Events, Verisoph

1915 Death of Natty de Rothschild ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Natty (Nathaniel Mayer), the senior partner at N. M. Rothschild & Sons and one of the most influential bankers of his era, died in 1915. ●●

1915 General relativity explains Mercury's orbit anomaly ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Einstein’s extreme reaction when he realized that the general theory of relativity he was painfully developing in the isolation of his study explained anomalies in the orbit of Mercury that had been a mystery to astronomers for more than fifty years. ●●

1916 Murder of Rasputin, December 1916 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rasputin's growing control over the Russian government through the tsarina lasted until he was murdered in December 1916. ●●

1916 Easter Revolt in Ireland (1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1916 Easter Revolt, made with German arms by Irish Nationalists, was crushed and its leaders executed, but Irish discontent continued to simmer. ●●

1916 Battle of the Somme (July-November 1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the Somme in 1916 the British lost 410,000, the French 190,000, and the Germans 450,000 for a maximum gain of about seven miles, exemplifying the futility of the continuous-front doctrine. ●●

1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement partitions Ottoman Empire (May 16, 1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Sykes-Picot agreement, signed May 16, 1916, between Russia, France, and Britain, partitioned the Ottoman Empire into spheres, leaving the Turks little beyond the area around Ankara. ●●

1916 Arab Revolt against Turkey begins (June 5, 1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Acting on his understanding of the McMahon correspondence, Hussein began an Arab revolt against Turkey on June 5, 1916, thereafter receiving a British subsidy of 225,000 pounds a month. ●●

1916 Curtis's The Problem of the Commonwealth published (May 1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A popular volume, The Problem of the Commonwealth, was published under Curtis's name as editor in May 1916. A companion volume, The Commonwealth of Nations, followed two months later. ●●

1916 Quigley: the Group seizes power in 1916 by intrigue ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the Group came to power in 1916 through a secret intrigue that split and destroyed the Liberal Party, a method he says they repeated against Labour in 1931. ●●

1916 Lucknow Compact (29 December 1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A distorted version of a Curtis letter helped push the Indian National Congress and the Moslem League into their one formal alliance, the Lucknow Compact of 29 December 1916. Quigley says the letter was very influential. ●●

1916 Curtis's circulated letter to the Group (13 Nov 1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Curtis's letter of 13 November 1916 to Philip Kerr was intended for the whole Round Table Group and set out how India should be handled in imperial reconstruction. A thousand copies were printed and distributed. ●●

1916 Robert Cecil pushes a League of Nations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lord Robert Cecil pressed the Cabinet to back a League, leading to the Phillimore Committee and the first British draft of the Covenant. Quigley places the League's British design with men close to the Milner Group. ●●

1916 Madison Grant publishes The Passing of the Great Race, 1916 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that Madison Grant's racial treatise The Passing of the Great Race appeared in 1916 with an introduction by Henry Fairfield Osborn. ●●

1916 Strong's scouting trip and first meeting with Norman ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1916 Benjamin Strong sailed to Europe on a 'scouting trip' to coordinate with its central banks. At the Bank of England he first met Montagu Norman, beginning the friendship that would anchor world finance in the 1920s. ●●

1916 Lenin argues imperialism is capitalism's highest stage ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1916, Lenin argued that capitalism had entered its highest stage, producing more goods more efficiently, generating more profits, but find ing it h... ●●

1916 French law grants citizenship to Four Communes residents ai_extracted 1 cit. no story French citizenship law protects residents of Four Communes ●●

1916 Irish Easter Rising declares independence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Irish Easter Rising declares independence ●●

1916 Edith Rockefeller funds the Zurich Psychological Club ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1916, Edith Rockefeller McCormick invested $120,000 to rent and renovate a mansion in Zurich for the Psychological Club. She borrowed $80,000 of the amount to establish this gathering place for Jung's followers. ●●

1916 Trotsky expelled from France ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Leon Trotsky is expelled from France, officially for participation in the Zimmerwald conference and for inflammatory articles written for Nashe Slovo newspaper in Paris. ●●

1916 Trotsky escorted across the Spanish border ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Leon Trotsky is escorted across the Spanish border by French police in September 1916, following his expulsion from France. ●●

1916 David Sarnoff proposes a home radio music box ai_extracted 1 cit. no story David Sarnoff sends memo to Marconi Company director proposing music box in home; memo is ignored but represents key moment in radio evolution ●●

