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4052 event(s), page 31 of 41, 27 uncited and 100 outside stories on this page

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  1. 1958 Khrushchev issues the Berlin Ultimatum ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 27, 1958, Khrushchev sent formal notes to the United States, Great Britain, and France declaring the Four-Power Agreement on Berlin null and void and insisting that West Berlin be transformed into a demilitarized free city, with a six-month ultimatum for agreement. ●●
  2. 1958 Khrushchev issues the Berlin ultimatum ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 10, 1958, Khrushchev delivered a speech demanding an end to Berlin's four-power status and warning that the Soviet Union intended to turn control of its access over to the East German satellite, threatening a fundamental shift in Berlin's international status. ●●
  3. 1958 Egypt and Syria form the United Arab Republic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story on with contemporary international order was taking shape. Some of the more ambitious rulers such as Nasser and Saddam Hussein attempted to enlarge their territorial reach—either through force or by means of demagogic appeals to Arab unity. The short ●●
  4. 1958 Rosenblatt builds the Perceptron neural network ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cornell professor Frank Rosenblatt built a mathematical model of an artificial neural network he called a Perceptron. ●●
  5. 1958 Kilby conceives the monolithic integrated circuit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Working alone during Texas Instruments' company-wide vacation, Jack Kilby sketches the idea of building multiple circuit components on one piece of silicon. ●●
  6. 1958 Kilby demonstrates the first microchip ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kilby demonstrates a working oscillator built on a single sliver of silicon before Texas Instruments executives. ●●
  7. 1958 Pentagon creates ARPA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Spurred by Sputnik, Eisenhower's administration establishes the Advanced Research Projects Agency inside the Pentagon. ●●
  8. 1958 Referendum ratifies French Fifth Republic in Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Each African territory of the French Community voted separately on the new French constitution, a vote Nkrumah says completed the dismantling of the West and Equatorial African federations. ●●
  9. 1959 HIV/AIDS wikidata 0 cit. no story spectrum of conditions caused by HIV infection ●●●
  10. 1959 J. P. Morgan and Company disappears into Guaranty Trust ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces the decline of the House of Morgan from a partnership founded in 1861 to incorporation in 1940 and its final absorption into the Guaranty Trust Company in 1959. ●●
  11. 1959 Khrushchev visits the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Khrushchev's visit to the United States on September 15-17, 1959 marked a turning point in Soviet-American relations. Impressed despite himself by American prosperity, he revoked his six-month Berlin deadline at Camp David. ●●
  12. 1959 Castro marches into Havana ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The steady attrition of Batista's support let Castro's forces advance across Cuba, and on New Year's Day 1959 he marched into Havana. Within two weeks his firing squads began executing Batista supporters and dissidents. ●●
  13. 1959 Tibetan revolt crushed, Dalai Lama flees, 1959 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chinese pressure on Tibet peaked in March 1959 with an attempt to arrest the Dalai Lama. The resulting revolt was crushed in two weeks and the Dalai Lama fled to India. ●●
  14. 1959 Fortune reveals where New York policy is really made, 1959 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites a 1959 Fortune article that described the private metropolitan clubs where national policy and major deals were actually decided in New York City. ●●
  15. 1959 Conant publishes The American High School Today ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that Conant's 1959 book The American High School Today drove the growth of large secondary schools and the consolidation of small school districts in the 1960s. He treats it as a lever for making schools bigger. ●●
  16. 1959 Eisenhower lays the CIA headquarters cornerstone ai_extracted 2 cit. no story President Eisenhower laid the cornerstone for the CIA's headquarters, calling comprehensive information essential to peace. He warned that in intelligence, success cannot be advertised and failure cannot be explained. ●●
  17. 1959 Bissell takes over clandestine service as Castro seizes power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the same day Richard Bissell became chief of the CIA's clandestine service, Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba. The coincidence framed the agency's next decade. ●●
  18. 1959 Bissell proposes eliminating Castro ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bissell sent Dulles a memo urging consideration of removing Fidel Castro. Dulles struck the word 'elimination' and substituted 'removal' before approving the effort. ●●
