Events, Verisoph

1877 Standard Oil conquers last independent refineries ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 21, 1877, Camden reported completing the conquest of the last independent refineries, giving Standard Oil near-total monopoly. ●●

1877 While the small Russian fleet in the Black Sea performed bri rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While the small Russian fleet in the Black Sea performed brilliantly against the Turks, the Russian army’s 1877 campaigning revealed that its post-Crimean War reforms had not really taken effect. Alth ●●

1877 By running it continuously for a month his crews produced a partially separated rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By running it continuously for a month his crews produced a partially separated 100-microgram sample of U235.1877 That was several hundred million times less than the 100 kilograms Robert Oppenheimer had originally estimated would be necessary to make a bomb. ●●

1877 During Russia’s 1877 campaign in the Balkans, Dost... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During Russia’s 1877 campaign in the Balkans, Dostoyevsky wrote: Ask the people; ask the soldier; Why are they arising? ●●

1877 That was several hundred million times less than the 100 kilograms Robert Oppenheimer had originally rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That was several hundred million times less than the 100 kilograms Robert Oppenheimer had originally estimated would be necessary to make a bomb. ●●

1877 Event of 1877 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the summer of 1877 was more momentous than most ●●

1877 Satsuma Rebellion suppressed by conscript army ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These changes led to a samurai revolt known as the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877, which was militarily suppressed in short order by the new conscript army. ●●

1877 Former samurai staged half a dozen armed uprisings after the restoration, but with the military defe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Former samurai staged half a dozen armed uprisings after the restoration, but with the military defeat of the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877 they disappeared from politics. ●●

1877 Railroads and Regulation, 1877–1916 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Railroads and Regulation, 1877–1916. ●●

1877 , London, 1877-87), III, 99- 100 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , London, 1877-87), III, 99- 100 ●●

1877 Thirtieth Annual Report of … the Pennsylvania Railroad Company … March 17, 1877,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thirtieth Annual Report of … the Pennsylvania Railroad Company … March 17, 1877, p ●●

1877 Exhibition of strobic circles at British Association meeting candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Professor Sylvanus Thompson exhibited optical illusions known as strobic circles at the British Association meeting, demonstrating the mysterious appearance of the number seven in natural phenomena. ●●

3 March 1878 Liberation of Bulgaria 0 cit. no story The Treaty of San Stefano ends the Russo-Turkish War and re-establishes a Bulgarian state after five centuries of Ottoman rule; full independence was declared in 1908. politics / war ●●●

13 July 1878 Independence of Serbia 0 cit. no story The Congress of Berlin recognizes Serbia's full independence from the Ottoman Empire after decades of autonomy won through uprisings. politics / war ●●●

November 1878 to September 1880 Second Anglo-Afghan War 0 cit. no story Britain invades Afghanistan again to counter Russian influence. It withdraws after securing control of Afghan foreign policy, leaving the country a buffer state. war ●●

c. 1878 to c. 1904 Conquests of Menelik II 0 cit. no story Menelik II of Shewa conquers vast southern territories and doubles the size of the Ethiopian Empire. The campaigns and accompanying famines kill millions but create modern Ethiopia's borders. war ●●●

1878 Treaty of Berlin, 1878 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the 1878 Treaty of Berlin a disaster that left nearly every Balkan state dissatisfied, turning the region into a powder keg for decades. ●●

1878 John H. Vincent founds the Chautauqua reading circle ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes the launch of the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle. On August 10, 1878, John H. Vincent announced a four-year guided reading program, and it enrolled thousands within its first year. ●●

1878 Backus— forever known to history as “the Widow rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Backus— forever known to history as “the Widow Backus”—blind when buying her Cleveland lubricating plant in 1878. If every melodrama needs a poor, lorn widow, cheated by a scheming cad, then Mrs. Backus perfectly fitted Tarbell’s portrait of Rockefeller. ●●

1878 First US pathology lab opens at Bellevue ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Trained in Germany, he had transplanted high German medical standards to America by opening the first pathology lab at Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1878. ●●

