Events, Verisoph

1846 to 1860 Third cholera pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story 1846-1860 worldwide pandemic ●●●

25 April 1846 to 2 February 1848 Mexican-American War 0 cit. no story The United States defeats Mexico and takes its capital. The peace transfers roughly half of Mexico's territory, including California and the Southwest, to the United States. politics / war ●●●●

1846 From the late 1840s onwards, the combination of increasing grain production around the world, plu... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From the late 1840s onwards, the combination of increasing grain production around the world, plummeting transport costs and falling tariff barriers – exemplified by the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 – eroded the economic position of landowners. ●●

1846 Great Britain repeals the Corn Laws ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Great Britain begins the expansion of a global system of commerce organized around open trade by repealing the Corn Laws ●●

1846 1846: father got an administrative job with the Church. The centerpiece of t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story father got an administrative job with the Church. The centerpiece of the town was Grinnell College, founded in 1846 by a group of Congregationalists f ●●

1846 Information history in 1846 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story orne (1851)♦ THREE CLERKS IN A SMALL ROOM UPSTAIRS in the Ferry House of Jersey City handled the entire telegraph traffic of the city of New York in 1846 and did not have to work very hard. ♦ They adm ●●

1846 The youngest pope at election since Pius IX in 1846, and destined rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The youngest pope at election since Pius IX in 1846, and destined to have the second-longest pontificate in the papacy’s history so far, Karol Wojtyła was a heroic figure, survivor of struggles against two tyrannical regimes which were conscious enem ●●

1846 For example, Dogget’s Directory for New York City in 1846 indicates that the num rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For example, Dogget’s Directory for New York City in 1846 indicates that the number of specialized business enterprises was highest in dry goods and g ●●

1846 , 163 Doering, Otto, 232 Dogget’s Directory for New York City in 1846, 26 Domi... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , 163 Doering, Otto, 232 Dogget’s Directory for New York City in 1846, 26 Dominion Telegraph, 199 Domino sugar, 329 Dorrance family, 295, 414 Douglass, Elisha P ●●

26 July 1847 Independence of Liberia 0 cit. no story Liberia, founded as a settlement for freed African Americans, declares itself an independent republic, Africa's first. politics / society ●●●

1847 'Best interest of the child' test entered in New York court ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes a second court authorization for intervention in family life. In 1847 Judge Oakley of the New York City Superior Court advanced the 'best interest of the child' test as governed by fixed rules. ●●

1847 George Lippard publishes Washington and his Generals ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American social reformer and muckraker George Lippard, a friend of Edgar Allan Poe, published 'Washington and his Generals, or Legends of the Revolution,' which included the story 'The Speech of the Unknown' about a mysterious robed orator at the Declaration of Independence signing. ●●

1847 1847: publishes “Notes” on Babbage’s Analytical Engine. 1847 George Boole cr rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story publishes “Notes” on Babbage’s Analytical Engine. 1847 George Boole creates a system using algebra for logical reasoning. 1890 The census is tabulated ●●

1847 Information history in 1847 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story with wax, the whole affair seemed public and insecure—the messages passing along those mysterious conduits, the electric wires. Vail himself wrote in 1847, “The great advantage which this telegraph po ●●

1847 Prussia, for example, put in place a universal franchise between 1847 and 1867, albeit with an open candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prussia, for example, put in place a universal franchise between 1847 and 1867, albeit with an open ballot and tiered voting. ●●

1847 openness of locals to outsiders: Amoy had been one of the earliest rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story openness of locals to outsiders: Amoy had been one of the earliest entry points for Europeans three centuries before, and now it was one of the treaty ports opened up by the Nanjing Treaty in 1847 ●●

1847 Twenty-First (1847) Annual Report of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail-Road, p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Twenty-First (1847) Annual Report of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail-Road, p ●●

1847 Steamship line opens New York to Bremen service ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1847 an American sponsored, German financed and owned line began services between New York and Bremen ●●

1847 Boole devises an algebra for logic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story George Boole develops a symbolic algebra for expressing logical statements, later used to design switching circuits. ●●

15 March 1848 to 4 October 1849 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 wikidata 0 cit. no story European Revolution of 1848 ●●●

22 February 1848 to 2 December 1848 French Revolution of 1848 wikidata 0 cit. no story one of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe ●●●

