Events, Verisoph

1895 France conquers Madagascar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The colonial power which overthrew the monarchy, late in the colonial process in 1895, was not Britain but France, and for decades a further paradox afflicted Madagascar, as anticlerical French republican governments allowed Catholic clergy a free ha ●●

1895 Anti-Saloon League founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yet as the cleavage grew between liberal Protestants and conservative Evangelicals, the Anti- Saloon League established in 1895, eventual victors in the campaign for the Amendment, seemed more and more the voice of angry small-town Evangelical Americ ●●

1895 Legislative action rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With regard to the Boers’ side, Professor Quigley tells the amazing story: By a process whose details are still obscure, a brilliant young graduate of ●●

1895 In the newer dynamite business these same companies maintained control through a candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the newer dynamite business these same companies maintained control through another horizontal combination—the Eastern Dynamite Company, a holding ●●

1895 Mira Wilkins, “An American Enterprise Abroad: American Radiator Company in Europ rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mira Wilkins, “An American Enterprise Abroad: American Radiator Company in Europe, 1895–1914,” Business History Review, 43:326–346 (Autumn 1969) provi ●●

1895 In 1895, just before it went into receivership, the company decided to spend a m... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1895, just before it went into receivership, the company decided to spend a million dollars to build a selling organization in the urban east, its primary market ●●

1895 In 1895 Coffin set up in Schenectady a standardizing laboratory for the company... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1895 Coffin set up in Schenectady a standardizing laboratory for the company as a whole ●●

1896 to 1898 Philippine Revolution wikidata 1 cit. no story 1896-1898 conflict against Spanish colonial authorities ●●●

November 1896 to October 1897 War of Canudos 0 cit. no story The Brazilian army destroys the millenarian settlement of Canudos after three failed expeditions. Tens of thousands die in one of Brazil's deadliest internal conflicts. religion / society / war ●●

1896 Omens of imperial decline: Adowa and the Boer War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley points to early signs of European weakness: the Italians massacred by the Ethiopians at Adowa in 1896 and Britain held in check by the Boer republics in 1899-1902. ●●

1896 Rhodes tells Brett he still wants his secret society ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues Rhodes never abandoned the secret society idea. As evidence he cites a February 1896 remark to R. B. Brett, years after the sixth will. ●●

1896 Rhodes ready to confess over the raid (Feb 1896) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley recounts Lord Esher (Brett) meeting Rhodes on his return from South Africa. He says Rhodes was prepared to confess everything but was dissuaded to protect Joseph Chamberlain. ●●

1896 Steam airplane reportedly flies along the Potomac ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto claims that heavier-than-air flight was achieved by 1896, before the Wright brothers, when a pilotless steam airplane with a 40-foot wingspan made trips along the Potomac River near Washington. ●●

1896 Bryan's 'Cross of Gold' speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the 1896 Democratic convention William Jennings Bryan attacked the gold standard on behalf of farmers and debtors, demanding silver be added as a reserve metal. His 'cross of gold' oration became one of the most famous in American politics. ●●

1896 Morgan helps the Ochs family buy the New York Times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He not only assisted other banks (for a price); in 1896, he had helped the Ochs family buy the New York Times. What the papers didn’t report at the time was that Morgan had not... ●●

1896 African kingdoms inflicted defeats on European armies-the Zulu candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story African kingdoms inflicted defeats on European armies-the Zulu (for a time) against the British in 1 879, Ethio pia against the Italians in 1896-but t... ●●

1896 Lima Crude Oil Field Expansion rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The emergence of the giant Lima refinery accelerated the demise of Cleveland and Pittsburgh as refining centers, and by 1896 Standard Oil phased out its largest Cleveland refinery. The Lima refiner... ●●

1896 Rockefeller and Carnegie Philanthropy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced,” Carnegie declared bluntly.43 Rockefeller was greatly influenced by Carnegie and when the Carnegie Library opened in Pittsburgh in 1896 dashed off a cong... ●●

1896 When they had burned long enough—100 days—to transmute about 1 atom in every 4,0 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When they had burned long enough—100 days—to transmute about 1 atom in every 4,000 into plutonium the irradiated slugs could be pushed out the back of the pile simply by loading fresh slugs in at the front.1896, 1897 The hot slugs would fall into a deep pool of pure water that would safely confine their intense but short-lived fission-product radioactivity. ●●