  19. 1959 Death of John Foster Dulles ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Secretary of State John Foster Dulles died on May 24, 1959, after shaping Cold War foreign policy. His funeral was broadcast live on national television. ●●
  20. 1959 Reynolds and TI win the British Aluminium War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By January, 6,1959, Reynolds/TI announced that it had achieved majority control of British Aluminium stock. Siegmund Warburg had defied the British... ●●
  21. 1959 Roy Thomson acquires the Sunday Times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1959, Siegmund advised Roy Thomson, the Toronto barber’s son who owned a chain of Canadian newspapers, in his purchase of the Sunday Times.... ●●
  22. 1959 Khrushchev submits draft Berlin peace treaty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 10, 1959, Khrushchev submitted to the other three occupying powers a draft peace treaty which defined the new status of both Berlin and East Germany, implementing his demands regarding Berlin's demilitarization and future status. ●●
  23. 1959 Robert Mullen and Company founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda asserts that the Mullen Company was founded in 1959 as a front for the CIA, where E. Howard Hunt would later work after his retirement. ●●
  24. 1959 Texas Instruments unveils the solid circuit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Texas Instruments publicly unveils Kilby's integrated circuit, calling it a solid circuit, at a New York engineering conference. ●●
  25. 1959 Noyce conceives his integrated circuit design ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Noyce, working independently at Fairchild, writes in his notebook the idea of placing multiple devices on a single piece of silicon connected by printed metal lines. ●●
  26. 1959 French West and Equatorial African federations dissolved ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The federal institutions that had linked France's West and Equatorial African colonies were wound up, leaving small separate states unable to pool revenue, which Nkrumah presents as the deliberate mechanics of balkanisation. ●●
  27. 1959 Nkrumah opens the Bank of Ghana ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nkrumah recalls his own speech opening the Bank of Ghana, in which he set out the decisive part a central bank must play in a country's drive for economic and financial self-government. ●●
  28. 1959 AFL-CIO wins control of the ICFTU executive ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The American AFL-CIO union centre fought for and won control of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions executive board at a Brussels meeting, extending Washington's reach into international labour politics. ●●
  29. 19 April 1960 April Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story popular uprising in South Korea in April 1960 by labor and student groups, precipitated by the killing of a high school student by a tear-gas shell in March; led to the resignation of the president S. Rhee and the transition to the Second Republic ●●●
  30. 1 August 1960 Independence of Benin 0 cit. no story Dahomey, later renamed Benin, becomes independent from France during the wave of African decolonization in 1960. politics ●●●
  31. 5 August 1960 Independence of Burkina Faso 0 cit. no story Upper Volta, renamed Burkina Faso in 1984, becomes independent from France. politics ●●●
  32. 1 January 1960 Independence of Cameroon 0 cit. no story French Cameroon becomes independent; the southern British Cameroons joined it in 1961 to form a federal republic. politics ●●●
  33. 13 August 1960 Independence of the Central African Republic 0 cit. no story The Central African Republic becomes independent from France, formerly the colony of Ubangi-Shari. politics ●●●
  34. 11 August 1960 Independence of Chad 0 cit. no story Chad becomes independent from France, with Francois Tombalbaye as its first president. politics ●●●
  35. 30 June 1960 Independence of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 0 cit. no story The Belgian Congo becomes independent with Patrice Lumumba as prime minister, followed quickly by the Congo Crisis. politics ●●●
  36. 15 August 1960 Independence of the Republic of the Congo 0 cit. no story The French Congo becomes the independent Republic of the Congo with Brazzaville as its capital. politics ●●●
  37. 16 August 1960 Independence of Cyprus 0 cit. no story Cyprus becomes an independent republic after British rule, under a power-sharing constitution between Greek and Turkish Cypriots. politics ●●●
  38. 17 August 1960 Independence of Gabon 0 cit. no story Gabon becomes independent from France, the last of the French Equatorial African states to do so in August 1960. politics ●●●
  39. 7 August 1960 Independence of Ivory Coast 0 cit. no story Ivory Coast becomes independent from France under Felix Houphouet-Boigny. politics ●●●
  40. 26 June 1960 Independence of Madagascar 0 cit. no story Madagascar becomes independent from France as the Malagasy Republic. politics ●●●
  41. 22 September 1960 Independence of Mali 0 cit. no story After the short-lived Mali Federation with Senegal collapses, the Republic of Mali proclaims its full independence. politics ●●●