1 March 1848 to November 1848 Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg empire wikidata 0 cit. no story bourgeois-democratic motivated revolutions ●●●

March 1848 March Revolution in Berlin wikidata 0 cit. no story revolution from 1848 till 1849 in Berlin ●●●

September 1848 to 13 August 1849 Hungarian War of Independence 0 cit. no story Hungary fights for independence from Habsburg Austria during the revolutions of 1848. Austria wins only after calling in a Russian army, and executes the rebel generals. politics / war ●●●

March 1848 to 1852 First Schleswig War 0 cit. no story Denmark and German nationalists backed by Prussia fight over the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Denmark keeps the duchies, but the dispute reignites in 1864. politics / war ●●

c. 1848 to c. 1866 Wars of Italian Unification 0 cit. no story Piedmont, aided by France and by Garibaldi's volunteers, fights Austria and the Italian states in three wars of independence. The campaigns unite most of Italy under the House of Savoy by 1866, with Rome added in 1870. politics / war ●●●●

1848 Marx's Communist Manifesto, 1848 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley places the Romantic period as culminating in Marx's Communist Manifesto of 1848, which located the key to man's social position in past struggles. ●●

1848 Rules of the Stokes County School ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reproduces the November 10, 1848 disciplinary code of the Stokes County School under master William A. Chaffin, listing offenses and their prescribed lashes. ●●

1848 Massachusetts passes first modern formal adoption law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that four years before the 1852 compulsion law, the Massachusetts legislature passed an adoption act. He calls it the first formal adoption legislation anywhere since the Roman Empire. ●●

1848 Carl Schurz's first view of America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes German immigrant Carl Schurz, who in 1848 remarked on first seeing America how little a people needs to be governed. Gatto uses it to contrast American liberty with heavy government. ●●

1848 In 1848 , when another spasm of political candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1848 , when another spasm of political uprisings broke out across the continent, Nicholas volunteered his services as the "gen darme of Europe." Hi... ●●

1848 His enemy and acquisitive neighbor Austria had been rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His enemy and acquisitive neighbor Austria had been a · near victim of parliamentary assertiveness, during the pan-European wave of re bellions agains... ●●

1848 14 In August 1848, to the Duke’s horror, the entire contents of Stowe House were rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 14 In August 1848, to the Duke’s horror, the entire contents of Stowe House were auctioned off. ●●

1848 Metternich driven from power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story er states bore the brunt of thwarting Russian expansionism. Metternich’s removal from the scene in 1848 marked the beginning of the end of the high-wi ●●

1848 one which every Englishman ought to deprecate, and... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nd one which every Englishman ought to deprecate, and to try to prevent.36 After the Revolution of 1848, Austria became progressively weaker and its p ●●

1848 Bismarck achieved political prominence as the arch... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bismarck achieved political prominence as the archconservative opponent of the liberal Revolution of 1848. ●●

1848 1848, Bismarck strenuously fought the elected Parl... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1848, Bismarck strenuously fought the elected Parliament’s offer of the German imperial crown to the Prussian King. ●●

1848 now, two generations had passed since the executio... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By now, two generations had passed since the execution of Louis XVI; the liberal revolutions of 1848 had been mastered; France, though a republic, had ●●

1848 Russia might defer territorial gains for the sake ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russia might defer territorial gains for the sake of legitimacy (as Alexander I did in the Greek rebellion in the 1820s, and Nicholas I during the rev ●●

1848 Metternich left office in 1848 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story eo Tolstoy’s Tales of Sevastopol. See Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 336–39. “We will astonish the world by the magnitude of our ingratitude”: Allgemeine deutsche Biographie 33 (Leipzig: Duncker ●●

1848 Event of 1848 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story have been rivals, were in fact pursuing common policies: Austria and Russia in effect postponed their looming geopolitical conflict in the name of their shared fears of domestic upheaval. It was only after the element of legitimacy in this internatio ●●

1848 the first of their eleven American children rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1848, Andrew Anders Veblen, the first of their eleven American children, was born ●●

1848 Revolutions break out across continental Europe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The year 1848 saw the outbreak of revolutions in virtually every continental European country and has been compared to the 2011 Arab Spring. ●●