1878 But the great Eastern Crisis of 1876–1878 also did a great d rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the great Eastern Crisis of 1876–1878 also did a great deal for Germany’s relative position. While the small Russian fleet in the Black Sea performed brilliantly against the Turks, the Russian arm ●●

1878 European congresses, the last of which was held in... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story European congresses, the last of which was held in Berlin in 1878, met periodically to sort out solutions to Europe’s major conflicts. ●●

1878 Berkeley could promise only 5 grams of enriched uranium per day per racetrack, b rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Berkeley could promise only 5 grams of enriched uranium per day per racetrack, but Groves thought 2,000 tanks well beyond Stone & Webster’s capability and cut the number back to 500, reasoning, as Lawrence recalled later, “that the art and science of the process would go forward and that by the time the plant was built substantially higher production rates would be assured.”1878 Five grams per day per racetrack with only five racetracks would mean 1,200 days per 30-kilogram bomb even if the Alpha calutrons produced nearly pure U235, which they did not—their best production was around 15 percent. ●●

1878 The son of a beer distributor, Stresemann was born... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The son of a beer distributor, Stresemann was born in Berlin in 1878 and had built his political career by espousing the views of the conservative, pr ●●

1878 Five grams per day per racetrack with only five racetracks would mean 1,200 days per 30-kilogram bom rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Five grams per day per racetrack with only five racetracks would mean 1,200 days per 30-kilogram bomb even if the Alpha calutrons produced nearly pure U235, which they did not—their best production was around 15 percent. ●●

1878 Information history in 1878 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story es at the ends of the wire, and the two gossips at the ends of the telephones—may be very fascinating to a mere mathematician. —James Clerk Maxwell (1878)♦ A CURIOUS CHILD IN A COUNTRY TOWN in the 192 ●●

1878 Event of 1878 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the same time, the establishment of the gold standard in 1878 and a global capital market financed further expansion ●●

1878 These local governments lost their independence in the period 1868–1878 and were turned into prefect candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These local governments lost their independence in the period 1868–1878 and were turned into prefectural administrative units subordinate to the central government in Tokyo. ●●

1878 Yohannes IV convenes Ethiopian Church council ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yöhannes IV, another provincial governor turned Negus, imitated Constantine in presiding over a Church council in 1878 to settle long-standing disputes on Christology, although his order to tear out the tongues of some of those challenging his decisi ●●

1878 First long-distance oil pipeline construction begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the construction of the first long-distance pipeline was not begun until 1878 ●●

1878 Albert Fink creates trunk-line railroad federation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In this way Albert Fink had by the end of 1878 created a federation of railroads which included nearly all the lines north of the Ohio and east of the ●●

1878 To carry out his strategy, Swift, who had begun winter shipments in 1878, not on... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To carry out his strategy, Swift, who had begun winter shipments in 1878, not only concentrated on improving the refrigerated car but also built a network of branch houses, first in the northeast and then after 1881 in the rest of the country ●●

1878 Clark outlined the final plan for the reorganization in a circular that went out... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Clark outlined the final plan for the reorganization in a circular that went out to all regional offices in November 1878 ●●

5 April 1879 to 4 April 1884 War of the Pacific wikidata 0 cit. no story war between Chile and a Bolivian, Peruvian alliance ●●●●

1879 34 The Japanese were insured; between 1879 and 1914 their insurance industry had grown from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 34 The Japanese were insured; between 1879 and 1914 their insurance industry had grown from nothing into a vibrant sector of the economy, offering cover against loss at sea, death, fire, conscription, transport accident and burglary, to name just some of the thirteen distinct forms of insurance sold by more than thirty companies. ●●

1879 United States resumes specie payment ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1879, the ascendant Morgans were joining with August Belmont and the Rothschilds to market the last Civil War refunding loan. The United States resumed specie payment that year—that is, government ... ●●

