Events, Verisoph

1933 Reichstag fire decree suspends civil liberties ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The day after the Reichstag fire, February 28, 1933, Hindenburg signed a decree suspending civil liberties and empowering the government to search homes and confiscate property. Communist deputies were arrested en masse. ●●

1933 Enabling Act passed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The new Reichstag, meeting March 23, 1933, was asked to pass an enabling act giving the government four years to legislate by decree without the president's signature. It passed 441 to 94. ●●

1933 Concordat between the Nazi state and the Vatican ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Catholic Church withdrew its condemnation of Nazism on March 28, 1933, and signed a Concordat with von Papen on July 20. The agreement began to break down almost immediately. ●●

1933 Gustav Krupp welcomes Hitler's rise for industry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Writing to Hitler in April 1933 as official representative of the Reich Association of German Industry, Gustav Krupp said the turn of events matched wishes he and his board had long cherished. Quigley cites this as proof industry backed Hitler. ●●

1933 Nazi law makes cartels compulsory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A law of July 15, 1933, let the economics minister make cartels compulsory, regulate plant capacity, and bar new enterprises. Quigley argues this let big business destroy competition to the benefit of profits. ●●

1933 Banking Act of 1933 separates banking functions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Banking Act of 1933 separated investment banking from deposit banking, part of the New Deal's effort to curb the power of finance after the 1929-1933 collapse. ●●

1933 Red Vienna's social housing program ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After coming to power in Vienna in 1918, the Social Democrats built almost 60,000 dwellings by 1933, mostly huge apartment houses with parks, clinics, and other facilities, funded by taxes and let at very low rents. ●●

1933 Dollfuss ends Austrian parliamentary government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 4 March 1933 the Dollfuss government was beaten in parliament by one vote, then threw out a vote on a technicality and used the uproar as an excuse to prevent by force any further meetings of parliament, ruling thereafter by decree. ●●

1933 Quigley links Schroeder Bank to Hitler's 1933 chancellorship ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that the Schroeder Bank in Cologne helped arrange Hitler's accession as chancellor in January 1933, connecting Allen Dulles's banking ties to this network. He raises it while describing Dulles's role in the Iranian coup. ●●

1933 Good Neighbor Policy announced ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy of 1933 reduced US intervention in Latin America while retaining investment. Quigley attributes it partly to New Deal idealism and partly to Latin America's dependence on American funds and markets in the depression. ●●

1933 First unofficial Commonwealth Relations conference, Toronto (1933) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first unofficial conference on British Commonwealth relations was held at Toronto, 11-21 September 1933, funded by the Carnegie Corporation. Quigley says the Milner Group initiated and controlled it. ●●

1933 Committee on Technocracy collapses ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Columbia Committee on Technocracy fell apart in January 1933 amid Scott's premature claims and questions about his credentials. ●●

1933 Humanist Manifesto I published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the peak of Technocracy interest in 1933, the Humanist Manifesto I was published, calling for religion to come to terms with science and economic change. ●●

1933 Rockefeller Foundation announces program to control human behavior ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that on April 11, 1933, Rockefeller Foundation president Max Mason told insiders a national program was underway to allow the control of human behavior. Gatto argues schooling was central to this design. ●●

1933 Edna Heidbredder publishes Seven Psychologies, 1933 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Edna Heidbredder's 1933 book Seven Psychologies, which described behaviorism's aggressive spread as a crusade and cult. ●●

1933 James Bryant Conant serves as president of Harvard ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that James Bryant Conant was president of Harvard from 1933 to 1953. He casts Conant as a central figure who defended the Prussian-style transformation of American schooling. ●●

1933 Roosevelt confiscates citizens' gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says that in 1933 the Network convinced President Roosevelt to confiscate US citizens' gold and hand it to the Federal Reserve. It argues this let the Fed print debt money without gold limits. ●●

1933 Hitler's 1933 seizure of power in Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book refers to Hitler's 1933 German coup, saying he had murdered and oppressed people from day one. It argues the Network tolerated this and objected only to his open use of force. ●●

1933 Reichstag fire before the March 1933 German election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book, citing Quigley, describes a plot to burn the Reichstag and blame Communists ahead of the March 5, 1933 election. It says the fire was used to justify suspending civil liberties and mass arrests. ●●

1933 State bank holidays cascade across America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Michigan closed its banks on February 14, 1933, governor after governor followed, with Indiana, Maryland, Arkansas, and Ohio shutting their banks in late February. The closures spread panic nationwide. ●●

