Events, Verisoph

1939 1939: s silicon rather than glowing filaments in a bulb. “It has today occur rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s silicon rather than glowing filaments in a bulb. “It has today occurred to me that an amplifier using semiconductors rather than vacuum is in princi ●●

1939 1939: h exciting seemed to be happening in either field. Televisions were no rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story h exciting seemed to be happening in either field. Televisions were not yet a consumer product, and the most notable new inventions put into the time ●●

1939 1939: 402 , 453 National Semiconductor, 343 Navy, U.S., 469 Nelson, Ted, 410 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 402 , 453 National Semiconductor, 343 Navy, U.S., 469 Nelson, Ted, 410 –11, 418 –19, 456 Netscape, 208 networks, 243 , 482 data blocks in, 240 –41 dis ●●

1939 1939: Thomas, Jr. (IBM chief), 151 Watson, Thomas, Sr. (IBM founder), 477 Wa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thomas, Jr. (IBM chief), 151 Watson, Thomas, Sr. (IBM founder), 477 Wavy Gravy, 388 Wayne, Ron, 348 weather patterns, 95 weather predictions, 115 weav ●●

1939 Event of 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story less, promulgated the doctrine of consolidating “socialism in one country.” He eliminated all of the other original revolutionary leaders in a decade of purges, and deployed a largely conscripted labor force to build up Russia’s industrial capacity. ●●

1939 Information history in 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story plex, original, and quite detached from anything people in the field were doing. ♦♦ He never bothered to publish it. ●●

1939 left their home in the landlocked Valdres district of Norway rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Stewart to Abraham Flexner, 1939 ON MAY 2, 1847, newlyweds Thomas and Kari Veblen, who spoke barely a word of English, left their home in the landloc ●●

1939 the stupidity of the Stock Exchange boys rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I refuse to accept however, the stupidity of the Stock Exchange boys, as an explanation of the trend of stocks,” he remarked to Ulam in 1939 ●●

1939 although prevented from leaving until 1940 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kurt Gödel was brought to Princeton (from Vienna) on a stipend of $2,400 for 1939 (although prevented from leaving until 1940); Stan Ulam (from Warsaw ●●

1939 ROSPECT of a visit from an architect usually costs Professor rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —Alan Turing, 1939 “THE PROSPECT of a visit from an architect usually costs Professor Veblen a day’s work and a night’s sleep,” noted Abraham Flexner ●●

1939 ad his office in one of the buildings along Nassau Street; t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Flexner had his office in one of the buildings along Nassau Street; the mathematicians had rooms in Fine Hall, which was the University’s mathematica ●●

1939 jointly constituted the School of Economics and Politics who rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Treasury, jointly constituted the School of Economics and Politics whose establishment, without the approval of the other faculty, led to Flexner’s re ●●

1939 “When I went around for interviews in 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “When I went around for interviews in 1939, I saw many of my classmates already working,” he says ●●

1939 I mean it!”25 Klári’s parents escaped to Princeton with the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I mean it!”25 Klári’s parents escaped to Princeton with the opening of the war, but her father, despondent, threw himself under a train over Christmas ●●

1939 documentary produced by the Mathematical Association of Amer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John von Neumann to Stan Ulam, December 9, 1939, SFU; Oskar Morgenstern, in John von Neumann, documentary produced by the Mathematical Association of ●●

1939 as pictured on her French driver’s license rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Klára (Klári) von Neumann, as pictured on her French driver’s license, issued July 15, 1939 ●●

1939 Marina von Neumann Whitman rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Marina von Neumann Whitman) John von Neumann with Cadillac V-8 coupe, en route to Florida, January 1939 ●●

1939 Look magazine's August 1939 article whitewashes Soviet Terror under Stalin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuboff documents how Walter Duranty's Look magazine article portrays Stalin's regime as democratic while the Great Terror kills millions, illustrating how propaganda evades public comprehension of totalitarian control systems. ●●

1939 Event of 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1939 Blacker’s Birth Control Investigation Committee dissolved itself with only a marginally improved spermicide, Volpar—standing for “voluntary pa ●●