1896 Francis Walker analyzes population and immigration rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Francis Amasa Walker, superintendent of US censuses, analyzes immigration and birth rates as sources of population growth ●●

1896 McKinley wins the realigning 1896 election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first was the election of 1896 that brought William McKinley to the presidency and gave the Republican Party a dominating majority in Congress. ●●

1896 27 The 1896 defeat of Democrat/Populist William Jennings Bryan was a so-called realigning election t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 27 The 1896 defeat of Democrat/Populist William Jennings Bryan was a so-called realigning election that shifted the balance of electoral power for the next generation to a Republican majority based on business interests in the Northeast, and the splitting off of a solidly Democratic South from the rest of the populist movement. ●●

1896 In contrast to the post–Civil War decades of shifting control of Congress between the two parties, t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In contrast to the post–Civil War decades of shifting control of Congress between the two parties, the Republicans controlled both houses and the presidency after the realigning election of 1896. ●●

1896 68 His less opinionated successor, Menelik II, brought the empire to an rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 68 His less opinionated successor, Menelik II, brought the empire to an unprecedented size, and delivered the most lasting defeat suffered by a colonial power during the nineteenth century when he crushed the invading Italians at Adwa in 1896 ●●

1896 86 Both rival candidates to fill the patriarchal vacancy in Constantinople now rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 86 Both rival candidates to fill the patriarchal vacancy in Constantinople now made enthusiastic noises about recognizing the validity of Anglican clerical orders that had been so comprehensively rejected by the Pope in 1896 in Apostolicae Curae ●●

1896 ”38 In 1896 George Eastman set up his experimental department with managers trai... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”38 In 1896 George Eastman set up his experimental department with managers trained in chemical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and other universities ●●

January 1897 to October 1898 Cretan Revolt of 1897-1898 wikidata 0 cit. no story revolution ●●●

1897 Indian famine of 1897 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1897 the monsoon rains failed in India, causing a loss of 18 million tons of food crops and one million lives from famine, a disaster repeated in 1899-1900. ●●

1897 Reflation from rising gold output after 1897 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prices had been rising slowly from about 1897 because of increased gold output from South Africa and Alaska, easing the agricultural distress that had prevailed since 1873. ●●

1897 Milner appointed High Commissioner to South Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Through Goschen's patronage Milner rose through a series of posts. In 1897 he became High Commissioner to South Africa, the turning point Quigley builds his account around. ●●

1897 John Dewey's Pedagogic Creed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Dewey's 1897 Pedagogic Creed, in which Dewey wrote that the teacher is a social servant set apart to maintain the proper social order. ●●

1897 The Banque de France's gold arms race with Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 1897 governor Georges Pallain had the Banque de France steadily accumulate gold to prepare for a war of revenge against Germany. By July 1914 it held over $800 million in bullion, the largest hoard in the world. ●●

1897 Karl Lueger becomes mayor of Vienna ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Karl Lueger allowed to become mayor of Vienna ●●

1897 In 1897, Pierpont’s brother-in-law Walter Hayes Burns died a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1897, Pierpont’s brother-in-law Walter Hayes Burns died and was replaced by Jack’s cousin Walter Spencer Morgan Burns. The senior Burns’s death left the London bank short of experienced hands. ●●

1897 After 1897, he gave steadily to the Metropolitan Museum of A candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After 1897, he gave steadily to the Metropolitan Museum of Art and became its board president in 1904. The board of trustees often met in his house. ●●

1897 On summer vacation with his family in the candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On summer vacation with his family in the Catskill Mountains in 1897, Gates tackled a book of door-stopping length: Principles and Practice of Medicine, a thousand-page tome by William Osler of the Johns Hopkins Medical School, the most renowned contemporary physician. ●●

1897 Though Rockefeller studiously avoided the campus and visited rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Though Rockefeller studiously avoided the campus and visited only three times (1897, 1901, and 1903), he got little credit for this self-abnegation. The public was quick to pounce on his every move as yet another ruse. ●●

1897 After they had toured some pretentious “châteaux” on rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After they had toured some pretentious “châteaux” on Long Island’s north shore, Junior said that Kykuit, by comparison, was “far less elaborate than many houses we have seen” but “more perfect of its kind, more harmonious and more charming.”41 John and Abby enlisted the services of Ogden Codman, the Boston interior designer who helped Edith Wharton refurbish her Newport home and coauthored a book with her, The Decoration of Houses, in 1897. ●●

