Events, Verisoph

1961 Jane Jacobs publishes The Death and Life of Great American Cities ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jane Jacobs publishes The Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961, offering a comprehensive critique of high-modernist urban planning doctrine. Her work emphasizes street-level observation and the functional superiority of urban diversity over planned segregation. ●●

1961 CIA Langley headquarters dedicated; Dulles honored ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Kennedy allows Allen Dulles to remain in office long enough to attend a dedication ceremony for the new CIA headquarters at Langley, Virginia. Kennedy awards Dulles the National Security Medal. ●●

1961 Soviet party program vows to surpass US output ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Soviet leaders formally adopt a party program promising that by 1970 the Soviet Union will surpass the United States in industrial output. Brzezinski notes this goal was not achieved. ●●

1961 Gomulka denounces Soviet collectivization ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Polish communist leader Wladyslaw Gomulka publicly labels Soviet collectivization as the beginning of lawlessness, violation of socialist legality, and establishment of fear, marking significant dissent within communist bloc. ●●

1961 Khrushchev pledges support for wars of national liberation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 6, 1961, two weeks before Kennedy’s inauguration, Khrushchev described “wars of national liberation” as “sacred” and pledged Soviet support for them. ●●

1961 Kennedy delivers his first State of the Union Address ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the time, however, Kennedy, in his first State of the Union Address on January 31, 1961, treated Khrushchev’s speech as proof of the Soviet Union’s and China’s “ambitions for world domination—ambitions which they forcefully restated only a short t ●●

1961 Kennedy launches the Alliance for Progress ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Kennedy’s 1961 Alliance for Progress introduced foreign aid and economic cooperation, though the farsighted policy was doomed by the statist orientation of the recipients. ●●

1961 Kuwait becomes independent from Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1961, Kuwait became “independent,” again because Britain declared it to be so, and Iraq massed troops at the border, ●●

1961 Kennedy commits the nation to a moon landing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Kennedy's speech commits America to a moon landing, spurring demand for microchips small enough for a rocket's guidance computer. ●●

1961 DEC donates a PDP-1 computer to MIT ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Digital Equipment Corporation donates a PDP-1 to MIT, giving hackers at the Tech Model Railroad Club a machine to experiment on. ●●

1961 Guinea threatens to expropriate Bauxites du Midi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Guinean government warned Bauxites du Midi that if it had not begun building an aluminium factory at Boke within three months, its installations would be expropriated. ●●

1961 Gold Fields American Corporation formed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A new company, Gold Fields American Corporation, was formed as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gold Fields Mining & Industrial to manage the group's push into American markets. ●●

1961 Algiers putsch by anti-de Gaulle generals fails ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nkrumah cites the failed April 1961 revolt of anti-de Gaulle generals in Algeria as one of several examples where Western intelligence services shaped the outcome of political crises. ●●

1961 Kennedy establishes the Peace Corps ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President John Kennedy established the American Peace Corps, placing his brother-in-law Sargent Shriver in charge, an organisation Nkrumah alleges was screened and shaped by the FBI and used for intelligence purposes. ●●

5 July 1962 Independence of Algeria 0 cit. no story Algeria becomes independent from France after an eight-year war of independence and the Evian Accords. politics / war ●●●●

1 July 1962 Independence of Burundi 0 cit. no story Burundi becomes independent from Belgian trusteeship as a kingdom, separating from Ruanda-Urundi. politics ●●●

6 August 1962 Independence of Jamaica 0 cit. no story Jamaica becomes independent from Britain after more than three hundred years of colonial rule. politics ●●●

1 July 1962 Independence of Rwanda 0 cit. no story Rwanda becomes independent from Belgian trusteeship as a republic, separating from Ruanda-Urundi. politics ●●●

1 January 1962 Independence of Samoa 0 cit. no story Western Samoa becomes independent from New Zealand administration, the first Pacific island state to gain independence. politics ●●

31 August 1962 Independence of Trinidad and Tobago 0 cit. no story Trinidad and Tobago becomes independent from Britain under Eric Williams; it became a republic in 1976. politics ●●