1879 Rockefeller creates the Standard Oil trust agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1879, Rockefeller created an ingenious trust agreement using three trustees to hold subsidiary stock, circumventing state incorporation laws. ●●

1879 Gilchrist and Thomas invent the basic steel process ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Within five years of Gilcrist and Thomas’s 1879 invention of a way to turn cheap phosphoric ores into basic steel, there were eighty-four basic converters in operation in western and central Europe,16 ●●

1879 Event of 1879 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1879 an Irish Catholic stonemason named Michael Higgins and his long-suffering wife conceived their sixth child, almost certainly un- planned, and ●●

1879 Its words are much enhanced by a later tune, ‘Love Unknown’, written rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Its words are much enhanced by a later tune, ‘Love Unknown’, written by the British composer John Ireland (1879-1962) ●●

1879 11 The first such mill was completed on an experimental basis in Minneapolis in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 11 The first such mill was completed on an experimental basis in Minneapolis in 1879 ●●

1879 19 In 1879, a small Cincinnati soap maker, Procter & Gamble, developed by accide... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 19 In 1879, a small Cincinnati soap maker, Procter & Gamble, developed by accident a soap that floated ●●

1879 In 1879 McKenzie added a “second man” to each of the foreign agencies “so that n... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1879 McKenzie added a “second man” to each of the foreign agencies “so that neither sickness, death, nor any other circumstances may interfere with the smooth working of the business to any great extent ●●

1879 “Proceedings of the Convention of Railroad Commissioners Held at Saratoga Spring... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Proceedings of the Convention of Railroad Commissioners Held at Saratoga Springs, New York, June 10, 1879,” Appendix 21, a pamphlet in Baker Library, Harvard University ●●

1879 Barger says on page 11, “For all practical purposes … in 1879 there were no depa... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Barger says on page 11, “For all practical purposes … in 1879 there were no department stores ●●

1879 Theosophical Society arrives in India ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Blavatsky marks the arrival of the Theosophical Society in India in 1879, a pivotal moment in her narrative of reviving ancient esoteric wisdom in the modern age. ●●

1880 Feudal structure of American finance capitalism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that for almost fifty years, from 1880 to 1930, American financial capitalism approximated a feudal structure in which two great New York powers dominated a web of lesser powers. ●●

1880 Charles Francis Adams compares schools to mills and prisons ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Charles Francis Adams, who observed in 1880 that the newly proposed institutional schools combined features of the cotton mill, the railroad, and the state prison. ●●

1880 Aztec Club of 1847 founding dinner, 1880 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes the hereditary Aztec Club of 1847, whose 1880 founding dinner he says would have seated President Grant and Jefferson Davis together. ●●

1880 Wundt founds his psychology laboratory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto dates the founding of Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory of scientific psychology in Germany to 1880, tying it to the rise of scientific pedagogy. (The lab is usually dated to 1879.) He links it to Francis Parkman's contemporaneous negative judgment of schooling. ●●

1880 Natty Rothschild votes against Irish Land Bill ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Natty Rothschild joins Whig opponents voting against the Irish Land Bill, a measure to protect tenant interests. This marks the first organized Rothschild resistance to Liberal domestic reform. ●●

1880 It is therefore hardly an exaggeration to suggest that betwe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It is therefore hardly an exaggeration to suggest that between 1815 and 1880 much of the British Empire existed in a power-political vacuum, which is why its colonial army could be kept relatively low ●●

1880 As the twentieth century approached, therefore, the pace rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This was manifested in the frantic post-1880 jostling by the Great Powers for additional colonial territories in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, partly for gain, partly out of a fear of being eclipsed. ●●

1880 1880 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the other hand, unlike the 1880–1913 changes, these particular shifts in the global economic balances were not taking place in peacetime over several decades and in accord with ... ●●

1880 By August, twenty thousand construction workers swarmed over the area rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By August, twenty thousand construction workers swarmed over the area.1880, 1881 An experimental Alpha unit saw successful operation. ●●