1916 Hipolito Yrigoyen elected president of Argentina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This vastly expanded the voter rolls (though immigrants remained excluded) and resulted in the election in 1916 of Hipólito Yrigoyen, whose Radical Party remained in power for the next fourteen years. ●●

1916 Lenin writes Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lenin's analysis of imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism was composed in the middle of the First World War, the conflict Nkrumah says was fought to redivide the world's colonies among rival monopolies. ●●

6 December 1917 Independence of Finland 0 cit. no story Finland's parliament declares independence from Russia in the wake of the Bolshevik Revolution. politics ●●●

1917 Montagu Declaration on Indian self-government (Aug 20, 1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Drafted by Lord Milner, the declaration issued by Edwin Montagu on August 20, 1917, was revolutionary for first using the words 'responsible government' regarding India's future. ●●

1917 Massed tanks break through at Cambrai (November 20, 1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only on November 20, 1917, were tanks used as Swinton had instructed: 381 tanks with six infantry divisions struck the Hindenburg Line before Cambrai and burst into open country. ●●

1917 Unrestricted submarine warfare drives Britain to crisis (April 1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story German submarine warfare sank almost a million tons of shipping in April 1917, driving Britain within three weeks of food exhaustion and helping bring the United States into the war. ●●

1917 Jerusalem falls to Allenby (December 1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the British attack on Turkey from Egypt captured Baghdad in March 1917, Jerusalem fell to General Allenby in December 1917, opening the way across Palestine to Syria. ●●

1917 Balfour Declaration on a Jewish national home (November 1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Balfour Declaration of November 1917, a letter from Balfour to Lord Rothschild, favored a Jewish national home in Palestine while reserving the rights of existing non-Jewish communities. ●●

1917 Lenin comes to power in Russia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Though his support even among violent Socialists was tiny, the fortunes of war brought Lenin to power in Russia in November 1917 as leader of a Communist regime. ●●

1917 March 1917 revolution in Petrograd ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Public discontent erupted in March 1917 as strikes and rioting began in Petrograd. Troops refused to suppress the agitation, the government became helpless, and a provisional government under Prince Lvov was formed. ●●

1917 Bolshevik seizure of power, November 1917 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 7, 1917, the Bolsheviks seized the centers of government in St. Petersburg and held them because local military units refused to defend the Provisional Government. ●●

1917 Reichstag Peace Resolution of July 1917 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Under Matthias Erzberger the Center Party turned pacifist and allied with the Social Democrats to push the Reichstag Peace Resolution of July 1917 through the German parliament. ●●

1917 Quigley says the group seized control of the Dictionary of National Biography ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley claims the Milner Group gained control of the Dictionary of National Biography after it was given to Oxford in 1917. He uses this to explain how the group's members had flattering biographies written by their own. ●●

1917 Curtis's 1917 Letter to the People of India ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1917 Curtis wrote in his Letter to the People of India that the world was in throes preceding creation or death. Quigley uses it to show the Group's mystical vision of the Empire becoming a Commonwealth of Nations. ●●

1917 Smuts popularizes 'Commonwealth of Nations' (15 May 1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says the first public step in spreading the phrase came on 15 May 1917, when Smuts used it at a banquet arranged by the Milner Group. The speech was given the widest publicity. ●●

1917 Imperial War Cabinet meets fourteen times (1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Imperial War Cabinet, created by adding Dominion members to the British War Cabinet, met fourteen times in 1917 and again in 1918. Quigley credits Milner with the idea. ●●

1917 Quigley: the Balfour Declaration was really 'the Milner Declaration' (1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the 1917 Balfour Declaration should be called the Milner Declaration, since Milner was the actual draftsman and its chief supporter in the War Cabinet. He notes this was not made public until 1937. ●●

1917 Declaration promising responsible government for India (20 Aug 1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The historic declaration of 20 August 1917 promised responsible government to India. Quigley argues the Milner Group was the chief factor behind it and that Montagu did not actually draw it up. ●●

1917 Montagu travels to India (November 1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Montagu went to India in November 1917 with Sir William Duke to work on constitutional reform with the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford. Quigley says the resulting report was written by Marris of Milner's Kindergarten. ●●

