Events, Verisoph

1887 25 The lead trust formed in 1887 was a merger of a large number of lead-processi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 25 The lead trust formed in 1887 was a merger of a large number of lead-processing firms, and it continued to concentrate on the chemical processing r ●●

1887 West End Street Railway consolidates Boston transit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In Boston, for example, the West End Street Railway Company in 1887 merged seven out of the eight street railways in Boston to form a single transport ●●

1887 Sayce delivers Hibbert Lectures on Babylonia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oxford professor A. H. Sayce delivered the first of six Hibbert Lectures presenting revised chronology of ancient Babylonia, pushing dates of Sargon of Accad back to approximately 3750 BCE based on recent archaeological discoveries. ●●

1888 Rhodes gives £10,000 to Parnell's Irish cause ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Rhodes embraced imperial federation based on Home Rule. In pursuit of that idea Rhodes contributed £10,000 to the Irish leader Parnell in 1888. ●●

1888 Lugard leads an expedition against slave-traders on Lake Nyasa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick Lugard, later a colonial governor and theorist of indirect rule, led a successful expedition against slave-traders on Lake Nyasa in 1888. He then worked for chartered companies opening the African interior. ●●

1888 Senate committee calls education a cause of labor discontent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes the 1888 Report of the Senate Committee on Education, which stated that education was one of the principal causes of discontent among the laboring classes. ●●

1888 Morgan buys his first literary manuscript ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before Junius’s death, Pierpont’s collections were modest; in 1888, he had bought his first literary manuscript, a Thackeray. Now he embarked on a buying spree that would eventually produce the world’... ●●

1888 Birth of John Foster Dulles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Foster Dulles was born in Washington, D.C., son of Edith Foster and Reverend Allen Macy Dulles. He would become Secretary of State. ●●

1888 Pasteur Institute founded in Paris ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With a rush of emotion, Gates drafted a strongly worded memo to Rockefeller, advocating the establishment of such an institute and citing European precedents, including the Pasteur Institute in Paris (founded in 1888) and the Koch Institute for Infectious Diseases in Berlin (1891), both of which greatly elevated the prestige of European medicine. ●●

1888 New York senate committee investigates Standard Oil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When a New York senate committee investigated Standard Oil in 1888, it learned just how elusive he could be. When a process server came to 26 Broadway, he was told that Mr. ●●

1888 Kaiser Wilhelm I dies; Frederick III succeeds ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kaiser Wilhelm I died in March 1888. His successor Frederick III, already dying of throat cancer, reigned only three months and communicated by written notes. ●●

1888 Max Warburg joins Bavarian cavalry regiment rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Max Warburg began military service with the 3rd Bavarian Light Cavalry Regiment in Munich, one of few places with Jewish officers. Despite his hope to become a career officer, he was blackballed by fellow officers. ●●

1888 Aby Warburg studies art in Florence rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Aby studied in Florence and freelanced for Baedeker, making Italy his second home. He learned to speak Italian fluently and spent years researching Quattrocento art history. ●●

1888 was closely allied with Blavatsky’s group rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story was closely allied with Blavatsky’s group as well. ●●

1888 Emperor William I dies; Frederick III's brief reign ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Emperor William I died in 1888, his son, Frederick (whose liberalism had so worried Bismarck), governed for a mere ninety-eight days before succu ●●

1888 Event of 1888 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story f Muslim and Hindu soldiers in the East India Company’s army by declaring direct British rule, it did not conceive of this act as establishing British governance over a foreign nation. Rather, it saw itself as a neutral overseer and civilizing uplift ●●

1888 McCulloch presents 'Tribe of Ishmael' degeneration study ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1888, Reverend Oscar McCulloch presented a paper entitled Tribe of Ishmael: A Study of Social Degeneration to the Fifteenth National Conference of Charities and Correction, attributing poverty and criminality to heredity rather than social conditions. ●●

1888 Lambeth Conference condemns polygamy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His fellow bishops worldwide were not going to agree with a heretical troublemaker, and the Lambeth Conference of Anglican bishops (with the agreement of Samuel Ajayi Crowther, the one African present and on the relevant committee) condemned polygamy ●●

1888 Printers' Ink founded as advertising journal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then in 1888 Printers’ Ink was established as a journal for advertising managers and firms ●●