1933 Hoover and Roosevelt clash over the banks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 3, 1933, the eve of inauguration, Hoover pressed Roosevelt to join him in closing the banks, and Roosevelt refused in blunt terms. Each waited for the other as the banking system unraveled. ●●

1933 New York and Illinois close their banks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the early hours of March 4, 1933, Governor Lehman proclaimed a three-day bank holiday in New York, and Governor Horner of Illinois followed an hour later. The nation's financial center shut as Roosevelt was about to be inaugurated. ●●

1933 The banking system grinds to a halt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By early March 1933 the banking systems of 28 states were completely closed and the rest partly so. Over three years bank credit had shrunk from $50 billion to $30 billion, a quarter of banks had collapsed, and 13 million were jobless. ●●

1933 Roosevelt declares a national bank holiday ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One day into his presidency, Roosevelt closed every bank in the country, invoking the 1917 Trading with the Enemy Act. He also suspended the export and private hoarding of gold in the United States. ●●

1933 Emergency Banking Act submitted to Congress ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 9, 1933, the Emergency Banking Act reached Congress, largely based on a draft by outgoing Treasury officials. It let banks reopen in stages and finally pushed the Fed to act as lender of last resort. ●●

1933 Roosevelt's first fireside chat ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the evening of March 12, 1933, Roosevelt gave the first of his fireside chats, explaining the banking crisis to millions of listeners. When banks reopened the next day, depositors returned their money instead of withdrawing it. ●●

1933 Economy Act cuts federal spending ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 20, 1933, Congress passed the Economy Act, cutting public employee salaries and department budgets. It was one of the first measures of Roosevelt's celebrated first hundred days. ●●

1933 Glass-Steagall Act separates banking ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Passed in June 1933, the Glass-Steagall Act split commercial and investment banking and guaranteed bank deposits. The same period produced the Truth-in-Securities Act governing new securities issues. ●●

1933 Roosevelt takes the dollar off gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 18, 1933, Roosevelt told his advisers he would back the Thomas amendment, which let him devalue the dollar against gold by up to 50 percent. The decision horrified his hard-money advisers. ●●

1933 Markets rally after dollar leaves gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the days after Roosevelt devalued the dollar, the stock market surged 15 percent, giving the move an overwhelming vote of confidence. Wholesale prices and industrial production climbed sharply over the following months. ●●

1933 Montagu Norman marries Priscilla Worsthorne ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 20, 1933, it emerged that Bank of England governor Montagu Norman had applied for a marriage license. The 61-year-old married the 33-year-old Priscilla Worsthorne amid a media scrum. ●●

1933 London World Economic Conference opens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The World Economic Conference opened on June 12, 1933, in South Kensington, drawing delegates from 66 nations. Conceived under Hoover, it aimed to address the global Depression but ended in failure. ●●

1933 Roosevelt torpedoes currency stabilization ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roosevelt cabled the London conference to reject a currency stabilization agreement, calling it a specious fallacy. He would not let international considerations block U.S. recovery through devaluation. ●●

1933 U.S. government begins buying gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After an October 22, 1933, fireside chat, the government began buying gold in the open market to push the dollar lower. Every one of Roosevelt's economic advisers opposed the policy, and several resigned or were fired. ●●

1933 Schacht returns to the Reichsbank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 16, 1933, Hjalmar Schacht returned as Reichsbank president after a three-year absence. He was given wide control over economic policy and launched a massive public-works and money-printing program. ●●

1933 Charles Mitchell examined over Crash losses ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1933 Charles Mitchell was the first to undergo examination for his role in the multimillion-dollar losses that took place during the Crash. He strode into the... ●●

1933 Mitchell resigns as chairman of National City Bank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Humiliated before Congress; the press, which had once adored him for his vision; and the public, Mitchell resigned as chairman of National City Bank on February 26, 1933. James... ●●

1933 Pecora hearings investigate House of Morgan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The House of Morgan became the first private bank investigated by Special Counsel Ferdinand Pecora. The bank's leadership, including Jack Morgan, was subpoenaed for extended testimony about their financial practices and alleged improprieties. ●●

1933 Jack Morgan photographed with Lya Graf ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During Pecora hearings, photographers unexpectedly captured images of Jack Morgan with actress Lya Graf outside a restaurant. The photographs appeared on front pages across America, becoming among the best-known Depression-era images. ●●