1848 2 The second great surge toward democracy occurred with the Revolutions of 1848, raising hopes that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2 The second great surge toward democracy occurred with the Revolutions of 1848, raising hopes that were just as quickly dashed. ●●

1848 Hobsbawm’s judgment about the completeness of the failure of the Revolutions of 1848 is therefore to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hobsbawm’s judgment about the completeness of the failure of the Revolutions of 1848 is therefore too severe. ●●

1848 Many of the moves toward more liberal societies and greater democracy were thus the work of conserva rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Many of the moves toward more liberal societies and greater democracy were thus the work of conservative leaders who lived through 1848 and were conscious of the fact that they faced societies mobilized in ways they had not been earlier in the century. ●●

1848 29 FROM 1848 TO THE ARAB SPRING Origins of the Arab Spring; differences and similarities between t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 29 FROM 1848 TO THE ARAB SPRING Origins of the Arab Spring; differences and similarities between the contemporary Middle East and nineteenth-century Europe; religion and nationalism as alternative routes to politicalmobilization The Arab Spring began in January 2011 with the self-immolation of a Tunisian street vendor named Mohamed Bouazizi, which brought down the dictatorship of Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali and triggered a cascade of uprisings that spread to Egypt, Yemen, Libya, Bahrain, and Syria, and threatened the stability of every regime in the region. ●●

1848 The European experience in 1848 indicates, however, that the initial toppling of an authoritarian re rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The European experience in 1848 indicates, however, that the initial toppling of an authoritarian regime and the organization of democratic elections is only the beginning of a much longer process of political development. ●●

1848 The liberal revolutionaries of 1848 failed to do either in the short period they had before they wer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The liberal revolutionaries of 1848 failed to do either in the short period they had before they were overwhelmed by the military counter-moves of the authoritarian establishment. ●●

1848 Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848–1851, 2nd ed. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848–1851, 2nd ed. ●●

1848 See Kurt Weyland, “The Diffusion of Revolution: ‘1848’ in Europe and Latin America,” International O rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story See Kurt Weyland, “The Diffusion of Revolution: ‘1848’ in Europe and Latin America,” International Organization 63, no. ●●

1848 “The Diffusion of Revolution: ‘1848’ in Europe and Latin America. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The Diffusion of Revolution: ‘1848’ in Europe and Latin America. ●●

1848 29 FROM 1848 TO THE ARAB SPRING Origins of the Arab Spring; differences and similarities between t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 29 FROM 1848 TO THE ARAB SPRING Origins of the Arab Spring; differences and similarities between the contemporary Middle East and nineteenth-century Europe; religion and nationalism as alternative routes to politicalmobilization The Arab Spring be ●●

1848 estates in, 13; law in, 12, 336–37, 359, 521; railroads in, 166, 173; Revolutions of 1848 in, 416–18 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story estates in, 13; law in, 12, 336–37, 359, 521; railroads in, 166, 173; Revolutions of 1848 in, 416–18, 427–35; social mobilization in, 40–41; states in, 10, 12, 268, 294, 336–37, 339, 354–55, 357; wars in, 260–61, 268, 391 European Union (EU), 94, 10 ●●

1848 Kant had also sketched out a vision of world peace, without that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kant had also sketched out a vision of world peace, without that alarming corollary - but now after Napoleon’s defeat, it was characteristic of liberal German Protestantism also to be nationalist; and then after the failure of parliamentary efforts a ●●

1848 BCE) see also Coptic Church 1848 Revolutions ekklēsia; see also Church; Greece, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story BCE) see also Coptic Church 1848 Revolutions ekklēsia; see also Church; Greece, democracy in El Salvador elders Electors, Imperial: see Bohemia, Brandenburg, Cologne, Hanover; Mainz, Saxony elements of Eucharist (bread and wine): see Eucharist elevat ●●

1849 Death of Gutle Rothschild, family matriarch ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gutle Rothschild, widow of Mayer Amschel and matriarch of the family, died on May 7 at age 96. She symbolized family continuity by remaining in the original Frankfurt house despite the family's immense wealth. ●●

1849 Erie Railroad reaches Owego, New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 1, 1849, the Erie Railroad first arrives in Owego, New York, with thousands of spectators cheering from hillsides. The event transforms isolated town economies and awakens residents to new opportunities. ●●