1888 American Cereal Company formed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1888 after a brief attempt at a cartel, Crowell, Schumaker, and a third large mass producer of oatmeal, Robert Stuart, formed the American Cereal C ●●

1888 New Jersey eases law for holding companies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In its session of 1888–1889, that body modified the state’s general incorporation law to permit manufacturing companies to purchase and to hold stock in other enterprises within and without the state, and to pay for property owned outside the state with stock issued for that purpose ●●

1889 Meiji Constitution drawn up (1889) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the Meiji oligarchy drew up the 1889 constitution, based on Imperial Germany's, to assure and conceal its own political domination rather than to grant popular sovereignty. ●●

1889 First Japanese Diet marked by intimidation (1889) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that in the first Diet of 1889 gangsters employed by the oligarchy barred opposition members and at least twenty-eight were bribed to shift their votes. ●●

1889 Second (Socialist) International founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Second International, the Socialist International, was founded in 1889. It grew increasingly conservative and was disrupted by the Communists during World War I. ●●

1889 Japanese constitution modeled on Bismarck's ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes the 1889 Japanese constitution was copied from Bismarck's German constitution, explaining how a parliamentary facade concealed real power held by an alliance of army, landlords, and industry. ●●

1889 British South Africa Company chartered; Grey a founding director ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British South Africa Company was set up by royal charter in 1889. Albert Grey, introduced to Rhodes by Stead, became one of its original directors. ●●

1889 Rhodes and Stead meet for the first time ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rhodes long regarded Stead as a mentor but did not meet him until 4 April 1889. Quigley quotes Stead's excited letter home describing Rhodes's secret scheme and a gift of £20,000. ●●

1889 William Torrey Harris serves as U.S. Commissioner of Education ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto presents William Torrey Harris as the most influential schoolman of his era, serving as U.S. Commissioner of Education from 1889 to 1906. He argues Harris both standardized and Germanized American schools. ●●

1889 Meiji oligarchy gains full control of Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book, following Quigley, says a shadowy Meiji oligarchy had won complete domination of Japan by 1889 while ruling in the emperor's name. It presents this as an example of hidden power behind a public figurehead. ●●

1889 Meiji oligarchy drafts the Japanese constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says the Meiji oligarchy drew up a constitution in 1889 designed to assure and conceal its domination of Japan. It presents the elected House of Representatives as essentially meaningless under oligarchic control. ●●

1889 Railroad chiefs plan Interstate Commerce Railway Association ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A similar gathering took place at Pierpont’s “black library” in January 1889. This one yielded plans for a huge centralized group to regulate the entire rail system—the Interstate Commerce Railway Ass... ●●

1889 John Sherman introduces his antitrust bill ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From Standard Oil’s viewpoint, the most threatening bill was introduced in December 1889 by Ohio senator John Sherman, brother of General William Tecumseh Sherman. A few years earlier, Rockefeller ... ●●

1889 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One 1889 newspaper article showcased Rockefeller as America’s richest man, with a net worth of $150 million—an estimate he regarded as much too high, pegging forty to sixty million as the correct r... ●●

1889 Lima Crude Oil Field Expansion candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After all these excruciating dilatory tactics, the campaign for a Chicago college or university reached a surprisingly swift climax on a clear spring morning in May 1889. After breakfast, the two m... ●●

1889 Goschen converts consols to lower interest rates ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chancellor Goschen reduces interest payments on £500 million of national debt through conversion from 3 percent to 2.5 percent consols. This operation demonstrates Britain's credit strength and Rothschild banking expertise. ●●

1889 Rothschilds found the Exploration Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Rothschilds establish the Exploration Company as a joint-stock venture to promote mining companies on the London exchange. Between 1889 and 1903 the company finances £20.7 million in mining flotations. ●●

1889 MMW Ma V, letter from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story MMW Ma V, letter from Max to Charlotte Warburg, March 25, 1889. 7. ●●

1889 Siegmund Warburg dies at Baden-Baden ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Siegmund Warburg, the powerful patriarch of the Alsterufer branch, died of a heart attack in Baden-Baden at age 54. He was buried in the eternal cemetery he had secured from Bismarck. ●●

1889 While Costa Ricans date their democracy to the election of 1889, there was a subsequent military cou candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While Costa Ricans date their democracy to the election of 1889, there was a subsequent military coup in 1914 and increasing political polarization as the country began to industrialize. ●●