1939 Czechoslovakia, Katzen- Ellenbogen moved again, this time to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Czechoslovakia, Katzen- Ellenbogen moved again, this time to the democratic stronghold of Prague, where in 1938 he began working with refugee groups.17 After Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia in March of 1939, Katzen- Ellenbogen followed a typical route of flight. First, he crossed into Italy. After war ●●

1939 284 9 1939: Nothing to Gain by Waiting Within days of the Munich agreement, the Reichsbank economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 284 9 1939: Nothing to Gain by Waiting Within days of the Munich agreement, the Reichsbank economics department drafted a memorandum, which, though it was never circu- lated outside the offices of the central bank, nevertheless deserves to stand as ●●

1939 Apart from the elimination of the rumpof Czechoslovakia, the first key element in this strategy was rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Apart from the elimination of the rumpof Czechoslovakia, the first key element in this strategy was the incorpor- 292 1939: NOTHING TO GAIN BY WAITING ation of Poland alongside Italy into an offensive alliance against Britain and France. ●●

1939 They amounted in effect to a compulsory low-interest loan to the Reich, which by October 1939 had al rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They amounted in effect to a compulsory low-interest loan to the Reich, which by October 1939 had already risen to a total of 4.831 billion Reichsmarks.* The idea behind the New Finance Plan was that if the Reich’s demand for credit could be met by p ●●

1939 However, in the spring of 1939 the formation of a triple alliance of France, Britain and the Soviet rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story However, in the spring of 1939 the formation of a triple alliance of France, Britain and the Soviet Union against Hitler seemed inevitable.” The British cabinet, despite the reservations of Chamberlain, was genuinely committed to seeking a Soviet dea ●●

1939 If these ideas are not translated immediately into action, then every sacrifice of blood in the next rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If these ideas are not translated immediately into action, then every sacrifice of blood in the next war will not protect us against the bitter end, to which a lack of foresight and decisiveness has already condemned us once before.’ A step in the ri ●●

1939 In fact, the Wehrmacht’s military-economic office had already concluded in April 1939 that oil suppl rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In fact, the Wehrmacht’s military-economic office had already concluded in April 1939 that oil supplies from Romania would be sufficient to cover Germany’s needs only if the country was occupied by German troops, and if the entire Romanian oil indust ●●

1939 As Germany’s diplomats clearly understood, Stalin’s increasing emphasis from the spring of 1939 onwa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Germany’s diplomats clearly understood, Stalin’s increasing emphasis from the spring of 1939 onwards on the classic Leninist doc- trine of the inevitability of inter-capitalist war opened distinct possibili- ties for Germany.'* After all, an allia ●●

1939 By the summer of 1939 the naval alliance with Japan was off the table. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the summer of 1939 the naval alliance with Japan was off the table. ●●

1939 Hitler could hardly wait to : 320 1939: NOTHING TO GAIN BY WAITING announce the news from Moscow, b rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hitler could hardly wait to : 320 1939: NOTHING TO GAIN BY WAITING announce the news from Moscow, boasting to his anxious generals that Germany now had nothing to fear from a blockade.'** Negotiations began immediately for a gigantic trade deal, the ●●

1939 This might seem a strange suggestion in light of the fact that Hitler went to war in September 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This might seem a strange suggestion in light of the fact that Hitler went to war in September 1939 in alliance with the Soviet Union against the British Empire, when Mein Kampf had called for the exact opposite. ●●

1939 Ever since the raw materials crisis began in early 1939, Brauchitsch had been fretting that a non-mi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ever since the raw materials crisis began in early 1939, Brauchitsch had been fretting that a non-military ‘plenipotentiary’ might be appointed to ‘sort out’ the ammunition sector.” 345 THE WAGES OF DESTRUCTION The language was highly charged and th ●●

1939 Chief medical officer Dr Leonardo Conti declared as early as October 1939 that long hours and the re rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chief medical officer Dr Leonardo Conti declared as early as October 1939 that long hours and the restric- ted wartime diet were pushing the civilian population to the limit. ●●

1939 The non-combatants and neutrals of Southern Europe moved in a similar fashion.*’ Most spectacularly, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The non-combatants and neutrals of Southern Europe moved in a similar fashion.*’ Most spectacularly, Mussolini reversed his position of the autumn of 1939 and declared war on France and Britain on ro June 1940. ●●