1849 Great fire destroys downtown Owego ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 27, 1849, a catastrophic fire consumes 104 downtown buildings in Owego, New York, sparing only three stores. The disaster presages a booming lumber business as the town is rebuilt. ●●

1849 Harvey Spelman elected to Ohio legislature ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Harvey Buel Spelman is elected as a member of the Ohio state legislature in 1849, a position he achieved by spearheading creation of a progressive public-school system in Akron. ●●

1849 Information history in 1849 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e the Bank of England, and advertised its presence by installing an electric clock—modern and apt, for already railroad time was telegraphic time. By 1849 the telegraph office boasted eight instrument ●●

1849 While the nine children who survived their pioneer existence rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While the nine children who survived their pioneer existence were growing up, the Veblens moved three more times: first to Sheboygan County in 1849, t ●●

1849 Prussia adopts three-tier male suffrage ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prussia, for example, adopted universal male suffrage in 1849, but under a three-tier voting system and an open ballot that wasn’t abolished until 1918. ●●

1849 Coinage Act of 1849 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” (It didn’t do that until fifty-seven years later in The Coinage Act of 1849 ●●

1849 Edgar Thomson, the builder and first superintendent of the Georgia Railroad, had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Edgar Thomson, the builder and first superintendent of the Georgia Railroad, had come to the Pennsylvania in 1849 to take charge of its construction ●●

1849 One of Poor’s earliest editorial campaigns in 1849 urged roads to set aside fund... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One of Poor’s earliest editorial campaigns in 1849 urged roads to set aside funds for renewal and replacement ●●

1850 Marx formulates the class struggle, about 1850 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Around 1850 Karl Marx built his theory of an inevitable class struggle on the polarized two-class society then emerging under industrial capitalism. ●●

1850 Monongahela site on the Underground Railroad in the 1850s ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that his hometown of Monongahela was a stop on the Underground Railroad, with the barn of the Anawalt house used for that purpose through the 1850s. ●●

1850 International bankers command London money markets ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book cites Quigley that by 1850 a London-centered group of financiers could tap the power of the Stock Exchange, the Bank of England and the London money market. It presents them as aspiring to dynasties of international bankers. ●●

1850 Rockefellers relocate to Owego, New York rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the spring of 1850, Big Bill resettles his family in Owego, near the Pennsylvania border, possibly to evade legal trouble. John D. retains only vague memories of the three-year Moravia period. ●●

1850 Similarly, the historical record suggests that there is rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The France of 1914 was, absolutely, more powerful than that of 1850—but this was little consolation when France was being eclipsed by a much stronger Germany. Britain today has far greater wealth, and ●●

1850 diplomacy as a strategic opportunity rather than a... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story diplomacy as a strategic opportunity rather than as a threat. When Bismarck delivered a speech in 1850 attacking the conventional wisdom that German u ●●

1850 1850 and 1912 to just over 21,000, the number of women in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1850 and 1912 to just over 21,000, the number of women in monastic life had risen astonishingly from 8,533 to 70,453 ●●

1850 Even the laying down of the railroad could be part of God’s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even the laying down of the railroad could be part of God’s grand design - witness a paean to its providential character in 1850 from a Yankee revivalist turned Episcopalian, Calvin Colton: As the human family, at a very remote period of antiquity, w ●●

1850 Therefore, less than a dozen plantations in the south in 1850 had a work force o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Therefore, less than a dozen plantations in the south in 1850 had a work force of 300 full-time field hands, in other words, a work force comparable i ●●

1850 Moreover, the trade had hardly been fully established before it was radically tr rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moreover, the trade had hardly been fully established before it was radically transformed in the 1850s by the coming of the railroad and the telegraph ●●

1850 By the 1850s the Ames Manufacturing Company in Chicopee, Pratt and Whitney in Ha rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the 1850s the Ames Manufacturing Company in Chicopee, Pratt and Whitney in Hartford, Browne & Sharp in Providence, and Sellers & Bancroft in Philad ●●

1850 During the 1850s, railroad and telegraph enterprises began to devise the organiz rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1850s, railroad and telegraph enterprises began to devise the organizational structures and accounting procedures so central to the operati ●●