9 October 1962 Independence of Uganda 0 cit. no story Uganda becomes independent from Britain with Milton Obote as prime minister. politics ●●●

1962 Cuban Missile Crisis marks Cold War peak ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates the culmination of the Cold War to the Cuban crisis of October 1962, after which he argues the rivalry began to fade into 'competitive coexistence.' ●●

1962 Chinese attack on India and Sino-Soviet break ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The third phase of postwar Far Eastern history ended with China's attack on India in October 1962 and the open break between Communist China and the Soviet Union at the end of that year. ●●

1962 Missile race runs from Cuban crisis to Kennedy's death ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley frames the seven-year missile race as reaching its culmination and denouement in the year from the Cuban missile crisis of October-November 1962 to Kennedy's death in November 1963. The 'balance of terror' achieved by 1960 led directly to this outcome. ●●

1962 Soviet missile buildup in Cuba begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Soviet missile buildup in Cuba began in August 1962 and proceeded with amazing speed. The White House grew suspicious by early September, but aerial photography did not confirm missile placements until October 15th. ●●

1962 Kennedy announces quarantine of Cuba ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his speech of October 22, 1962, President Kennedy established a quarantine on offensive equipment bound for Cuba and demanded dismantling of the missile sites. He warned that any missile launched from Cuba would be treated as a Soviet attack requiring full retaliation. ●●

1962 Soviet ships turn back at the Cuban quarantine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On Thursday, October 25, 1962, twelve of twenty-five Soviet ships en route to Cuba turned back. Quigley marks this as the moment the Kremlin backed down in the confrontation. ●●

1962 Khrushchev accepts settlement of the missile crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On Sunday, October 28, 1962, Moscow radio announced Khrushchev's acceptance: work on the missile sites would stop and they would be dismantled under UN observation. In return the President would promise not to attack Cuba. ●●

1962 70,000 flee China into Hong Kong, 1962 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During May 1962, 70,000 hungry Chinese crossed the barricaded border into British Hong Kong, exposing China's chronic food crisis to the world. ●●

1962 Ne Win's military coup in Burma, 1962 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1962 General Ne Win ousted the democratic leader U Nu, suspended the constitution, and ruled through a junta of seventeen officers, moving Burma toward Communism. ●●

1962 Sino-Indian War, 1962 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1962 Chinese-Indian border incidents erupted into open war. Indian forces collapsed almost at once, revealing them to be short of supplies, training, and fighting spirit. ●●

1962 Algerian settlement reached, 1962 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After nearly four more years of negotiation, the Algerian rebels and the De Gaulle regime settled the dispute on March 18, 1962. Quigley estimates the seven-year conflict cost 250,000 lives. ●●

1962 Ben Bella's visit to the Western Hemisphere, 1962 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Algeria's new leader Ben Bella toured the Western Hemisphere in October 1962 seeking economic concessions, then attacked U.S. policy from Havana, displaying the erratic style of many new states. ●●

1962 De Gaulle wins referendum on presidential election, 1962 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By referendum on October 28, 1962, over the opposition of all parties but his own, De Gaulle won almost 62 percent approval to elect the president by popular vote. ●●

1962 Nassau Conference on Anglo-American nuclear cooperation, 1962 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the Nassau Conference of December 1962, Macmillan and Kennedy sought to settle Anglo-American differences and to counter De Gaulle's weakening of NATO, agreeing to abandon Skybolt and pursue a multinational force. ●●

1962 Engel v. Vitale and Abington v. Schempp ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto lists court rulings that removed prayer from public schools, including Engel v. Vitale (1962) and Abington v. Schempp (1963). He cites them to argue verbal school prayer was ruled unconstitutional even when neutral and voluntary. ●●

1962 Nelson Mandela arrested and imprisoned ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The ANC leader Nelson Mandela was arrested and jailed in South Africa, with the CIA reportedly helping to finger him. The agency had worked closely with South Africa's Bureau of State Security. ●●

1962 CIA creates the 'Rifle' assassination program ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bill Harvey set up an executive-action program aimed at killing foreign leaders, including Castro. He retained a stateless foreign agent for the work. ●●