1933 US introduces deposit insurance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United States introduced deposit insurance to reduce the vulnerability of American banks to runs during financial crises. ●●

1933 Hitler takes office as Chancellor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Adolf Hitler took office in 1933 and gained power to rule by decree, creating uncertainty about German debt obligations that would concern American bankers. ●●

1933 Schacht sent to Washington over German debt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1933, Hitler dispatched Reichsbank president Hjalmar Schacht to Washington to negotiate about Germany's foreign debt crisis. ●●

1933 Ford retracts and apologizes for The International Jew ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Not only did Ford apologize to the Jews and retract the book, but he wrote to Fritsch, asking him to recall the German edition. Deaf to these pleas, Fritsch published The International Jew right until... ●●

1933 Carl Melchior resigns from the BIS ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After all, I have been in the trenches now for twenty years.”7 In March 1933, Melchior resigned as a German representative to the Bank for International Settlements before Schacht pushed him out and stepped down as chairman of the Beiersdorf supervisory board.8 He didn’t regard the Nazis as amenable to reason. ●●

1933 Nazis arrest educator Kurt Hahn ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1933, the Nazis arrested Kurt and forbid further contact between him and his students. ●●

1933 Einstein renounces German citizenship ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the most original physicist of the twentieth century once again renounced his German citizenship. ●●

1933 Von Neumann, Weyl, and Alexander join the IAS ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They were joined by John von Neumann, Hermann Weyl, and James Alexander in 1933, and Marston Morse in 1934 ●●

1933 IBM designs and runs Hitler's first census ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ws and all of Europe, IBM custom-designed the punch cards and other data processing solutions to streamline those campaigns into what the company described as “blitzkrieg efficiency. “111 It began in 1933, when the company designed and executed Hitler’s first census. From there, IBM’s involvement wi ●●

1933 Hitler gives first national radio address as Chancellor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ya ‘Every Worker his Work’ On 1 February 1933, two days after his appointment as Chancellor, sweating with anticipation, Hitler recorded the first national radio address of his life.’ The unifying thread of his speech was the determin- ation of his g ●●

1933 Todt appointed inspector general for German roads ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the last days of June 1933, z 46 “EVERY WORKER HIS WORK’ Todt was appointed as general inspector for German roads, with auth- ority over both the autobahns and major provincial roads. ●●

1933 Cabinet grants Schacht power to declare debt moratorium ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1933 the cabinet gave Schacht carte blanche to instigate a moratorium on Germany’s international debts, at a moment of his choosing.” At first, Schacht hoped to exploit the confused situation in the United States by announcing an immediate d ●●

1933 Schacht convenes German creditors conference in Berlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of May 1933 Schacht convoked a §i THE WAGES OF DESTRUCTION conference of Germany’s creditors in Berlin where he sought to persuade them of the need for at least a partial moratorium. ●●

1933 Mefo bills first issued to finance rearmament ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Small numbers of Mefo $ 54 “EVERY WORKER HIS WORK’ bills were issued in the autumn of 1933 to tide the early Luftwaffe contractors over a cash crisis.°* Large-scale disbursement began in April 1934, conveniently timed to coincide with the renewed pr ●●

1933 Rearmament budget set to triple civilian job spending ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to the agreement of June 1933, military spending was to be almost three times larger than the combined total of all of the civilian work creation measures announced in 1932 and 1933. ●●

1933 Britain launches new disarmament proposals ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The opportunity presented itself in October 1933 when the British launched a new round of disarmament proposals. ●●

1933 Berlin conference sets Nazi aircraft industry policy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The new dispensation was spelled out to the German aircraft industry at a conference held in Berlin on 20 October 1933, two days after the Junkers expropriation.”’ Greeting the aircraft industrialists in solemn silence with arm raised in salute, Goer ●●

1933 German advertising council restricts use of 'Volk' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In fact, by 1933 the use of the term ‘Volk’ had become so inflationary that the newly established German advertising council was forced to ban the unlicensed use of the term. ●●

1933 Nazi regime abolishes tax on newly bought cars ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1933, the regime also announced the elimination of car tax on all newly acquired vehicles. ●●

1933 US troops leave Nicaragua, empowering Somoza's Guard ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the American military forces left Nicaragua for the last time, in 1933, they left behind a souvenir by which the Nicaraguan people could remember them: the National Guard, placed under the direction of one Anastasio Somoza (just as in 1924 the U ●●