1939 Preemptiveness is essentially the rationale rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Preemptiveness is essentially the rationale imperial Japan, without being overly para- noid, used to justify its attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, and which Nazi Germany, as a sham pretext, used to justify its invasion of Poland in 1939, To one observe ●●

1939 See, e.g., the British Cabinet rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story See, e.g., the British Cabinet papers for 1939, summarized in the Manchester Guardian, 1 January 1970; also Fleming, The Cold War, pp ●●

1939 The 1939 Hollywood film “Ninotchka”, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1939 Hollywood film “Ninotchka”, which satirized life in Russia, was singled out as a particularly effective feature film ●●

1939 Second World War erupts from rival imperialist claims rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nkrumah frames the outbreak of the Second World War as the eruption of contentions between rival imperialisms that had been building since the redivision of the world after 1918. ●●

1940 Burgess Urges Debt Limit Restraint on Government Securities rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1940, W. Randolph Burgess, vice chairman of National City Bank, advised Treasury Secretary Morgenthau about risks to the government securities market. He expressed concern that rapid debt increases could harm financial stability. ●●

1940 Glass-Steagall Act Severs National City from Morgan Dominance rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story National City Bank and Chase backed the Glass-Steagall Act, separating from Morgan's dominance. This allowed them to compete more aggressively for war business during WWII. ●●

1940 Rentschler Leads National City Bank as War Finance Accelerates rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gordon Rentschler became chairman of National City Bank in July 1940 after James Perkins' death. He coordinated massive war bond distribution and aligned the bank with FDR's military financing. ●●

1940 Burgess Warns Morgenthau of Government Securities Risks rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story W. Randolph Burgess, vice chairman of National City Bank, cautioned Treasury Secretary Morgenthau in July 1940 about market risks from excessive government debt. He urged restraint to prevent security market destabilization. ●●

1940 Lamont Expresses Banker Support for British Aid rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Morgan partner Thomas Lamont phoned President FDR on December 18, 1940, expressing banker enthusiasm for unlimited material support to Britain. This reflected Wall Street alignment with administration foreign policy. ●●

1940 As members of a private bank before 1940, Morgan partners had a pro... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Although I didn’t realize it at first, this was a propitious time in which to write a history of the House of Morgan, perhaps the first time anyone could do it justice. Secrecy has always been a Morgan fetish, and almost all earli... ●●

1940 CHAPTER 34––Surreal Saviors During his new life in New York (1940) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He was cast in a pundit’s role by a Wall Street famished for educated guesses about German war strategy. In early April 1940, Thomas W. Lamont, senior... ●●

1940 Ingrid’s apartment overlooked the garden of the Museum of Mo... (1940) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The ERC was often flying blind in tracking down threatened artists and intellectuals amid the alarums of war. In July 1940, the group decided on a dar... ●●

1940 The Warburgs of Hamburg were spared the ghastly world of the... (1940) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Possibly from proud memories of the old rivalry, these Altona Warburgs never appealed to the Hamburg Warburgs, so far as one can tell. On May 8, 1940,... ●●

1940 Like many sons of strong (1940) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They also had their own little girl with the charming name of Lux. On May 10, 1940, the Germans jolted their fairy-tale realm of Eerde. As Josi recall... ●●

1940 CHAPTER 38––The Upstart On April 18 (1940) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In German propaganda broadcasts, William Joyce—dubbed “Lord Haw-Haw” from his sneering tone—had denounced German-Jewish perpetrators behind the operat... ●●

1940 He would be naturalized as a British citizen in February 1940, but until then he rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He would be naturalized as a British citizen in February 1940, but until then he was technically an enemy alien. ●●

1940 “We are aware that a catastrophe might come any day,” he wrote in the midst of P rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “We are aware that a catastrophe might come any day,” he wrote in the midst of Poland’s agony.1287 Catastrophe for Denmark waited until April 1940 and came then with brutal efficiency. ●●

1940 I had assumed that once we had demonstrated that in the fission of uranium neutr rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I had assumed that once we had demonstrated that in the fission of uranium neutrons are emitted, there would be no difficulty in getting people interested; but I was wrong.”1299 The Uranium Committee’s November 1 report had in fact been languishing in Roosevelt’s files; Watson finally decided on his own in early February 1940 to bring it up again.1300 He asked Lyman Briggs if he had anything to add. ●●

