unitari ●●

1773 It was in 1773 that reference was first candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was in 1773 that reference was first made to "this vast empire on which the sun never sets." Some English writers saw themselves as the inheritors... ●●

1773 Catherine issues a decree of religious toleration ai_extracted 1 cit. no story She closed Orthodox missionary efforts in the Volga area, encouraged the con struction of mosques, and in 1773 issued a decree declaring "toleration o... ●●

1773 Nothing like this had happened since its foundation in 1773. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nothing like this had happened since its foundation in 1773. ●●

1773 Even when they were suppressed in 1773 (see pp rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even when they were suppressed in 1773 (see pp ●●

1773 Pope suppresses the Society of Jesus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After individual suppressions in various empires, they finally bullied the Pope into complete suppression in 1773 ●●

1774 Priestley isolates gas from red oxide of mercury ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Joseph Priestley collects gas released by heated red oxide of mercury in the course of pneumatic chemistry research. He initially identifies it as nitrous oxide, later as common air with less phlogiston. ●●

1774 Information history in 1774 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story bet, employing letters as an intermediate layer. This seemed so natural as to be not worth remarking. ●●

1774 British Parliament passes the Quebec Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British Parliament passes Quebec Act providing pragmatic alliance with French elite and Catholic Church. ●●

1774 Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Continental Congress summoned to Philadelphia in 1774 to address grievances against British rule. ●●

19 April 1775 to 3 September 1783 American Revolutionary War 0 cit. no story Thirteen British colonies fight for and win independence with French help, sealed at Yorktown in 1781. The war creates the United States and inspires revolutionary movements worldwide. politics / war ●●●●●

1775 Captain John Parker at Lexington ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto closes with the words of Captain John Parker, who at first light on April 19, 1775, commanded the American militia against the British at Lexington. Gatto adapts the line to call for taking schools back. ●●

1775 The venture tried to learn lessons from a second previous failed colony rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The venture tried to learn lessons from a second previous failed colony of 1775 on the ominously (though coincidentally) named Mosquito Coast of Central America ●●

1775 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rothbard, Conceived in Liberty: The Revolutionary War, 1775-1784 (New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House, 1979), Vol ●●

1775 Revolutionary War Begins with Currency Inflation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin documents that at the beginning of the Revolutionary War in 1775, the total money supply for the federated colonies stood at $12 million, but rapidly escalated as Congress issued massive amounts of paper money. ●●

4 July 1776 Independence of the United States 0 cit. no story The thirteen American colonies adopt the Declaration of Independence, breaking from Britain and founding the United States. politics / war ●●●●●

c. 1776 to c. 1924 American Indian Wars 0 cit. no story The United States fights a long series of wars and campaigns against Native American nations as settlement pushes west. The conflicts, together with disease and forced removal, destroy native independence across the continent. war ●●●

1776 Watt's steam engine and the Industrial Revolution, 1776 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley marks the Industrial Revolution as well established in Britain by 1776, the year Watt patented his steam engine. ●●

1776 Industrial Revolution begins in England ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates the start of the Industrial Revolution to England about 1776, from which it spread eastward and southward across Europe, reaching France after 1830, Germany after 1850, and Italy and Russia after 1890. ●●

1776 James Watt's steam engine appears in 1776 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that James Watt's steam engine arrived in 1776, as the Continental Congress met. He says it was efficient and could deliver power anywhere, freeing industry from coal fields. ●●

1776 Adam Smith founds economics with The Wealth of Nations legendary ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1776 Adam Smith, professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow, published The Wealth of Nations. Graeber credits it with bringing the discipline of economics into being through the myth of barter. ●●

1776 In one Mexican province, Apaches killed l,674 people, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In one Mexican province, Apaches killed l,674 people, took 154 captives, forced the abandonment of n6 haciendas and ranches, and stole 6 8 ,256 head o... ●●

1776 American patriots declare independence from Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1776, when a gathering of American patriots declared their indepen dence from Great Britain, their grievances concerned oppressive taxation, restri... ●●

1776 Glasgow has come a long way since my fellow Scotsman Adam Smith wrote the seminal candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Glasgow has come a long way since my fellow Scotsman Adam Smith wrote the seminal case for the free market, The Wealth of Nations, in 1776. ●●

1776 These principles—no taxation without representation and consent of the governed—would become the ral rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These principles—no taxation without representation and consent of the governed—would become the rallying cry of the American colonists when they revolted against British authority less than a century later in 1776. ●●

1776 American colonies declare independence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American colonies declare independence from British rule in 1776, establishing new nation. ●●

1776 American Revolution triumphs despite internal disorder rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nkrumah cites the American Revolution as proof that even chaotic, poorly organised revolutions can fight through to victory, drawing a parallel with the struggles facing newly independent African states. ●●

1777 Lavoisier identifies oxygen as a distinct gas ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After further experiments beginning in 1774, Lavoisier concludes by 1777 that the gas obtained from heating red oxide of mercury is a distinct species, one of the two main constituents of the atmosphere. He develops the oxygen theory of combustion. ●●