1917 Jewish student riots against the Gary Plan in New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that in 1917 rioting erupted at PS 171 in Manhattan, a school that had adopted the Gary Plan. Immigrant parents opposed the industrial-style schooling. ●●

1917 Minnesota passes world's first secret adoption law, 1917 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that at the end of 1917 Minnesota's legislature approved the world's first secret adoption law, sealing original birth records permanently. ●●

1917 Wilson enters World War I ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says Wilson campaigned on having kept the US out of war, then entered World War I in April 1917 after securing his second term. It argues the entry buried the US in debt and boosted the Network's leverage. ●●

1917 Governor Cunliffe's rogue gold telegram ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1917 Bank of England governor Walter Cunliffe, enraged at the Treasury, secretly cabled Canada to reject its instructions on Britain's gold. The move nearly left Britain unable to pay its American suppliers and ended Cunliffe's tenure. ●●

1917 B.C. Forbes launches Forbes Magazine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1917, Bertie Charles Forbes launched Forbes Magazine from offices at 120 Broadway, near Wall Street. With the war escalating, American financial titans stood to... ●●

1917 Russian Tsar abdicates, ending the Romanov dynasty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russian Tsar abdicates, Romanov dynasty ends ●●

1917 US opposes recognizing Carranza's Mexico ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Mexico enacted a radical constitution under President Venustiano Carranza in 1917, it asserted Mexican control over foreign holdings and threatened U.S. business interests. Secretary of State Hughes initially opposed diplomatic recognition. ●●

1917 Allen Dulles posted to Bern for wartime intelligence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Allen Dulles was transferred to Bern, Switzerland in spring 1917 as the United States prepared to enter World War I, taking charge of intelligence operations. ●●

1917 Rockefeller waives foundation founder's designation rights ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To boost faith in the foundation’s autonomy, in July 1917 Rockefeller waived his future right to make founder’s designations. If the Ludlow Massacre was a turning point in Rockefeller family history, much of the credit must go to Mackenzie King, who emancipated Junior from strict obedience to his father. ●●

1917 Balfour Declaration sent to Walter Rothschild ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour sent the historic Balfour Declaration to Walter Rothschild on November 2, 1917, expressing government support for a Jewish national home in Palestine. ●●

1917 Balfour Declaration celebrated at Covent Garden ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A grand celebration was held at the Covent Garden opera house on December 2, 1917, where Walter and Jimmy Rothschild addressed jubilant crowds celebrating the Balfour Declaration. ●●

1917 Lionel de Rothschild founds League of British Jews ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lionel de Rothschild founded the League of British Jews shortly after the Balfour Declaration to oppose Zionism and assert that Jews did not constitute a separate political nationality. ●●

1917 James Warburg invents a naval aircraft compass ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While waiting for combat duty, the versatile Ensign Warburg invented a magnetic compass for use in naval aircraft. Jimmy only learned of his father’s behind-the-scenes maneuver in the autumn of 1917 w... ●●

1917 Trotsky arrives in New York ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Leon Trotsky and his family land in New York on January 13, 1917, after traveling across the Atlantic on the Spanish Transatlantic Company steamer Monserrat. ●●

1917 Trotsky proposes war-resistance resolution in New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 5, 1917, Trotsky proposes a resolution at the New York County Socialist Party meeting pledging Socialists to encourage strikes and resist recruiting in the event of war with Germany. ●●

1917 Trotsky interned at Halifax ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On April 3, 1917, Trotsky, his family, and five other Russian Socialists are removed by Canadian and British naval personnel from the S.S. Kristianiafjord at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and interned at the Amherst internment station. ●●

1917 Russian consul protests Trotsky's arrest ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 7, 1917, the chief of the General Staff in Ottawa receives a report that the Russian Consul General in Montreal has protested against the arrest of Trotsky's group as they were in possession of valid passports. ●●

1917 Trotsky released from Halifax internment ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On April 21, 1917, Major General Gwatkin writes Deputy Postmaster General Coulter that the Russian Socialists are to be released and arrangements are being made for their passage to Europe. The order originates in the Admiralty, London. ●●

1917 Thompson leads American Red Cross Mission to Russia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1917, William Boyce Thompson, a Federal Reserve Bank director and financier, leads the American Red Cross Mission to Russia, allegedly serving as an operational vehicle for Wall Street interests. ●●