1850 Indeed, the modern call loan market began in the 1850s, as New York banks began rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indeed, the modern call loan market began in the 1850s, as New York banks began to loan to speculators on call in order to provide funds to cover the ●●

1850 These administrative challenges first appeared in the 1850s when the railroads g rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These administrative challenges first appeared in the 1850s when the railroads grew large enough to require the coordination of the activities of seve ●●

1850 In the mid-1850s the new large railroads and the fast-freight lines began to mak rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the mid-1850s the new large railroads and the fast-freight lines began to make mutually beneficial alliances ●●

1850 It had its beginnings in the mid-1850s when the trunk lines and their connecting rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It had its beginnings in the mid-1850s when the trunk lines and their connecting roads began to work out their procedures for billing shipments that m ●●

1850 In sum, to meet the needs of managing the first modern business enterprise, mana rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In sum, to meet the needs of managing the first modern business enterprise, managers of large American railroads during the 1850s and 1860s invented n ●●

1850 In discussing capital accounting in the 1850s, railroad managers, stockholders, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In discussing capital accounting in the 1850s, railroad managers, stockholders, and journalists at first gave the most attention to defining clearly t ●●

1850 The new methods, devised in the 1850s and perfected in the following years, were rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The new methods, devised in the 1850s and perfected in the following years, were quickly adopted by the first large industrial enterprises when they a ●●

1850 Steam power began to alter ocean-going transportation in the 1850s, at almost ex rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Steam power began to alter ocean-going transportation in the 1850s, at almost exactly the same time the railroads were beginning to transform overland ●●

1850 On the west coast the Southern Pacific controlled and operated the Pacific Mail rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the west coast the Southern Pacific controlled and operated the Pacific Mail Line established in the 1850s ●●

1850 By the mid-1850s, the managers of telegraph companies began to work out the coop rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the mid-1850s, the managers of telegraph companies began to work out the cooperative arrangements required to send messages directly from one part ●●

1850 Gould developed such a threat by using the telegraph subsidiaries of railroad co rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gould developed such a threat by using the telegraph subsidiaries of railroad companies under his control—subsidiaries that were operated by Western U ●●

1850 In the 1850s and 1860s the modern commodity dealer, who purchased directly from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1850s and 1860s the modern commodity dealer, who purchased directly from the farmer and sold directly to the processor, took over the marketing ●●

1850 Here they began as the railroad and telegraph moved across the upper Mississippi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Here they began as the railroad and telegraph moved across the upper Mississippi Valley in the 1850s and opened up highly productive grain-growing are ●●

1850 From the 1850s on, railroads and grain dealers began to build elevators for stor rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From the 1850s on, railroads and grain dealers began to build elevators for storing the grain purchased directly from the farmers along the lines of r ●●

1850 During the 1850s and again in the 1870s, depressed years in their industry, lead rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1850s and again in the 1870s, depressed years in their industry, leading textile manufacturers, the largest enterprises in American mechani ●●

1850 From the 1850s on they developed “mill accounts,” which permitted them to obtain rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From the 1850s on they developed “mill accounts,” which permitted them to obtain an accurate picture of prime costs every six months ●●

1850 It first appeared with the building of the earliest large rail mills in the 1850 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It first appeared with the building of the earliest large rail mills in the 1850s ●●

1850 ”36 During the 1850s, the rapid expansion of the railroads and the telegraph per rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”36 During the 1850s, the rapid expansion of the railroads and the telegraph permitted the inventors of reapers, harvesters, and other agricultural ma ●●

1850 Fairbanks, a manufacturer of weighing scales essential to the shipment and sales rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fairbanks, a manufacturer of weighing scales essential to the shipment and sales of goods, began in the 1850s to sell through regional agencies ●●

1850 However, John Lozier has shown me a statement of cost per yard for labor, cotton rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story However, John Lozier has shown me a statement of cost per yard for labor, cotton, and repairs for the Lyman Mills in the first nine months of operatio ●●

1850 The Railroads: The First Modern Business Enterprises, 1850s-1860s 1 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Railroads: The First Modern Business Enterprises, 1850s-1860s 1 ●●

1850 2 Such an analysis has historical validity for the years before 1850 but has lit... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2 Such an analysis has historical validity for the years before 1850 but has little relevance to much of the economy after the completion of the transportation and communication infrastructure ●●