1880 For instance, Great Britain’s support for Turkey i... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For instance, Great Britain’s support for Turkey in the 1870s ended abruptly when Gladstone, who regarded the Turks as morally reprehensible, defeated ●●

1880 Gladstone defeats Disraeli in general election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the most striking example of the vital new role of public opinion was in Great Britain, when Gladstone defeated Disraeli in 1880 in the only Briti ●●

1880 1880, the French had represented 15.7 percent of E... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1880, the French had represented 15.7 percent of Europe’s population. ●●

1880 1880: because Herman Hollerith, an employee of the U.S. Census Bureau, was a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story because Herman Hollerith, an employee of the U.S. Census Bureau, was appalled that it took close to eight years to manually tabulate the 1880 census. ●●

1880 Information history in 1880 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ments came from those who focused on the exponential power of interconnection. Scientific American assessed “The Future of the Telephone” as early as 1880 and emphasized the forming of “little cluster ●●

1880 Event of 1880 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marital fertility rates in Denmark, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Germany, Belgium, Britain, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Austria had all peaked by 18 ●●

1880 James Duane Bolin, Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940 (Lexington: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story James Duane Bolin, Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000), pp. ●●

1880 Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940. ●●

1880 The creation of a modern, centralized, merit-based bureaucracy capable of exercising jurisdiction ov rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The creation of a modern, centralized, merit-based bureaucracy capable of exercising jurisdiction over the whole territory of the country began only in the late 1880s, and the number of classified civil servants did not reach 80 percent until the tim ●●

1880 As in the 1880s, a reform coalition has to emerge that unites groups that don’t have a stake in the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As in the 1880s, a reform coalition has to emerge that unites groups that don’t have a stake in the current system. ●●

1880 The pioneering firms in the manufacturing of typewriters and cash registers whic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The pioneering firms in the manufacturing of typewriters and cash registers which set up their sales forces in the 1880s relied more heavily on canvas ●●

1880 Again, it was the decade of the 1880s when enterprises in these industries began rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Again, it was the decade of the 1880s when enterprises in these industries began to build or rationalize their national and global sales forces ●●

1880 Railroad track construction peaks in the 1880s ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1880s more miles of track were built than in any other decade in American history, and in the 1890s more mileage was in bankruptcy than in ●●

1880 System-building in the 1880s As the decade of the 1880s opened, Jay Gould was em rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story System-building in the 1880s As the decade of the 1880s opened, Jay Gould was embarked on a venture in railroad combination that dwarfed his attempt o ●●

1880 By the early 1880s, such associations had been formed for nearly every major rai rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the early 1880s, such associations had been formed for nearly every major railroad activity ●●

1880 First, and most significant, the large enterprises that were to operate the Amer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First, and most significant, the large enterprises that were to operate the American railroad network throughout the twentieth century took their mode ●●

1880 During the 1880s, 75,000 miles of track had been laid down in the United States, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1880s, 75,000 miles of track had been laid down in the United States, by far the greatest amount of railroad mileage ever built in any deca ●●

1880 In the 1880s railroad men employed two alternative structures for the management rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1880s railroad men employed two alternative structures for the management of the huge new consolidated megacorps ●●

1880 In the 1880s most of the firms that grew large followed the first path rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1880s most of the firms that grew large followed the first path ●●

1880 In the 1880s and early 1890s, Swift & Company built new packing plants in six ci candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1880s and early 1890s, Swift & Company built new packing plants in six cities along the cattle frontier ●●

1880 For these reasons the long-lived mergers came to cluster in the same industries rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For these reasons the long-lived mergers came to cluster in the same industries in which the first large integrated enterprise appeared in the 1880s ●●

1880 For the 1880s and 1890s, when the multiunit industrial corporation was new, the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For the 1880s and 1890s, when the multiunit industrial corporation was new, the few individual pioneering enterprises provide the information necessar ●●

1880 At General Electric, therefore, the practices of middle management first develop rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At General Electric, therefore, the practices of middle management first developed in the entrepreneurial firms of the 1880s were married to the metho ●●