1917 Trotsky interviewed at Novy Mir as Tsar falls ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 16, 1917, at the time of the deposition of the Tsar, Leon Trotsky is interviewed in the offices of Novy Mir and discusses the Russian revolutionary situation. ●●

1917 Captain Makins urges interning Trotsky at Halifax ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 1, 1917, Captain O.M. Makins sends a confidential memorandum recommending internment of Trotsky and six other Russian Socialists at Halifax, suspecting they might be in league with German Socialists. ●●

1917 American Red Cross Mission to Russia led by Thompson ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1917, the American Red Cross Mission to Russia is led by Federal Reserve director William Boyce Thompson and allegedly serves as an operational vehicle for Wall Street interests. ●●

1917 Wilson's 'Peace Without Victory' speech ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On January 22, 1917, before America had entered the war, Wilson proclaimed its goal to be “peace without victory.”45 Wh ●●

1917 Margaret Sanger launches Birth Control Review ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Margaret Sanger launches Birth Control Review to provide scientific authority to birth control advocacy ●●

1917 Anglo American Corporation incorporated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anglo American Corporation was incorporated to draw together a number of mining, investment and industrial companies already controlled by Ernest Oppenheimer, forming what Nkrumah calls the core of the Oppenheimer empire. ●●

24 October 1918 German Revolution of 1918-1919 wikidata 0 cit. no story revolution between 1918-19 in Germany ●●●

31 October 1918 Aster Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story revolution in Hungary ●●●

1918 to 1930 1919-1930 Encephalitis lethargica epidemic wikidata 1 cit. no story information on the Encephalitis Lethargica epidemic ●●●

12 November 1918 Proclamation of the Republic of Austria 0 cit. no story After the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I, Austria is proclaimed a republic. politics / war ●●●

24 February 1918 Independence of Estonia 0 cit. no story Estonia declares independence from Russia; after Soviet annexation in 1940, independence was restored in August 1991. politics / war ●●●

18 November 1918 Independence of Latvia 0 cit. no story Latvia proclaims independence from Russia; after Soviet annexation in 1940, independence was restored in 1991. politics / war ●●●

16 February 1918 Independence of Lithuania 0 cit. no story The Council of Lithuania proclaims the restoration of an independent Lithuanian state; independence was restored again from the USSR in 1990. politics / war ●●●

11 November 1918 Independence of Poland 0 cit. no story Poland regains independence at the end of World War I, 123 years after being partitioned by Russia, Prussia and Austria. politics / war ●●●●

1918 Berlin-to-Baghdad railway main line completed, 1918 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Berlin-to-Baghdad railway completed its main trunk line from the Austro-Hungarian border to Nusaybin in northern Mesopotamia by September 1918, a project of great economic and strategic weight for Germany and Turkey. ●●

1918 1918 Irish election returns Sinn Fein majority ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1918 election Ireland returned 73 Sinn Fein members seeking an Irish Republic, who organized their own Parliament in Dublin rather than going to Westminster, leading to civil war. ●●

1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk forced on Russia (March 3, 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 3, 1918, the Bolsheviks were forced to accept the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, by which Russia lost Finland, the Baltic provinces, Poland, the Ukraine, and Transcaucasia. ●●

1918 Wilson's Fourteen Points (January 8, 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Germany's October 1918 armistice request was based on Wilson's Fourteen Points of January 8, 1918, which promised open diplomacy, self-determination, and a League of Nations. ●●

1918 Kaiser abdicates amid German Revolution (November 8, 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the German Revolution spread and the navy at Kiel mutinied, the Kaiser abdicated on November 8, 1918, three days before the armistice. ●●

1918 Armistice ends the fighting (November 11, 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The armistice was signed at 5:00 a.m. on November 11, 1918, to take effect at 11:00 a.m., requiring Germany to evacuate occupied territory and surrender vast amounts of war equipment. ●●

1918 Germany promised a negotiated peace on the Fourteen Points (November 5, 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the peace was fraudulent in procedure: the defeated Powers were promised on November 5, 1918, that settlements would be negotiated and based on the Fourteen Points, a promise then abandoned. ●●

1918 Ebert-Groener pact with the Officers' Corps ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 10, 1918, Ebert agreed not to democratize the army if the Officers' Corps would defend the new government against the Independents and Spartacists. Quigley presents this as a counterrevolutionary bargain. ●●