1962 Robert Kennedy briefed on the Rifle project ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The attorney general was told in full about the CIA's assassination program. He objected to the Mafia's role but did nothing to stop the plots. ●●

1962 Kennedy installs Oval Office taping system ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kennedy switched on a new secret taping system he had ordered installed over the weekend. The first conversation he recorded was a plot against Brazil's president. ●●

1962 McCone predicts Soviet missiles will go to Cuba ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Director John McCone warned, against unanimous expert opinion, that Moscow would place nuclear missiles in Cuba. He had only instinct to go on. ●●

1962 CIA campaign drives out British Guiana's Cheddi Jagan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kennedy, McCone and Bundy decided to depose the elected leftist premier Cheddi Jagan. The president launched a covert campaign that eventually forced him from power. ●●

1962 U-2 discovers a surface-to-air missile site in Cuba ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A CIA analyst spotted an SA-2 missile site in U-2 imagery of Cuba. The find made the White House wary of further overflights. ●●

1962 CIA estimate rejects Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Special National Intelligence Estimate concluded the Soviets would not place nuclear striking forces in Cuba. It became a landmark of misjudgment. ●●

1962 U-2 flight confirms Soviet missiles in Cuba ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Major Richard Heyser flew a U-2 over western Cuba and photographed the missile sites. Analysts confirmed they were Soviet medium-range ballistic missiles. ●●

1962 Kennedy decides to take out the Cuban missiles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After seeing the U-2 photos, Kennedy ordered strike plans prepared and said the missiles would be destroyed. The Cuban missile crisis had begun. ●●

1962 Kennedy announces the Cuban blockade to the world ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kennedy chose McCone's strategy of a naval blockade backed by the threat of attack. He revealed the decision in a televised address. ●●

1962 U-2 shot down over Cuba during missile crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A U-2 was downed over Cuba, killing Air Force Major Rudolf Anderson. The Joint Chiefs pushed for a full-scale attack. ●●

1962 Secret Cuba-Turkey missile trade ends the crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Kennedy secretly told Soviet ambassador Dobrynin the US would remove missiles from Turkey in exchange for withdrawal from Cuba. The deal was kept hidden for decades. ●●

1962 National Reconnaissance Office founded to build spy satellites ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The NRO was created to develop and run America's spy satellites. Air force generals soon fought the CIA for control of the program. ●●

1962 Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rachel Carson published Silent Spring in 1962, a foundational work criticizing pesticide use and promoting ecological awareness. The book challenged the dominance of chemical agriculture and monoculture practices. ●●

1962 Dulles International Airport dedicated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Kennedy officially opened Dulles International Airport, named after John Foster Dulles. Both President Eisenhower and Allen Dulles attended the dedication. ●●

1962 Khrushchev splits the Soviet Communist Party ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Khrushchev implements a drastic reform splitting the Soviet Communist Party into two separate organisms: one for agricultural matters and one for industrial problems, reflecting recognition that the political system had become dysfunctional. ●●

1962 Minneapolis newspaper strike ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Minneapolis had been without newspaper for months, chief of police reports less crime circulating without newspaper ideas ●●

1962 Russell completes the Spacewar video game ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Steve Russell and fellow hackers finish Spacewar, the first widely shared computer video game, on MIT's PDP-1. ●●

1962 Licklider recruited to lead ARPA's information office ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Licklider is brought to Washington to head a new ARPA office on information processing, which he renames the Information Processing Techniques Office. ●●

1962 UN report documents Africa's widening industrial gap ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A UN Economic Commission for Africa report, cited by Nkrumah, found the industrial gap between Africa and the developed world had widened faster in the twentieth century than ever before. ●●

1963 to 1979 White Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story 1963-1979 reforms by the Shah of Iran ●●●

1963 Assassination of Togo's President Olympio ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In Togo in 1963 a band of soldiers killed President Sylvanus Olympio and replaced him with a recalled exile, an example Quigley gives of collapsing statehood under the nuclear umbrella. ●●