  42. 28 November 1960 Independence of Mauritania 0 cit. no story Mauritania becomes independent from France as the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. politics ●●●
  43. 3 August 1960 Independence of Niger 0 cit. no story Niger becomes independent from France with Hamani Diori as its first president. politics ●●●
  44. 1 October 1960 Independence of Nigeria 0 cit. no story Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, becomes independent from Britain. politics ●●●●
  45. 4 April 1960 Independence of Senegal 0 cit. no story Senegal signs the independence agreement with France as part of the Mali Federation, becoming a separate republic when the federation split in August 1960. politics ●●●
  46. 1 July 1960 Independence of Somalia 0 cit. no story British Somaliland and the Italian-administered trust territory unite as the independent Somali Republic. politics ●●●
  47. 27 April 1960 Independence of Togo 0 cit. no story French Togoland becomes the independent Togolese Republic. politics ●●●
  48. 5 July 1960 to 25 November 1965 Congo Crisis 0 cit. no story The newly independent Congo collapses into secession, UN intervention, and Cold War proxy struggle, with Prime Minister Lumumba murdered. Mobutu's 1965 coup ends the crisis and begins three decades of dictatorship. politics / war ●●●
  49. 13 November 1960 to 29 December 1996 Guatemalan Civil War 0 cit. no story Leftist guerrillas fight US-backed military governments for 36 years. State violence, including genocidal campaigns against Maya communities, accounts for most of the roughly 200,000 dead. politics / war ●●●
  50. 1960 Quigley: I have studied this network for twenty years ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley states he knows the international Anglophile network, which he identifies as the Round Table Groups, because he studied it for twenty years and was allowed in the early 1960s to examine its papers and secret records. ●●
  51. 1960 Forced collectivization of East German agriculture ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In three months, February-April 1960, almost a million East German farmers were forced into fewer than 20,000 collective farms by violence and social pressure. As in Stalin's Russia, the result was a collapse of agricultural production. ●●
  52. 1960 Mikoyan trade agreement draws Cuba toward the USSR ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The long visit of Soviet Deputy Premier Anastas Mikoyan in February 1960 forced a US reconsideration of its nonintervention policy toward Cuba. The agreement promised Cuba petroleum and arms for its sugar and led toward Soviet diplomatic ties. ●●
  53. 1960 Soviet advisers withdrawn from China, 1960 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the summer of 1960 the Soviet Union pulled almost all its technical and military advisers out of China. Quigley marks this as a major step in the deepening Sino-Soviet rift. ●●
  54. 1960 Independence of Nigeria, 1960 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nigeria, the largest British colonial territory with 35 million people, did not become free until 1960, its delay caused by deep internal divisions among its three regions. ●●
  55. 1960 Independence of the Mali Republic, 1960 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Senegal and the Sudanese Republic, briefly joined as the Mali Republic, won independence in April 1960, setting off a flood of declarations of independence across French Africa. ●●
  56. 1960 Formation of the Brazzaville Twelve, 1960 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In December 1960 twelve French-oriented African states formed the Brazzaville Twelve, a moderate, pro-French bloc for cooperation in Africa and at the United Nations. ●●
  57. 1960 De Gaulle forces through French nuclear force bill, 1960 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November-December 1960 De Gaulle used Article 49 to create an independent French nuclear force without letting the Assembly debate or vote on the bill, despite an apparent majority against it. ●●
  58. 1960 School administrators grow far faster than students, 1960-1990 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites figures that from 1960 to 1990 student population rose 61 percent while the number of school administrators grew 342 percent. ●●
  59. 1960 Gatto's figure on Black two-parent households in New York, 1960 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues that in 1960, 85 percent of African American children in New York lived in intact two-parent households, a share he claims fell sharply as schools and welfare bureaucracies expanded. ●●
  60. 1960 Eisenhower says he would like to resign after U-2 lies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Confronted with the collapse of the U-2 cover story, Eisenhower privately said he wished to resign. The episode ended the doctrine of plausible deniability. ●●
  61. 1960 Eisenhower orders Lumumba eliminated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At a National Security Council meeting, President Eisenhower directed that Congolese prime minister Patrice Lumumba be killed. The order was recalled years later in secret Senate testimony. ●●