1918 Phillimore drafts a British text for the League Covenant ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Walter Phillimore drew up one of the two British drafts for the Covenant of the League of Nations in 1918. Quigley notes the rival Cecil Draft was largely the work of Milner Group member Alfred Zimmern. ●●

1918 Milner backs Foch as Supreme Commander (March 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the German offensives of March 1918, Milner went to France and was the principal influence in appointing Foch as Supreme Commander in the west. He then became Secretary of State for War. ●●

1918 Smuts's League of Nations memorandum (Dec 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Curtis's mandates proposal, shown to Smuts, became the basis of Smuts's December 1918 memorandum, The League of Nations: A Practical Suggestion. Quigley says the mandates article of the Covenant grew from it. ●●

1918 Cecil's Birmingham speech on the League contested ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The day after the armistice, Cecil set out the kind of League he expected, one that would only delay war and leave state sovereignty intact. Quigley reads it as proof the Group never meant the League to enforce collective security. ●●

1918 World War I ends (November 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story World War I ended in November 1918. Wood frames the technology-driven slaughter of the war as a catalyst for engineers' embrace of technocracy. ●●

1918 Mississippi becomes the last state to adopt compulsory schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that compulsory schooling spread state by state against strenuous opposition. Mississippi became the 48th and final state to enact a compulsory attendance law in 1918, 66 years after Massachusetts. ●●

1918 NEA issues 'Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues the 1918 NEA report Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education was one of the most influential education documents of the century. He reads it as a mandate to shift away from mental development toward behavior and vocational training. ●●

1918 Alexander Inglis publishes Principles of Secondary Education ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto centers his argument on Alexander Inglis's 1918 book Principles of Secondary Education, which he reads as an insider's account of the school transformation. He claims it reveals schooling's purpose as placing social and economic control beyond the reach of the public. ●●

1918 Gatto's claim of a 1918 Carnegie history meeting contested ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto asserts that in 1918 Andrew Carnegie funded a London meeting of the American Historical Association where, he claims, an agreement was made to rewrite American history for social efficiency. This is Gatto's contested reading of the event. ●●

1918 The Armistice ends the Great War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 11 November 1918 an armistice signed in a railway carriage near Compiegne ended the First World War. Some 11 million soldiers lay dead and Europe was buried under debt. ●●

1918 Proclamation of the German Republic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 9 November 1918, as the Kaiser fled, Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed a republic from a balcony to the Berlin crowds. The new German republic was born, though no such measure had been passed by the Reichstag. ●●

1918 'Squeeze Germany until the pips squeak' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During Britain's December 1918 election, a jingoistic press campaign demanded a harsh settlement with Germany. The slogan that the Allies should squeeze Germany until the pips squeak caught the public mood. ●●

1918 Schacht recruits Goldschmidt, seeding the Danatbank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1918 Schacht brought stockbroker Jacob Goldschmidt into the Nationalbank. Through aggressive mergers Goldschmidt built it into the Danatbank, Germany's third-largest bank, whose 1931 failure would help trigger the world crisis. ●●

1918 The Norman-Strong compact between the central banks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Just after the 1918 armistice, Benjamin Strong wrote to Montagu Norman warning that peace could bring 'economic barbarism.' Their friendship grew into a partnership between the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve that anchored world finance for a decade. ●●

1918 Thomas Campbell founds industrial wheat farm in Montana ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thomas Campbell founded an industrial wheat farm in Montana with ninety-five thousand acres, applying factory principles to agriculture. It was financed by J.P. Morgan with subsidies from the U.S. Department of Interior and Agriculture. ●●

1918 Rockefeller endows the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1918, John D. Rockefeller gave $74 million to endow the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial, honoring his deceased wife. The foundation became a major force in advancing social sciences research. ●●

1918 Max Warburg addresses Reichstag deputies on postwar policy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1918, Max made a speech on postwar economic policy before 175 Reichstag deputies visiting Hamburg and thus established himself as an expert on the mark’s postwar value and German foreign debt. ●●

1918 Albert Ballin dies as the German Empire falls ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Max phoned the clinic, but didn’t get there before Ballin died at one o’clock in the afternoon on November 9, 1918—the day the Empire ended. ●●

1918 Russian Civil War devastates the country ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Russian civil war from 1918-1921 consumed several million lives and devastated the land, leaving deep scars on Russian society. ●●