1940 Using their numbers, Edward Teller in one of the many calculations he made durin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Using their numbers, Edward Teller in one of the many calculations he made during this period arrived at a critical mass in excess of thirty tons, the same order of magnitude as Perrin and Peierls had calculated before him.1316 With only slightly more pessimistic assumptions Roberts concluded that “the cross-section for capture [in natural uranium] is sufficiently large that it now seems impossible for a fast-neutron chain reaction to occur, even in an infinitely large block of pure uranium.”1317 By the spring of 1940 experiments at Columbia and the DTM had thus ruled out both slow- and significant fast-neutron fission in U238 and ruled in slow-neutron fission in U235. ●●

1940 “In the spring of 1940 it was announced that President Roosevelt would speak to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “In the spring of 1940 it was announced that President Roosevelt would speak to a Pan American Scientific Congress in Washington, and as one of the professors of George Washington University I was invited. ●●

1940 By mid-November 13,700 tons of high explosives had fallen and 12,600 tons of inc rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By mid-November 13,700 tons of high explosives had fallen and 12,600 tons of incendiary canisters, an average of 201 tons per night; for the entire Blitz, September to May, the total tonnage reached 18,800—18.8 kilotons by modern measure, spread across nine months.1353 London civilian deaths in 1940 and 1941 totaled 20,083, civilian deaths elsewhere in Britain 23,602, for a total death by Blitz in the second and third year of the war (about which the United States was still officially neutral) of 43,685.1354 After that the bombing went the other way. ●●

1940 “As time went on and the fission process became better understood, I found it in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “As time went on and the fission process became better understood, I found it increasingly difficult to believe that one fission product should behave in a way so different from the rest, and early in 1940 I returned to the problem.”1377 The 60-inch cyclotron, with a massive rectangular-framed magnet spacious enough to shelter Lawrence’s entire crew between its poles for a photograph—twenty-seven men, two rows seated on the lower jaw of the beast, Lawrence prominent at center, and a third row standing inside its maw—was up and running by then; McMillan used it to study the 2.3-day activity in more detail. ●●

1940 He convinced McMillan: “I left Berkeley in November 1940 to take part in the dev rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He convinced McMillan: “I left Berkeley in November 1940 to take part in the development of radar for national defense.”1384 Lawrence’s and McMillan’s priorities are a measure of the priorities of American science in late 1940. ●●

1940 In 1940 Lawrence had recruited a Harvard experimentalist named Kenneth Bainbridg rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1940 Lawrence had recruited a Harvard experimentalist named Kenneth Bainbridge, by trade a nuclear physicist—Bainbridge built the Harvard cyclotron—to work on radar at MIT. ●●

1940 They had chosen gaseous diffusion at dinner one evening in 1940 on their way hom rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They had chosen gaseous diffusion at dinner one evening in 1940 on their way home from a trip to Schenectady by systematically ruling out other methods as unsuitable for large-scale production, much as Peierls and Simon had done.1483 They were interested in nuclear power, Booth remembers, not bomb-making. ●●

1940 On the recommendation of Theodor von Kármán, whom he consulted at Caltech, he an rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the recommendation of Theodor von Kármán, whom he consulted at Caltech, he and Edward Teller in 1940 extended and clarified shock-wave theory. ●●

1940 In July 1940, in the desperate time after the debacle of Dunkirk and at the begi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1940, in the desperate time after the debacle of Dunkirk and at the beginning of the Battle of Britain, Churchill had written his Minister of Aircraft Production to that effect: “But when I look round to see how we can win the war I see that there is only one sure path . ●●

1940 There were still occasional flashes of intuition, ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There were still occasional flashes of intuition, as in his design of the campaign against France in 1940 and in his refusal to permit a retreat in fr ●●

1940 April 1940, on the eve of the Nazi invasion of Nor... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1940, on the eve of the Nazi invasion of Norway, he told a secret briefing: Up to now we have succeeded ●●

1940 Franz Simon, now officially working for the MAUD Committee, produced a report nearly as crucial to t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Franz Simon, now officially working for the MAUD Committee, produced a report nearly as crucial to the future of uranium-bomb development as the original Frisch-Peierls memoranda had been. ●●