1897 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As he later explained, “I felt that at fifty it was due me to have freedom from absorption in active business affairs and to devote myself to a variety of interests other than money making, which h... ●●

1897 Standard Oil Production Committee Formed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With Archbold at the helm, by contrast, the dividends surged, jumping to 31 percent in 1896 and 33 percent in 1897 and 1899. ●●

1897 It was true that after 1897 the pursuit of Weltpolitik was m rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was true that after 1897 the pursuit of Weltpolitik was motivated to a considerable extent by the calculation that this would be politically popular and divert attention from Germany’s domestic-pol ●●

1897 Felix Warburg becomes Kuhn, Loeb partner ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Felix was admitted as a partner in Kuhn, Loeb & Co., Jacob Schiff's firm. His charm and ebullience made him quickly Americanized despite being the first Warburg to leave Europe in 14 generations. ●●

1897 Thomson identifies the electron ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in his identification of what he called the “negative corpuscle”—the electron, the first atomic particle to be identified. ●●

1897 Thomson demonstrated that the beam of glowing matter in a cathode-ray tube was not made up of light rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thomson demonstrated that the beam of glowing matter in a cathode-ray tube was not made up of light waves, as (he wrote drily) “the almost unanimous opinion of German physicists” held. ●●

1897 Event of 1897 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ation of Afghanistan has been achieved by foreigners only unintentionally, when the tribes and sects coalesce in opposition to an invader. Thus what American and NATO forces met in the early twenty-first century was not radically different from the s ●●

1897 Bell System hires mathematician George Campbell ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ate substrate of meaning, perhaps best left to philosophers. The Bell System had none of those, but the company had hired its first mathematician in 1897: George Campbell, a Minnesotan who had studied ●●

1897 Nelson Mandela as president symbolized the commitment to a Christian reconciliation when rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nelson Mandela as president symbolized the commitment to a Christian reconciliation when he proclaimed that the old Afrikaner national anthem Die Stem (‘The Call’) should continue to stand alongside the serene Xhosa Christian hymn written in 1897 by ●●

1897 The only specialized nonoperating officer he consulted was the head of the legal... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The only specialized nonoperating officer he consulted was the head of the legal department—an office formally established only in 1897 ●●

1897 In addition to a sizable patent and law department, the company added in 1897 a... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In addition to a sizable patent and law department, the company added in 1897 a publicity bureau whose task was to publicize broader developments within the industry as well as within the company ●●

1897 American Association of Public Accountants founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1897 members of these firms helped to form the American Association of Public Accountants, which included railroad comptrollers as well as executives from accounting firms ●●

12 June 1898 Independence of the Philippines 0 cit. no story Emilio Aguinaldo proclaims Philippine independence from Spain; after decades of US rule, full sovereignty came on 4 July 1946. politics / war ●●●

21 April 1898 to 13 August 1898 Spanish-American War 0 cit. no story The United States defeats Spain in a short war fought in Cuba and the Philippines. Spain loses the remnants of its empire and the United States emerges as an overseas colonial power. politics / war ●●●●

1898 Sinking of the Maine and the Spanish-American War, 1898 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The battleship Maine's mysterious explosion in Havana harbor in February 1898 gave interventionists the pretext to bring the United States into war with Spain over Cuba. ●●

1898 Battle of Omdurman, 1898 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1898 a British force under Kitchener fought south against the Sudanese and won a decisive victory at Omdurman, reestablishing Anglo-Egyptian control of the Sudan. ●●

1898 Spanish defeat by the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the compromise with the West in Spain was undermined by the Restoration Monarchy of 1875-1931 and by Spain's defeat at the hands of the United States in 1898, which widened the gap between progressives and reactionaries. ●●

1898 Rhodes pledges to support Milner without reserve ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues Rhodes saw Milner as his heir in leading the society. He quotes an 1898 conversation with Stead in which Rhodes said he would support Milner absolutely, peace or war. ●●

1898 United States adopts a bankruptcy law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Although the 1787 Constitution charged the new US government with creating a bankruptcy law, attempts were repeatedly rejected on moral grounds. A lasting law was not adopted until 1898. ●●

1898 Year 1898: As a young soldier in 1898, he had charged the Der rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As a young soldier in 1898, he had charged the Dervish lines at the decisive Battle of Omdurman that secured Sudan as a British colony. During World War I, he helped conceive the i... ●●