1880 12 Managers in the auditing and accounting departments of railroads had formed t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 12 Managers in the auditing and accounting departments of railroads had formed their own national association in the 1880s ●●

1880 Like the early machinery companies, most insurance firms began in the 1880s and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Like the early machinery companies, most insurance firms began in the 1880s and 1890s to replace large sales agencies with branch offices operated and ●●

1880 The greatest weakness in Kolko’s pioneering study is his failure to recognize th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The greatest weakness in Kolko’s pioneering study is his failure to recognize the importance of system-building as an alternative to pooling in railro ●●

1880 Before 1880, Western Union and Montgomery Ward were among the few large firms to... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before 1880, Western Union and Montgomery Ward were among the few large firms to operate on a national scale ●●

1880 These changes can be traced in the Annual Reports of the president of the Wester... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These changes can be traced in the Annual Reports of the president of the Western Union Company for 1880 through 1883 ●●

1881 to 1896 Fifth cholera pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story fifth major international outbreak of cholera in the 19th century ●●●

June 1881 to November 1899 Mahdist War 0 cit. no story Muhammad Ahmad declares himself the Mahdi and drives Egypt and Britain from Sudan, taking Khartoum in 1885. Britain reconquers Sudan at Omdurman in 1898 in a war that costs millions of lives through fighting and famine. religion / war ●●●

1881 Assassination of Tsar Alexander II, 1881 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anarchist terror produced the assassinations of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, King Humbert of Italy in 1900, and President McKinley in 1901. ●●

1881 French protectorate over Tunis, 1881 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France, occupying Algeria since 1830, established a protectorate over Tunis in 1881, which triggered the British occupation of Egypt the following year. ●●

1881 First Japanese political parties founded (1881-1882) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Opposition to the Sat-Cho oligarchy led to the first real political parties, Itagaki's Liberal Party (1881) and Okuma's Progressive Party (1882), whose leaders often traded support for office. ●●

1881 Russian pogroms against Jews ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russian pogroms against Jews ●●

1881 Vacuum employees found Buffalo Lubricating Oil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1881, a trio of Vacuum employees—J. Scott Wilson, Charles B. Matthews, and Albert Miller—defected to start a rival refinery, the Buffalo Lubricating Oil Company. ●●

1881 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Senate in 1881 and held that seat for the next thirty years, winding up as chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. A confirmed protectionist and devoted servant of the trusts, he used public offi... ●●

1881 Decree of Muharrem places Ottoman debt under control ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Ottoman Sultan issued the Decree of Muharrem on December 20, 1881, reducing foreign debt obligations and establishing an international administration to manage Ottoman public debt. This gave European creditors formal control over Turkish finances. ●●

1881 1881, a new tsar, Alexander III, came to the thron... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1881, a new tsar, Alexander III, came to the throne in St. ●●

1881 by lobbing a hail of small bombs into his open carriage in broad daylight on a main street of St. candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story by lobbing a hail of small bombs into his open carriage in broad daylight on a main street of St. ●●

1881 Information history in 1881 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story lectric Telegraph. ♦ COUNT MIOT DE MELITO CLAIMED: Memoirs of Count Miot de Melito, vol. ●●

1881 Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (London, 1881; first published 1841), 12 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (London, 1881; first published 1841), 12 ●●

1881 In 1881, four enterprises using the most efficient match-making machines combine candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1881, four enterprises using the most efficient match-making machines combined to produce a machine that made matches by the billions and also auto ●●

1881 25 Between 1881 and 1894 company built thirty more branches in every part of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 25 Between 1881 and 1894 company built thirty more branches in every part of the country ●●

1881 Duke begins producing cigarettes in Durham ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Duke, a manufacturer of smoking tobacco in Durham, North Carolina, had decided in 1881 to produce cigarettes because he was having difficulty in compe ●●

1881 Diamond Match Company formed by merger ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a brief period of competition for the national market, these four combined in 1881 to form the Diamond Match Company ●●