1933 Southern Rhodesia buys back its mineral rights ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Southern Rhodesia government purchased the British South Africa Company's mineral rights using money raised from African taxpayers, a transaction Nkrumah highlights as a burden shifted onto the colonised. ●●

1934 Balkan Pact wikidata 0 cit. no story Balkan international cooperation organization ●●●

12 September 1934 Baltic Entente wikidata 0 cit. no story Baltic 1934-1940 cooperation organization ●●●

1934 Shifting membership of the League of Nations Council ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Germany joined the League in 1926 and withdrew with Japan in 1933; the Soviet Union was admitted in 1934 and expelled in 1939 after attacking Finland. ●●

1934 German budget reveals rearmament (March 1934) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German budget released in March 1934 showed 210 million marks for an air force forbidden by Versailles and a sharp increase in the army appropriation. ●●

1934 United States returns to gold at a devalued dollar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 1, 1934, the United States went back on the gold standard at a large devaluation, cutting the gold content to 59.06 percent of the 1932 figure and offering to buy gold at $35 an ounce. ●●

1934 Hull Reciprocal Trade Program enacted ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The reciprocal trade act of 1934, renewed thereafter, let the US executive negotiate tariff cuts of up to 50 percent in exchange for concessions. Through most-favored-nation clauses these bilateral deals worked multilaterally. ●●

1934 Night of the Long Knives (blood purge) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 30, 1934, Hitler had the SS arrest SA leaders gathered at Bad Wiessee and shot most at once. Several thousand were killed, making the Nazi movement a counterrevolution of the Right protecting the economic status quo. ●●

1934 Hitler combines presidency and chancellorship ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Hindenburg's death in August 1934, the army let Hitler become president. Combining the two offices gave him the power to rule by decree and supreme command of the army, secured by a personal oath from every soldier. ●●

1934 Charter of Labor reshapes German industrial relations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Charter of Labor of January 20, 1934, declared the plant leader decided against the followers in all statutory matters. Quigley argues it stripped workers of collective agreements and any defense against employers. ●●

1934 The Chinese Communist Long March ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Chinese Communist army, its exactions having disillusioned peasant supporters, retreated in an orderly withdrawal on a six-thousand-mile route to northwestern China in 1934-1935. ●●

1934 Nazi coup and murder of Dollfuss in Austria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hitler attempted a Nazi coup in Austria, murdering Chancellor Dollfuss in July 1934, but was blocked when Mussolini mobilized Italian troops on the Brenner frontier and issued a stern warning. ●●

1934 Assassination of King Alexander and Barthou at Marseilles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An assassination plot condoned by Mussolini and carried out by revisionist elements murdered King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French foreign minister Jean Louis Barthou at Marseilles in October 1934. ●●

1934 Spanish conspirators' arms agreement with Mussolini ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Four men representing the officers, Carlists, and Alfonsist party signed an agreement with Mussolini on 31 March 1934, receiving money, rifles, grenades, and machine guns for the revolutionary movement against the Spanish republic. ●●

1934 Austria's corporative constitution of 1934 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Using the emergency decree power of 1917, a new constitution was declared on 24 April 1934, changing Austria from a democratic republic into a Christian, German, corporative, federal state, though the government continued to rule by decree. ●●

1934 German army adopts armored warfare theory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The new theory of concentrated armored warfare, rejected in France where its advocate Colonel de Gaulle remained a colonel, was accepted in the German army notably by Heinz Guderian in 1934 and used effectively against Poland and the Western Front in 1940. ●●

1934 Nye Committee investigates arms sales and WWI ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1934 a U.S. Senate committee, which fell under isolationist control, investigated the role of foreign loans and munitions sales in drawing America into World War I. Its findings fed the belief that bankers and 'merchants of death' had pushed intervention. ●●

1934 Fermi splits uranium atoms in Rome ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as 1934 Enrico Fermi and Emilio Segre in Rome split uranium atoms with neutrons without realizing they had done so, an early step toward fission. ●●

1934 Smuts's 1934 RIIA speech opens the second appeasement phase ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley marks Smuts's November 1934 speech before the Royal Institute of International Affairs as the start of the Group's active appeasement period, calling for full equality of status for Germany. ●●

1934 Technocracy, Inc. incorporated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Howard Scott and M. King Hubbert filed articles of incorporation in early 1934 to create Technocracy, Inc. in New York as a membership organization. ●●