1898 US defeats Spanish forces at Manila ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The American military's quick defeat of Spanish forces in Manila in 1898 quickly proved deceptive. ●●

1898 Lueger Christian Socials showcase German and Christian art rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lueger Christian Socials showcase German and Christian art ●●

1898 Roosevelt called his critics “futile sentimentalists of the interna... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roosevelt called his critics “futile sentimentalists of the international arbitration type” who exhibited “a flabby type of character which eats away (1898) ●●

1898 The standard Lloyd’s policy had in fact already been modified (in 1898) to exclude ‘the candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The standard Lloyd’s policy had in fact already been modified (in 1898) to exclude ‘the consequences of hostilities or warlike operations’ (the so-called f. ●●

1898 ’ (implying that it really should be) as long ago as 1898. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ’ (implying that it really should be) as long ago as 1898. ●●

1898 In 1898, a friend, architect William West Durant, defaulted rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1898, a friend, architect William West Durant, defaulted on a loan and signed over the rustic camp as payment. Deep in the woods, Camp Uncas crouched beneath wooded cliffs that were thick with ever... ●●

1898 In 1898, over his heated protest, the navy conscripted Corsa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1898, over his heated protest, the navy conscripted Corsair II for use in the Spanish-American War. The Morgans had opposed the war, and Jack (later labeled a warmonger for his role in World War I)... ●●

1898 As Jack told his mother of one 1898 ocean voyage, “JPM has b rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Jack told his mother of one 1898 ocean voyage, “JPM has been so worried and bothered by the number of things on his mind and this annoyance of war rumor that it will be a great thing for him to hav... ●●

1898 When Jack arrived in 1898, his father gave him and his wife, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Jack arrived in 1898, his father gave him and his wife, Jessie, the use of 13 Princes Gate. Pierpont added 14 Princes Gate to the property and joined the two townhouses. ●●

1898 US troops sent to Cuba against Spanish rule ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President William McKinley dispatches American troops to Cuba to help local rebels overthrow Spanish colonial authority. The rebellion succeeds, beginning US domination of Cuba. ●●

1898 Archbold puts Senator Foraker on Standard Oil's payroll ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first documented instance of Archbold suborning an official occurred in 1898, during Frank Monnett’s suit against Standard of Ohio, when Archbold placed Senator Joseph B. Foraker of Ohio on the payroll. ●●

1898 Another favorite recipient of Standard Oil largesse was candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Another favorite recipient of Standard Oil largesse was Senator Matthew Quay of Pennsylvania, who received $42,500 between 1898 and 1902. ●●

1898 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (The trust’s share of American crude production peaked at 33 percent in 1898.) By narrowing the range of competition in oil production, the move hastened the day of political reckoning for Standard... ●●

1898 Letter from Nina to Jim rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Letter from Nina to Jim Loeb—April 16, 1898. 24. ●●

1898 Olga Warburg marries Paul Kohn-Speyer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Olga Warburg married Paul Kohn-Speyer in a Hamburg wedding. The marriage to the stern, humorless metal trader would prove deeply unhappy. ●●

1898 1898, France and Great Britain had been on the ver... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1898, France and Great Britain had been on the verge of war over Egypt. ●●

1898 when Rutherford first turned his attention to the phenomenon Henri Becquerel found and which Marie C rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when Rutherford first turned his attention to the phenomenon Henri Becquerel found and which Marie Curie named radioactivity, and 1911, when he made the most important discovery of his life, the young New Zealand physicist systematically dissected th ●●

1898 ics, especially illnesses. This research can take two rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ics, especially illnesses. This research can take two paths: 1. Testing of all twins in a specific geographic area, done at our institute by Miss Liebmann. All twins in the Frankfurt district back to 1898 have been listed and almost all have been examined; she discussed some interesting cases in sev ●●

1898 That company, formed in 1898, was a merger of three regional consolidations—New candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That company, formed in 1898, was a merger of three regional consolidations—New York Biscuit, American Biscuit and Manufacturing, and the United State ●●

1898 The first year that the company was listed at 111 Fifth Avenue was 1898 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first year that the company was listed at 111 Fifth Avenue was 1898 ●●

1898 Only after the financial and administrative reorganization of the company in 189... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only after the financial and administrative reorganization of the company in 1898, when it became the American Linseed Company, did it begin to achieve financial success ●●

1898 It first centralized the administration of its productive facilities, and then i... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It first centralized the administration of its productive facilities, and then in 1898 purchased two leading liquor wholesalers ●●