1963 Test Ban Treaty of 1963 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The official Test Ban Treaty of August 1963 was the first formal agreement based on recognition of common Soviet-American interests. It aimed to preserve the stalemate and hamper the spread of nuclear weapons to additional powers. ●●

1963 Open warfare in the Plaine des Jarres, Laos, 1963 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The uneasy 1962 troika coalition in Laos broke down when Pathet Lao attacks, staged from North Vietnam, erupted into open warfare in the Plaine des Jarres in April 1963. ●●

1963 Overthrow of the Diem family, 1963 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 1, 1963, an American-encouraged coup led by General Duong Van Minh overthrew the Diem family and killed several of its members, ending the regime's Buddhist persecutions. ●●

1963 Death of Gaitskell; Wilson leads Labour, 1963 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Labour leader Hugh Gaitskell died early in 1963 and was succeeded as party leader by Harold Wilson, a skilled intra-party manipulator with a Left-wing record. ●●

1963 De Gaulle vetoes British entry to the EEC, 1963 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1963 De Gaulle rejected Britain's seventeen-month-old application to join the EEC, and on January 29 France vetoed continuance of the Brussels talks, suspending Europe's political unity. ●●

1963 Assassination of President Kennedy, 1963 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. Quigley calls it the most significant governmental change in years, given the power of the American presidency. ●●

1963 California forced sterilization program ends ai_extracted 1 cit. no story California's eugenics and forced sterilization program continued to operate until 1963. ●●

1963 FitzGerald meets Cuban agent Cubela in plot to kill Castro ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA officer Desmond FitzGerald met agent Rolando Cubela in Paris, posing as an emissary of Robert Kennedy. He promised the weapons Cubela wanted to assassinate Castro. ●●

1963 Kennedy laments the assassination of South Vietnam's Diem ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kennedy dictated a memo taking responsibility for the coup and killing of President Ngo Dinh Diem. He called the manner of the death particularly abhorrent. ●●

1963 Buddhist monk Quang Duc immolates himself in Saigon ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A monk protesting Diem's oppression set himself on fire in a Saigon intersection. Photographs of the immolation shocked the world. ●●

1963 Ambassador Lodge commits to overthrowing Diem ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Newly arrived ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge cabled Washington that the effort to remove Diem could not be reversed. The White House approved concealing the American role. ●●

1963 President Diem overthrown and killed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story South Vietnamese generals seized power and murdered President Diem and his brother. CIA officer Lucien Conein reported the death to the American embassy. ●●

1963 President Kennedy assassinated in Dallas ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Kennedy was shot dead in Dallas. The CIA scrambled to assess whether the killing was a foreign conspiracy. ●●

1963 Oswald telephones the Soviet embassy in Mexico City ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA wiretaps recorded Lee Harvey Oswald contacting the Soviet embassy about a visa. The intercept later linked him to Soviet officials weeks before the assassination. ●●

1963 Warren Commission created to investigate Kennedy's killing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Johnson persuaded Chief Justice Earl Warren to lead an inquiry into the assassination. He assembled the commission in a rush of phone calls. ●●

1963 Hoover calls FBI's Oswald handling 'gross incompetency' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story J. Edgar Hoover privately condemned the FBI's failures in tracking Oswald before the assassination. His memo stayed secret for decades. ●●

1963 Soviet spy Kim Philby flees to Moscow ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Angleton's British counterintelligence mentor, Kim Philby, was revealed as a Soviet agent and fled to Moscow. He had been suspected for twelve years. ●●

1963 Lodge arrives as ambassador to South Vietnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lodge found South Vietnam in turmoil when he arrived on Friday evening, August 23,1963 (1963) ●●

1963 Warburg endows European graphology foundation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To further her work, Siegmund in 1963 endowed from his own pocket the European Foundation of Graphological Science and Application, creating a chair... ●●

1963 Warburg arranges the first Eurobond issue ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The historic deal was signed on July 1, 1963. (The real recipient of the money was the steel-making company Finsider, a sister subsidiary of the... ●●

1963 Vietnamese Communist Central Committee adopts new war strategy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Communist Party Central Committee meeting in December 1963 laid down the new strategy: guerrilla units would be strengthened, and infiltration into the South accelerated. ●●