3 July 1778 to 13 May 1779 War of the Bavarian Succession wikidata 0 cit. no story dispute between the Austrian Habsburg monarchy and an alliance of Saxony and Prussia ●●●●

1778 Joseph Dulles flees Ireland for South Carolina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Joseph Dulles fled Ireland to escape anti-Protestant repression and settled in South Carolina as a prosperous planter, establishing the American branch of the Dulles family. ●●

1778 War of the Bavarian Succession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The brief and ultracautious campaigning in the War of Bavarian Succession (1778–1779), when Prussia opposed Austria’s attempt at expansion, merely confirmed this widespread wish to avoid the costs of ●●

1778 Nonetheless, the sheer costs of the 1778–1783 war—totaling m rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nonetheless, the sheer costs of the 1778–1783 war—totaling more than France’s three previous wars together—and the failure to reform national finances interacted with the growing political discontents ●●

1778 Not an especially profound writer, without any formal university training, but equipped rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Not an especially profound writer, without any formal university training, but equipped with charm, immensely quick wit and a genius for making money which gave him the chance to live independently and write what he wanted, he was perhaps the most fa ●●

1778 Continental Currency Inflation Leads to Worthlessness rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin reports that the Continental currency, valued at one dollar in gold in 1775, fell to twenty-five cents by 1778, demonstrating rapid inflation from fiat money expansion. ●●

16 July 1779 Battle of Stony Point wikidata 0 cit. no story 1779 battle of the American Revolutionary War ●●

1779 Washington Witnesses Continental Currency Collapse rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin quotes George Washington observing that the Continental currency had become nearly worthless by 1779, only four years after its issue, demonstrating the catastrophic effect of wartime fiat money. ●●

1780 Yet however remarkable that achievement, it is eclipsed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1780, however, when the Dutch entered the war on France’s side, the British government found that the strength of its own economy and the availability of domestic capital were such that its loans c ●●

1780 Birth of Carl von Clausewitz ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Carl von Clausewitz was born. He later joined the Prussian army at age twelve and participated in the Rhine campaign. ●●

1780 In the land which became Belgium, for instance, the proportion of women rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the land which became Belgium, for instance, the proportion of women religious to men reversed from 1780 to 1860, from 40:60 to 60:40, and at the end of this process, in a development to horrify any bishop from the Council of Trent, only 10 per ce ●●

1780 79 On positivism and Hinduism, see Bayly, The Birth of the Modern rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 79 On positivism and Hinduism, see Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World 1780-1914, 308 ●●

1781 Congress ratifies the Great Seal of the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A committee including Benjamin Franklin designed and introduced the Great Seal of the United States, which Congress ratified in 1781. The reverse side featured the mysterious eye-and-pyramid with the Latin motto 'Annuit coeptis novus ordo seclorum' (God smiles on our new order of the ages). ●●

1781 Bank of North America chartered in Philadelphia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first was the Bank of North America in Philadelphia chartered in 1781 ●●

1782 ; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) Middle East Map 5 (177), see also Arabia; Holy Land; Iraq; Israel; Judaea; Lebanon; Mesopotamia; Palestine; Parthian Empire; Persi ●●

1783 The best illustration of this relative French weakness rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In both countries, servicing the debt consumed half the state’s annual expenditures, but after 1783 the British immediately embarked upon a series of measures (the Sinking Fund, a consolidated revenue ●●

1784 Boston merchants move to abolish town meetings ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that as early as 1784 the Boston business community, led by merchant Joseph Barrell, tried to replace town meetings with a professionally managed corporation. ●●

1784 Alexander Hamilton founds the Bank of New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If Main Street hoped that Black Monday would throw a cautionary fear into Wall Street, it was dead wrong. It only prodded the Street into more assertive, reckless behavior. Securities firms had already lost many safe, reliable businesses. ●●

1784 It was he who in a short essay of 1784 gave the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was he who in a short essay of 1784 gave the most celebrated answer to a question about this new movement posed by one of his Berlin contemporaries, ‘What is Enlightenment ●●

1784 Gras, The Massachusetts First National Bank of Boston, 1784–1934 (Cambridge, Mas rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gras, The Massachusetts First National Bank of Boston, 1784–1934 (Cambridge, Mass ●●

1785 conquest of the southern steppes brought them land rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The conquest of the southern steppes brought them land and serfs; expanded military control cut down on runaways; and the empress--sensitive to the ci... ●●

1786 Sir William Jones links Sanskrit and English, 1786 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes Sir William Jones's 1786 speech to the Bengal-Oriental Society proposing a common source for Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, and English. ●●

24 August 1787 to 9 January 1792 Seventh Russo-Turkish War wikidata 0 cit. no story Russian-Turkish conflict from 1787-1792 ●●●●

1787 John Jay writes to Jefferson on American enterprise ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes a 1787 letter from John Jay to Jefferson describing the enterprise of the young country as inconceivable to Europeans accustomed to controlling common people. ●●

1787 Church of England men at the 1787 Constitutional Convention ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Russell Kirk's estimate that 29 of the 55 delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention were still communicants of the Church of England. ●●