1940 But Leo Szilard at least was not yet done with protest. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But Leo Szilard at least was not yet done with protest. ●●

1940 that they had observed rare spontaneous fissioning in uranium. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story that they had observed rare spontaneous fissioning in uranium. ●●

1940 it was already clear to two intelligent observers that nuclear weapons would be weapons of mass dest rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story it was already clear to two intelligent observers that nuclear weapons would be weapons of mass destruction against which the only apparent defense would be the deterrent effect of mutual possession. ●●

1940 to begin sorting out its chemistry—although he was a physicist by graduate training, he had earned h rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to begin sorting out its chemistry—although he was a physicist by graduate training, he had earned his B. ●●

1940 the same day Louis Turner sent Szilard his transuranic theories: anticipation and discovery can cut rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the same day Louis Turner sent Szilard his transuranic theories: anticipation and discovery can cut that close in science. ●●

1940 while visiting Berkeley to deliver a lecture, Enrico Fermi attended a seminar one of Oppenheimer’s p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story while visiting Berkeley to deliver a lecture, Enrico Fermi attended a seminar one of Oppenheimer’s protégés led in the master’s style. ●●

1940 that the United States must also be pursuing a program when the names of prominent physicists, chemi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story that the United States must also be pursuing a program when the names of prominent physicists, chemists, metallurgists and mathematicians disappeared from international journals: secrecy itself gave the secret away. ●●

1940 some 1,200 tons in all, the only source of untraced bomb material available to them during the war w rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story some 1,200 tons in all, the only source of untraced bomb material available to them during the war with the mines at Joachimsthal under surveillance and the Belgian Congo cut off. ●●

1940 1940: Kay had learned to love both the sciences and humanities as ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to love both the sciences and humanities as a child in central Massachusetts, where he was born in 1940. His father was a physiologist who designed artificial legs and arms. On long walks with him, Ka ●●

1940 1940: Alan Kay (1940– ) at Xerox PARC in 1974. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alan Kay (1940– ) at Xerox PARC in 1974. Kay’s 1972 sketch for a Dynabook. Lee Felsenstein (1945– ). The first issue, October 1972. ●●

1940 1940: cuum-tube circuits to see what else they might do. At a conference at rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story cuum-tube circuits to see what else they might do. At a conference at Dartmouth College in September 1940, Mauchly saw a demonstration by George Stibi ●●

1940 1940: bes, and he bought a supply at eight cents apiece. “Before November 19 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story bes, and he bought a supply at eight cents apiece. “Before November 1940,” his wife later said, “Mauchly had successfully tested certain components of ●●

1940 1940: Engelbart into the paradise of personal computing. Kay had learned to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Engelbart into the paradise of personal computing. Kay had learned to love both the sciences and humanities as a child in central Massachusetts, where ●●

1940 1940: Alan Kay (1940– ) at Xerox PARC in 1974. Kay’s 1972 sketch for a Dynab rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alan Kay (1940– ) at Xerox PARC in 1974. Kay’s 1972 sketch for a Dynabook. Lee Felsenste ●●

1940 Information history in 1940 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e population genetics community. …[Shannon] discovered principles that were rediscovered later. ●●

1940 40 he was invited to give the John Danz memorial lectures at rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1940 he was invited to give the John Danz memorial lectures at the University of Washington in Seattle ●●

1940 “Johnny was suddenly in a great hurry to see the Grand Canyo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The whole scene was a mute play; it seemed completely routine, the man paid, he and his beast drank up and quietly left the place.”30 After visiting ●●

1940 “I discussed the cellular model with von Neumann in the late rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I discussed the cellular model with von Neumann in the late 1940’s,” he later wrote to Arthur Burks, and he evidently had similar discussions with Ni ●●

1940 Princeton University rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Novaya Zemlya NPL, see National Physical Laboratory nuclear pulse propulsion nuclear weapons, prf.1, 1.1, 4.1, 10.1, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2 ●●

1940 Event of 1940 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One of the most battered nations, Japan, grew by two and a half million people between 1940 and 1945 ●●

1940 On 24 March, General Thomas noted the follow- ing conversation with Fritz Todt: ‘Fuehrer has again e rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 24 March, General Thomas noted the follow- ing conversation with Fritz Todt: ‘Fuehrer has again emphasized ener- getically that everything is to be done so that the war can be ended in 1940 with a great military victory. ●●