1963 Eric Havelock publishes Preface to Plato ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Eric Havelock publishes Preface to Plato analyzing contrasts between oral and written cultures of the Greeks ●●

1963 Morgan group acquires majority of M. Samuel & Co. ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The chairman of M. Samuel & Co. told shareholders that the Morgan group had acquired a majority of the firm's shares, a deal Nkrumah reads as public confession of Europe's financial subservience to American capital. ●●

21 September 1964 Independence of Malta 0 cit. no story Malta becomes independent from Britain; it became a republic in 1974. politics ●●

26 April 1964 Formation of Tanzania 0 cit. no story Tanganyika, independent from Britain since 1961, unites with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanzania. politics ●●●

24 October 1964 Independence of Zambia 0 cit. no story Northern Rhodesia becomes the independent Republic of Zambia under Kenneth Kaunda. politics ●●●

1964 Military coup ousts Goulart in Brazil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley points to Washington's joy at the April 1964 military coup that ejected the left-of-center Joao Goulart government from Brazil. He notes that government, however incompetent, at least recognized Brazil's urgent social and economic problems. ●●

1964 Goldwater captures the Republican nomination, 1964 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the 1964 capture of the Republican National Party by extremist elements, to run Barry Goldwater for president with petty-bourgeois support alone, a temporary aberration in American politics. ●●

1964 French force de frappe becomes operational, 1964 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of 1964 France had twenty operational Mirage IV nuclear bombers, produced at one a month and matched by one plutonium bomb a month from the Marcoule pile, giving France an independent nuclear force. ●●

1964 Labour wins the British general election, 1964 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Conservatives' reluctance to face Britain's problems pushed voters toward Labour, which won the general election of October 1964 by a bare majority in the House of Commons. ●●

1964 Khrushchev removed; Nehru dies, 1964 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The removal of Khrushchev from office in October 1964 and the death that year of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's prime minister since independence in 1947, were part of a broad turnover of world leaders. ●●

1964 US pressure on Greece over Cyprus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says that in 1964 the Greek ambassador rejected Network demands to divide Cyprus, prompting a crude threat from President Johnson. It links this to the 1967 Greek Gladio coup that followed. ●●

1964 Johnson and the Joint Chiefs seek to widen the Vietnam War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book cites former CIA analyst Ray McGovern that in the summer of 1964 Johnson and the Joint Chiefs were eager to widen the Vietnam War and stepped up attacks on North Vietnam. It presents the escalation as decided against the public's wishes. ●●

1964 The dubious second Gulf of Tonkin incident ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says the evidence for the second Gulf of Tonkin incident on August 4, 1964 was highly dubious, yet it was used to escalate the war. It presents this as a pretext manufactured for a war already decided upon. ●●

1964 KGB officer Yuri Nosenko defects to the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Soviet intelligence officer Yuri Nosenko defected just as Angleton took over the Kennedy assassination inquiry. He claimed the KGB had no ties to Oswald. ●●

1964 CIA imprisons Nosenko in solitary confinement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With Robert Kennedy's approval, the CIA jailed the Soviet defector under harsh conditions for years. Interrogators later concluded he had told the truth. ●●

1964 First Gulf of Tonkin clash with the USS Maddox ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The destroyer Maddox exchanged fire with North Vietnamese patrol boats off the coast. American jets damaged the boats while the Maddox took one bullet hole. ●●

1964 Phantom second Gulf of Tonkin attack ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On a stormy night the Maddox and Turner Joy fired at radar ghosts, reporting an attack that never happened. The false report was used to justify bombing North Vietnam. ●●

1964 Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Based on the disputed attack, Congress authorized the war in Vietnam almost unanimously. Only two senators voted no. ●●

1964 CIA spends millions to defeat Allende in 1964 Chile vote ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The agency pumped roughly $3 million into Chilean politics to beat Salvador Allende. The money helped elect Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei. ●●

1964 Panamanian students riot over Canal Zone flag ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The bloodiest outburst came in 1964, when several hundred Panamanian students marched toward the canal carrying their flag and a banner reading, “Pana (1964) ●●