1898 As indicated by Poor’s “List of Officers Operating Railroads” in the Manual of R... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As indicated by Poor’s “List of Officers Operating Railroads” in the Manual of Railroads for the United States for 1898, the Erie, the Reading, the Chesapeake & Ohio and the Southern all had a centralized form of organization ●●

1899 to 1923 Sixth cholera pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story historically sixth cholera pandemic ●●●

4 February 1899 to 2 July 1902 Philippine-American War 0 cit. no story Filipino forces that had fought Spain resist American annexation of the islands. The war and its accompanying famine and disease kill hundreds of thousands of Filipinos. war ●●●

1899 The Boer War, 1899-1902 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the Boer War of 1899-1902 one of the most important events in British imperial history; the Boers' resistance shook faith in British power. ●●

1899 Smuts drafts the ultimatum that begins the Boer War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the 1899 Bloemfontein Conference Smuts urged Kruger toward concessions to Milner. Yet Quigley notes it was Smuts who drafted the 9 October ultimatum that led to the outbreak of war. ●●

1899 William James addresses Harvard's new teachers on Chautauqua ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that in 1899 William James spoke to a new brigade of teachers recruited by Harvard, telling them of the dream that the whole planet might be turned into a vast Chautauqua. ●●

1899 William Z. Ripley publishes The Races of Europe, 1899 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes William Z. Ripley's 1899 MIT book The Races of Europe, which divided Europeans into three races and armed the racial-suicide movement. ●●

1899 William H. Baldwin's speech at Capon Springs ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes railroad president William H. Baldwin, who in 1899 told the Capon Springs Conference on Southern Education that it was a crime to educate a Negro for positions not open to him. Gatto presents it as a blunt statement of schooling's political use. ●●

1899 John Hay declares the Open Door Policy in China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay had declared an “open door” policy toward China that was supposed to guarantee unrestricted foreign access. Under Taft, however, the open door was converted into a... ●●

1899 US reaches peak number of state and national banks rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1899 there were fewer than 12,000 state and national banks in the US, at the beginning of an era of rapid growth in banking. ●●

1899 Where the trust had pumped 32 percent of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Where the trust had pumped 32 percent of American crude oil in 1899, its share had slumped to 14 percent by 1911. Even Standard’s historic strength in refining dipped from an 86 percent market share to 70 percent in the five years before the breakup. ●●

1899 Courts rule Ida Alice Flagler insane ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the courts ruled Ida Alice Flagler insane in 1899, Henry set up a trust fund for her, stocked with $2 million in Standard Oil shares, which would appreciate to more than $15 million by her de... ●●

1899 Standard Oil Production Committee Formed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With Archbold at the helm, by contrast, the dividends surged, jumping to 31 percent in 1896 and 33 percent in 1897 and 1899. ●●

1899 Chamberlain proposes a Teutonic alliance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In a major speech in November 1899, Chamberlain called for a “Teutonic” alliance, consisting of Great Britain, Germany, and the United ●●

1899 Indeed, as the twentieth century wore on, the Afrikaners turned their military rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indeed, as the twentieth century wore on, the Afrikaners turned their military defeat by the British in the second Boer War (1899-1902) into a gradual rebuilding of Afrikaner ascendancy, removing what political rights had existed for non-whites in so ●●

1899 Harry Sharp performs first coerced vasectomy on a prisoner ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1899, Dr. Harry Sharp of the Indiana Reformatory became the first person in the world to impose vasectomy on a person in custody, operating on a nineteen-year-old prisoner. This marked the beginning of forced sterilization in America. ●●

1899 In 1899 it purchased a leading Japanese producer, and two years later it bought rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1899 it purchased a leading Japanese producer, and two years later it bought manufacturing companies in Germany and Britain ●●

1899 Standard Oil of New Jersey holding company formed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The holding company, the Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), that legally took its place was not formed until 1899 ●●

1899 48 In 1899 his firm, the Boston Fruit Company, became the core enterprise in the... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 48 In 1899 his firm, the Boston Fruit Company, became the core enterprise in the United Fruit Company, which, in addition to its distribution system, came to own a fleet of refrigerated steamers and a vast acreage of plantations in the Caribbean region ●●

1899 Fiat founded in Turin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Italian motor company Fiat was founded in Turin and grew within sixty-three years into the second-largest motor manufacturer in Europe, part of the financial web Nkrumah traces into African investment. ●●