1889 So the question that needs to be asked about Japan’s constitution is, Who were the social and politi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story So the question that needs to be asked about Japan’s constitution is, Who were the social and political actors that were pushing for limitations on the sovereign powers of the emperor? Why did the Japanese oligarchs accept legal limitations on their ●●

1889 One of the most dramatic of the many dramatic conversion experiences of candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One of the most dramatic of the many dramatic conversion experiences of the nineteenth century was that of the former Anglican country parson’s wife Mrs Annie Besant, who after years as president of the National Secular Society, horrified her fellow ●●

1889 Edison Electric formed by consolidation ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Edison Electric, formed in 1889, was a consolidation of the three manufacturing companies, a patent company owned by the Edison interests, and the Spr ●●

1889 Electrical Company, which Westinghouse purchased in 1889, had early financial su rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Electrical Company, which Westinghouse purchased in 1889, had early financial support from the Equitable Life Insurance Company ●●

1889 In 1889 with the move into crude oil production came the production committee rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1889 with the move into crude oil production came the production committee ●●

1890 Bismarck retires, leaving an unstable balance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1890, when he retired, Bismarck had built an unstable balance of forces within Germany that only a genius could manage. He was followed by no genius. ●●

1890 Flora Shaw made head of The Times Colonial Department ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Flora Shaw, an agent and friend of Stead and Rhodes, was made head of the Colonial Department of The Times in 1890. Quigley uses her hiring to illustrate the group's concealed methods. ●●

1890 Rockefeller founds the University of Chicago under Harper ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that William Rainey Harper left Chautauqua to become John D. Rockefeller's choice to lead a new German-style research university. Rockefeller brought the University of Chicago into being in 1890. ●●

1890 Roosevelt's antitrust suit against Northern Securities ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roosevelt directed the Justice Department to pursue an antitrust suit charging the Northern Securities Company with violating the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act, which prohibits... ●●

1890 While Junius Morgan lived, he ruled the family and the busin candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While Junius Morgan lived, he ruled the family and the business—his son and his partners.”1 Until Junius died, in 1890, his massive shadow dominated his son’s life. Junius was cool and steady and seld... ●●

1890 Pierpont’s last stab at establishing railroad stability took candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pierpont’s last stab at establishing railroad stability took place at a meeting on December 15, 1890. Besides the earlier luminaries, this gathering drew Stuyvesant Fish of the Illinois Central, fames... ●●

1890 President Harrison signs the Sherman Antitrust Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 2, 1890, President Harrison signed the Sherman Antitrust Act, which outlawed trusts and combinations in restraint of trade and subjected violators to fines of up to $5,000 or a year’s impri... ●●

1890 University of Chicago Founding Support rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Of their excruciating year of pleading, Gates later said it “cost more brain work, anxiety, anguish, tears, prayers and shoe leather than all the millions that have since gone into the university.”... ●●

1890 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1890, as he banked ten million dollars in annual income, Rockefeller still deferred, with surprising credulity, to advice proffered by supposed friends. He fell particularly under the sway of tw... ●●

1890 Egyptian debt conversion loans cut interest burden ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Conversion loans issued in 1890 and 1893 reduced interest payments on Egyptian foreign debt while financing infrastructure like railways and the Aswan Dam. British overseer Baring gradually stabilized Egyptian finances. ●●

1890 Rothschild intervention averts Barings Bank crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Barings Bank nearly fails with £21 million in losses due to Argentine debt defaults. Natty Rothschild's intervention with government and banking consortium prevents systemic financial collapse. ●●

1890 Total Population of the Powers, 1890–193817(millions) There rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Total Population of the Powers, 1890–193817(millions) There are, however, two ways of “controlling” the raw data of Table 12. The first is to compare the total population of a country with the part o ●●

1890 Urban Population of the Powers (in millions) and as Percenta rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Urban Population of the Powers (in millions) and as Percentage of the Total Population, 1890-193819 Table 14. Per Capita Levels of Industrialization, 1880–193820(relative to G.B. ●●

1890 Italy was a marginal member of the Great Power system in 189 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Italy was a marginal member of the Great Power system in 1890, but Japan wasn’t even in the club. For centuries it had been ruled by a decentralized feudal oligarchy consisting of territorial lords (d ●●