  62. 1960 Kennedy defeats Nixon by a razor-thin margin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Kennedy narrowly won the 1960 presidential election. Nixon blamed the CIA for his defeat. ●●
  63. 1960 Kennedy elected president, retains Allen Dulles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John F. Kennedy wins a narrow victory in the presidential election. Two days later, he announces his cabinet selections, including retaining Allen Dulles as CIA director. ●●
  64. 1960 NSC weighs military action over the Congo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ambassador Timberlake briefs the National Security Council on August 1. The council decides the United States must be prepared to take military action to prevent Soviet intervention in the Congo. ●●
  65. 1960 Kasavubu dismisses Prime Minister Lumumba ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Kasavubu broadcasts an announcement on Radio Leo dismissing Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and naming a successor, precipitating a major political crisis. ●●
  66. 1960 Mobutu seizes power in the Congo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Colonel Joseph Mobutu announces on Radio Leo that he has decided to neutralize both Lumumba and Kasavubu, close parliament, and establish military rule under a College of Commissars. ●●
  67. 1960 Lumumba escapes house arrest in Leopoldville ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During a tropical rainstorm, Patrice Lumumba escapes from his residence which has been surrounded by guards. He flees Leopoldville in a convoy attempting to reach his stronghold in Stanleyville. ●●
  68. 1960 First postwar German stock listed in London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1960, Siegmund arranged a London share quotation for the August Thyssen steel combine—the first listing of a German stock since the war. Since... ●●
  69. 1960 Nigeria gains independence from Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Nigeria was granted independence from Britain in 1960, it was bequeathed a democratic constitution that provided for regular elections. ●●
  70. 1960 Licklider publishes 'Man-Computer Symbiosis' ai_extracted 2 cit. no story J.C.R. Licklider's paper proposed a tight coupling of human brains and computing machines. ●●
  71. 1960 Congo becomes independent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the day the Congo became independent, Nkrumah writes, there began a chapter of financial manoeuvring by Belgian and American interests that historians would later scrutinise closely. ●●
  72. 1960 Belgium dissolves the Comite Special du Katanga ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A hurried Belgian decree issued three days before the Congo's independence day dissolved the semi-official Comite Special du Katanga, a manoeuvre Nkrumah says was designed to keep control of mineral wealth out of Congolese hands. ●●
  73. 1961 Seventh cholera pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story the cholera pandemic, which spread mainly between 1961 and 1975, but the strain involved persists to the present ●●●
  74. 19 June 1961 Independence of Kuwait 0 cit. no story Kuwait becomes fully independent as Britain ends the 1899 protectorate agreement. politics ●●●
  75. 27 April 1961 Independence of Sierra Leone 0 cit. no story Sierra Leone becomes independent from Britain under Prime Minister Milton Margai. politics ●●●
  76. 1 September 1961 to 29 May 1991 Eritrean War of Independence 0 cit. no story Eritrean rebels fight Ethiopian rule for thirty years, outlasting both imperial and communist governments. Eritrea wins de facto independence in 1991, formalized by referendum in 1993. politics / war ●●●
  77. 4 February 1961 to 25 April 1974 Portuguese Colonial War 0 cit. no story Portugal fights independence movements in its African colonies for thirteen years. War-weariness triggers the 1974 Carnation Revolution in Lisbon, and the colonies win independence. politics / war ●●●
  78. 1961 Quigley: seventeen merchant banks at the core of English finance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues a handful of private merchant banking firms sat at the core of English financial life and kept influence over the Bank of England. As late as 1961 a Baring was named governor, with a board including Lazard, Hambros, and Morgan Grenfell. ●●
  79. 1961 United Nations membership more than doubles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes UN membership rising from 51 states in 1945 to 104 by 1961, with an astronomical spread of power between the strongest and weakest members. ●●
  80. 1961 Soviet Union resumes testing with 58-megaton bomb ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1961 the Soviet Union broke the three-year test moratorium to seek smaller warheads, having realized it had fallen behind in ICBMs. To conceal this purpose, it publicized the explosion of a 58-megaton thermonuclear bomb, the largest ever used. ●●
  81. 1961 First humans sent into space ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April and August 1961 Soviet Vostok vehicles sent the first human beings into space, Gagarin and Titov, recovered on Soviet soil. The feats astounded world opinion and drove immense US investment in science and education. ●●