1940 As Keitel put it to Thomas in January 1940: ‘The main thing is that one has the impression that the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Keitel put it to Thomas in January 1940: ‘The main thing is that one has the impression that the ammunition programme has now started up on a large scale and one would then have to consider in the summer whether, given our raw material situation, ●●

1940 Then, from the first months of 1940 onwards, as rationing began to bite and the shelves of the Germa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then, from the first months of 1940 onwards, as rationing began to bite and the shelves of the German shops emptied, the accounts of the savings banks swelled with a completely unprecedented volume of deposits. ●●

1940 It was not finally adopted until February 1940, by which time the great ammunition drive was already rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was not finally adopted until February 1940, by which time the great ammunition drive was already in full swing. ●●

1940 367 Ink Victory in the West — Sieg im Westen At 5.35 on the morning of 10 May 1940, after months of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 367 Ink Victory in the West — Sieg im Westen At 5.35 on the morning of 10 May 1940, after months of ‘phoney war’, the Western front roared into life.’ Thousands of German guns began drubbing the opposing French, Dutch and Belgian positions. ●●

1940 The German army that invaded France in May 1940 was far from being a carefully honed weapon of moder rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German army that invaded France in May 1940 was far from being a carefully honed weapon of modern armoured warfare.’ Of Germany’s 93 combat-ready divisions on 10 May 1940, only 9 were Panzer divisions, with a total of 2,439 tanks between them. ●●

1940 Though Germany’s overall tank strength in May 1940 was certainly not overwhelming, matters would hav rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Though Germany’s overall tank strength in May 1940 was certainly not overwhelming, matters would have been far worse but for the tank production drive that began in the autumn of 1939. ●●

1940 How- ever, the value of goods seized by the victorious Wehrmacht was clearly enormous.*' A French en rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story How- ever, the value of goods seized by the victorious Wehrmacht was clearly enormous.*' A French enumeration of goods taken by the Germans between 1940 and 1944 came to no less than 154 billion francs or 7.7 billion Reichsmarks, at official exchange ●●

1940 395 EZ Britain and America: Hitler’s Strategic Dilemma In July 1940, in a desperate bid to unhitch rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 395 EZ Britain and America: Hitler’s Strategic Dilemma In July 1940, in a desperate bid to unhitch the Soviet Union from its pact with Germany, Churchill sent Stafford Cripps, his new ambassador in Moscow, to a meeting with the Soviet dictator. ●●

1940 But once Roosevelt was safely re-elected in Nov- ember 1940 and the Anglo-American alliance began to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But once Roosevelt was safely re-elected in Nov- ember 1940 and the Anglo-American alliance began to take on concrete form, the Third Reich too faced an acute strategic dilemma.’ In the short term neither Britain nor America posed a direct military t ●●

1940 Despite the euphoria that followed the victory parades of July 1940, these basic preconditions for t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Despite the euphoria that followed the victory parades of July 1940, these basic preconditions for the defeat of Britain were never met.’ At no point in the war did Germany assemble the naval or aerial forces necessary to dominate the British Isles t ●●

1940 461 1940 - Newfoundland, Bermuda, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 461 1940 - Newfoundland, Bermuda, St ●●

1940 Battle of Britain enters critical phase rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By September 1940, Hitler faces strategic dilemma after both German navy and Luftwaffe fail to achieve decisive victory; Germany lacks technology and resources for successful invasion. ●●

1940 Hitler faces strategic dilemma after Battle of Britain failure rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By September 1940, German navy and Luftwaffe fail; Hitler cannot bring decisive weapon against Britain. ●●

1940 Jack Parsons Communicates with Crowley rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda describes that Ray and Mildred Burlingame were in direct communication with Alistair Crowley in the 1940s when Jack Parsons was being considered for a leadership position with the OTO Agape Lodge. ●●

1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Japanese air strike on Pearl Harbor began at 7:55 on December 7, 1941, and within thirty minutes wiped out the Battle Line of the Pacific Fleet. American losses included some 2,400 killed and four battleships sunk. ●●

1941 Year 1941: Iran’s Foreign Policy 1941–1973 (Charlottesville: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Iran’s Foreign Policy 1941–1973 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1975). ●●