1890 But all this took time, and the handicaps remained severe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But all this took time, and the handicaps remained severe.40 Although the urban population more than doubled between 1890 and 1913, numbers engaged on the land remained about the same. Even on the eve ●●

1890 This alone was to make “the German question” the epicenter o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This alone was to make “the German question” the epicenter of so much of world politics for more than half a century after 1890. ●●

1890 Only a few details of Germany’s explosive economic growth ca rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only a few details of Germany’s explosive economic growth can be offered here.46 Its population had soared from 49 million in 1890 to 66 million in 1913, second only in Europe to Russia’s—but since Ge ●●

1890 Its coal production grew from 89 million tons in 1890 to 277 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Its coal production grew from 89 million tons in 1890 to 277 million tons in 1914, just behind Britain’s 292 million and far ahead of Austria-Hungary’s 47 million, France’s 40 million, and Russia’s 36 ●●

1890 This success story was naturally reflected in Germany’s fore rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This success story was naturally reflected in Germany’s foreign-trade figures, with exports tripling between 1890 and 1913, bringing the country close to Britain as the leading world exporter; not sur ●●

1890 Alliances and the Drift to War, 1890–1914 The third and fin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alliances and the Drift to War, 1890–1914 The third and final element in understanding the way the Great Power system was changing in these decades is to examine the volatile alliance diplomacy from ●●

1890 For although the 1890s saw some relatively small-scale confl rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For although the 1890s saw some relatively small-scale conflicts (the Sino-Japanese War, the Spanish-American War, the Boer War), and later one large if still localized encounter in the Russo-Japanese ●●

1890 While ideological differences between the bourgeois French a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While ideological differences between the bourgeois French and the reactionary czarist regime slowed this drift for a while, the retirement of Bismarck in 1890 and the more threatening movements of Wi ●●

1890 Max Warburg goes to Paris with Rothschild rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Max was placed with Banque Impériale Ottomane in Paris through Moritz's Rothschild connections. He learned French, attended Sorbonne lectures, and lived a hedonistic lifestyle befitting the bon vivant. ●●

1890 1890, the brash young Emperor dismissed Bismarck, ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1890, the brash young Emperor dismissed Bismarck, refusing to govern in the shadow of so towering a figure. ●●

1890 1890, the term “splendid isolation” still accurate... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1890, the term “splendid isolation” still accurately described British foreign policy. ●●

1890 French ally against a German foe. A remarkable cha... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story a French ally against a German foe. A remarkable change occurred in British foreign policy between 1890 and 1914. ●●

1890 It had not been solved when Groves committed the Manhattan Project to a $100 million gaseous-diffusi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It had not been solved when Groves committed the Manhattan Project to a $100 million gaseous-diffusion plant, however; no practical barrier was yet in hand. ●●

1890 1890: “The first generation of computers were machines that counte... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rometty says, harking back to IBM’s roots in Herman Hollerith’s punch-card tabulators used for the 1890 census. “The second generation involved programmable machines that used the von Neumann architec ●●

1890 1890: ates a system using algebra for logical reasoning. 1890 The census is rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ates a system using algebra for logical reasoning. 1890 The census is tabulated with Herman Hollerith’s punch-card machines. 1931 Vannevar Bush devise ●●

1890 1890: Vannevar Bush (1890–1974), with his Differential Analyzer at MIT. Alan rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vannevar Bush (1890–1974), with his Differential Analyzer at MIT. Alan Turing (1912–54), at the Sherborne School i ●●

1890 1890: eight years to manually tabulate the 1880 census. He resolved to autom rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story eight years to manually tabulate the 1880 census. He resolved to automate the 1890 count. Drawing on the way that railway conductors punch ●●

1890 1890: ade with universities and industrial laboratories.” 2 Bush was born ne rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ade with universities and industrial laboratories.” 2 Bush was born near Boston in 1890, the son of a Universalist minister who had begun his career a ●●

1890 1890: ed human intelligence and artificial intelligence. “The first generati rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ed human intelligence and artificial intelligence. “The first generation of computers were machines that counted and tabulated,” Rometty says, harking ●●