  82. 1961 Berlin Wall built ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On August 13, 1961 East German authorities sealed the frontier with a 'death strip' and hastily built a wall dividing East from West Berlin. It was meant to stop the flood of East Germans fleeing to the prosperous West, though thousands still escaped. ●●
  83. 1961 Castro declares himself a Marxist-Leninist ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After proclaiming Cuba a socialist state on May Day 1961, Castro announced his own Marxist-Leninist beliefs in a two-day speech on December 1-2, 1961. Quigley argues he was not a convinced Communist but a power-hungry, emotionally unstable individual. ●●
  84. 1961 Alliance for Progress charter signed at Punta del Este ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The formal agreement for the Alliance for Progress was signed by all Organization of American States members except Cuba at Punta del Este, Uruguay, on August 17, 1961. Its aims were admirable but its implementation remained deficient. ●●
  85. 1961 UAMS charter signed at Tananarive, 1961 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Union of African and Malagasy States, the moderate French-linked grouping, did not sign its charter of union until its fourth conference, at Tananarive, in September 1961. ●●
  86. 1961 Army revolt in Algeria, 1961 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The mutiny of several army contingents in Algeria in April 1961 showed the opposition to De Gaulle was largely confined to the highest officers, whom he then removed. ●●
  87. 1961 Britain applies to join the Common Market, 1961 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Driven by the EEC's prosperity, Macmillan applied for British membership in the European Economic Community in August 1961, opening many months of onerous negotiations. ●●
  88. 1961 Eisenhower warns of a scientific-technological elite ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his 1961 farewell address, President Dwight Eisenhower warned that public policy could become captive to a scientific-technological elite. Wood presents this as an early caution against technocracy. ●●
  89. 1961 Gatto begins teaching in New York City ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts starting his career as a schoolteacher in 1961, when what John Dewey called the new individualism dominated urban American schooling. ●●
  90. 1961 Patrice Lumumba executed in the Congo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lumumba was captured by CIA-backed Joseph Mobutu and handed to his enemies. A Belgian officer shot him dead just before Kennedy's inauguration. ●●
  91. 1961 Intelligence board urges reassessment of covert action ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities issued final recommendations questioning whether covert action was worth its costs. It called for a total reassessment of the CIA's programs. ●●
  92. 1961 Eisenhower leaves a 'legacy of ashes' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At his final National Security Council meetings, an angry Eisenhower said he had failed to reform American intelligence. He told Dulles he would leave a legacy of ashes to his successor. ●●
  93. 1961 CIA arms Dominican conspirators against Trujillo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The agency was told a small-arms shipment was headed to Dominican plotters planning to kill dictator Rafael Trujillo. The Special Group had approved the decision a week earlier. ●●
  94. 1961 Rafael Trujillo assassinated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo was gunned down two weeks after the arms warning. It was the closest the CIA had come to a White House-directed murder. ●●
  95. 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion begins with air strikes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Eight American B-26 bombers hit Cuban airfields as the CIA's exile brigade sailed for the Bay of Pigs. The strikes destroyed only part of Castro's air force. ●●
  96. 1961 Bay of Pigs ends in disaster ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Castro's forces crushed the CIA-backed brigade on the beaches in sixty hours. Most of the invaders were captured and over a hundred died. ●●
  97. 1961 Allen Dulles retires as director of central intelligence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Bay of Pigs failure, Allen Dulles left the CIA. His long tenure of unchecked covert action came to an end. ●●
  98. 1961 Berlin Wall erected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story East Germany sealed off West Berlin, first with barbed wire and then concrete. The CIA found it could do little in East Germany. ●●
  99. 1961 Kennedys create Special Group (Augmented) to eliminate Castro ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John and Robert Kennedy set up a secret planning cell devoted to overthrowing Fidel Castro. It reported directly to the attorney general. ●●
  100. 1961 West German spy chief Heinz Felfe arrested as Soviet mole ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Heinz Felfe, head of West German counterintelligence, was exposed as a Soviet agent. He had betrayed roughly seventy CIA operations and the identities of over a hundred officers. ●●