1934 Technocracy Study Course published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1934 Scott and Hubbert published the 280-page Technocracy Study Course, largely written by Hubbert. It laid out a detailed framework for an energy-based society. ●●

1934 Cubberley's Public Education 1934 edition ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto points to the 1934 edition of Ellwood P. Cubberley's Public Education in the United States, which he says openly explains how the factory system lengthened childhood dependence. ●●

1934 Congress investigates William Wirt's statements ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A House select committee held hearings in April 1934 to investigate statements by Dr. William Wirt, the former Gary superintendent, who had testified about a plan to prolong the Depression. ●●

1934 Dollar stabilized at $35 an ounce ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1934, Roosevelt agreed to fix gold at $35 an ounce, ending months of daily price-setting. The dollar had now been devalued by more than 40 percent, and the move helped reverse deflation. ●●

1934 Irving Fisher's counterfactual on Strong ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1934, Yale economist Irving Fisher told a House committee that when Strong died his policies died with him. Fisher was the first of many to argue the Depression might have unfolded differently had Strong lived. ●●

1934 US ends dollar convertibility to gold for citizens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 1934 onward, US citizens were no longer able to cash in their dollars for gold. ●●

1934 Securities Exchange Act bill introduced in Congress ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To deal with this matter, the Fletcher-Rayburn bill, which would become known as the Securities Exchange Act, was introduced on February 10, 1934. It met with an intense and... ●●

1934 Stavisky scandal triggers French political crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The suicide of fraudster Stavisky in January 1934 exposed a major financial scandal that precipitated an attempted right-wing coup the following month, destabilizing the French government. ●●

1934 Philosophical Research Society founded in Los Angeles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ground was broken on the Philosophical Research Society campus in Los Angeles, founded by Manly Hall as an academy to house his extensive book collection and serve as a meeting place for esoteric discussions. Hall supervised the distinctive Mayan-Egyptian-Art Deco architecture. ●●

1934 Meitner and Hahn renew uranium neutron work ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when, challenged by Fermi’s work, she “persuaded Otto Hahn to renew our direct collaboration” to explore the consequences of bombarding uranium with neutrons. ●●

1934 Schacht suspends all German foreign debt payments ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The economic crisis came to a head right on cue.’* On 14 June 1934 Schacht declared a complete suspension of foreign currency payments on all Germany’s international debt. ●●

1934 Reichsbank cuts foreign exchange quotas for importers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story True to his word, in March 1934 the Reichsbank began progressively reduc- ing the monthly foreign exchange quotas for Germany’s importers. ●●

1934 Anglo-German Payments Agreement signed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British for their part allowed themselves to be enrolled in a bilateral commercial agreement in the form of the Anglo-German Payments Agreement of 1 November 1934. ●●

1934 US Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act enacted ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With the dollar having finally ended its precipitatecollapse, Hull began a systematic campaign for trade liberalization with the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of June 1934.” This sought to use selective reductions in American tariffs as a way of pr ●●

1934 Schacht takes over the Reich Economics Ministry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early 1934 Hitler began to exert personal pressure for a more substantial programme and once Hjalmar Schacht took over at the RWM in August 1934, in the midst of the disastrous foreign exchange crisis, he got his wish. ●●

1934 Fritz Todt put in charge of autobahn construction ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To remedy this deficit, the autobahn project was announced in the summer and by early 1934 responsibility for national road construction and repair had beenconsolidated in the hands of Fritz Todt. ●●

3 October 1935 to 19 February 1937 Second Italo-Ethiopian War wikidata 0 cit. no story 1935-1936 war between Italy and Ethiopia ●●●●

1935 Saar plebiscite votes to rejoin Germany (1935) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the Saar plebiscite was held in 1935 after League administration, only about 2,000 of some 528,000 voters chose France, the overwhelming majority preferring union with Germany. ●●

1935 Belgium devalues, first to break the gold bloc ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Belgium was the first gold-bloc member to yield, imposing exchange controls on March 18, 1935, and devaluing the belga to about 72 percent of its former gold content on March 30. Recovery followed quickly. ●●

1935 Stakhanovism launched ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1935 a miner named Stakhanov mined 102 tons of coal in a day, fourteen times the usual output. Such staged feats were used to justify speedups, higher quotas, and wider wage differences. ●●

1935 Kirov murder opens the Old Bolshevik purges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the secret-police murder of Stalinist supporter Serge Kirov in 1935, many Old Bolsheviks including Zinoviev and Kamenev were tried for treason, beginning the great purge trials. ●●