1890 Event of 1890 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ounterbalancing commitments keeping the equilibrium in place by a virtuoso performance that forestalled general conflict during his tenure. But a country whose security depends on producing a genius in each generation sets itself a task no society ha ●●

1890 Information history in 1890 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story n is concerned, as the various members of the body now are by the nervous system. ♦ The scattered members using telephones numbered half a million by 1890; by 1914, 10 million. ●●

1890 Alfred Marshall’s Principles of Economics, on which much of modern neoclassical economics is based, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alfred Marshall’s Principles of Economics, on which much of modern neoclassical economics is based, was only published in 1890. ●●

1890 Bishop Crowther forced to resign ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crowther was induced to resign in 1890, and died a couple of years later ●●

1890 I, 1890), 158-9 (III rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I, 1890), 158-9 (III ●●

1890 Bank of England faces 1890 speculation crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1890, the Bank of England once again faced crisis, again the result of widespread and excessive speculation in foreign securities, particularly Ame ●●

1890 It was only when the mergers of the 1890s began to consolidate and rationalize t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was only when the mergers of the 1890s began to consolidate and rationalize their processing facilities that American industrial enterprises requir ●●

1890 Although specialized retailers and even department stores continued to sell thro rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Although specialized retailers and even department stores continued to sell through catalogues, the first serious challenge to Montgomery Ward came in ●●

1890 By the coming of the depression of the 1890s, the railroad map of the United Sta rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the coming of the depression of the 1890s, the railroad map of the United States had taken the form that would remain relatively unchanged until th ●●

1890 For example, Rockefeller himself in the 1890s purchased large areas in the Mesab candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For example, Rockefeller himself in the 1890s purchased large areas in the Mesabi range, helped to start the Colorado Iron and Fuel Company, and obtai ●●

1890 36 The magnitude of this task is suggested by the fact that by the 1890s an indi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 36 The magnitude of this task is suggested by the fact that by the 1890s an individual hardware jobbing firm handled 6,000 items purchased from well o ●●

1890 As the company moved into the plug tobacco business in the late 1890s its leaf d rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the company moved into the plug tobacco business in the late 1890s its leaf department built a similar organization in the Burley leaf district of ●●

1890 18 The major stockholders besides the Dukes were the owners of the companies tha rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 18 The major stockholders besides the Dukes were the owners of the companies that had merged with Duke’s firm to become American Tobacco in 1890 ●●

1890 During the 1890s, the meat packers had created as complex an organizational stru rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1890s, the meat packers had created as complex an organizational structure as those earlier developed by railroad systems ●●

1890 23 By 1890 Adams had organized departments at the company’s central office at 29 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 23 By 1890 Adams had organized departments at the company’s central office at 29 Broadway for domestic sales, foreign sales, purchasing, transportatio ●●

1890 American Tobacco Company formed in Duke merger ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The desire to control this competition caused Duke and his four competitors to merge in 1890, forming the American Tobacco Company ●●

1890 Second, until the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 and, indeed, unti... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Second, until the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 and, indeed, until the act’s interpretation by the Supreme Court, horizontal combination did not violate federal law ●●

1890 Sherman Antitrust Act passed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Most important were, on the one hand, the protests against the trade associations and trusts that culminated in 1890 in the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act, and, on the other, the efforts of the manufacturers that led to the New Jersey general incorporation law for holding companies ●●

1890 A second reason for the increasing number of mergers after 1890 was the growing... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A second reason for the increasing number of mergers after 1890 was the growing market for industrial securities ●●

1890 After 1890 buyers continued to take the securities of the new holding companies rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After 1890 buyers continued to take the securities of the new holding companies ●●

1890 48 The combinations were the reincarnation of National Starch, originally formed... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 48 The combinations were the reincarnation of National Starch, originally formed in 1890 and financially reorganized in 1900, and the Glucose Refining Company, established in 1897 by the Matthiessen brothers, leading sugar refiners who had long been associated with American Sugar ●●

1890 23 By 1890 Adams had organized departments at the company’s central office at 29... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 23 By 1890 Adams had organized departments at the company’s central office at 29 Broadway for domestic sales, foreign sales, purchasing, transportation, and three for processing—the manufacturing, refining, and the cake and meal departments ●●

1890 For example, in 1890 the British firm of Price, Waterhouse & Co rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For example, in 1890 the British firm of Price, Waterhouse & Co ●●