Events, Verisoph

1585 Bruno leaves England with ambassador Mauvissiere ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The French ambassador Mauvissière is recalled from England and leaves in October. Bruno departs England with him in his suite. ●●

1586 Bruno publishes Centum et viginti articuli in Paris ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno publishes his Centum et viginti articuli (One Hundred and Twenty Articles on Nature and the World against the Peripatetics) in Paris, dedicated to Henri III. ●●

1586 Bruno debates at the College de Cambrai ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno summons the doctors of Paris to hear him present his philosophical articles at the College de Cambrai. The debate takes place on May 28-29, during Pentecost week. ●●

1586 Bruno leaves Paris for Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After his activities in Paris and fearing retribution for his criticism of Aristotle and other conflicts, Bruno leaves Paris around August 1586 to go to Germany. ●●

1586 Bruno teaches at Wittenberg University ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno arrives at Wittenberg and is accepted by the university to teach. He spends two years there (1586-1588) as a professor and lecturer. ●●

1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada secures British sea control, 1588 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates Britain's control of the narrow seas from the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, a security that lasted until air power emerged after 1935. ●●

1588 Bruno publishes Oratio valedictoria at Wittenberg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno delivers and publishes his Oratio valedictoria at Wittenberg, containing his genealogy of wisdom and praise for the university and Martin Luther. ●●

1588 Bruno leaves Wittenberg for Prague ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno departs Wittenberg in early 1588 and travels to Prague where he stays for approximately six months at the court of Emperor Rudolph II. ●●

1588 Bruno publishes Articuli adversus mathematicos in Prague ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno publishes his Articuli adversus mathematicos (Articles Against the Mathematicians) at Prague with decorative diagrams and symbols including the Egyptian Theuti Radius. ●●

1589 Bruno matriculates at Helmstedt University ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Giordano Bruno Nolan enrolls at the Julian University of Brunswick at Helmstedt as a student, matriculating on January 13th. ●●

1589 Venice grants Jews subject status via charter ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jewish merchant Daniel Rodriga successfully negotiated a charter granting all Jews status as Venetian subjects and permitting engagement in Levant trade. ●●

May 1592 to December 1598 Japanese Invasions of Korea 0 cit. no story Toyotomi Hideyoshi twice invades Korea with armies of over 150,000, but Korean naval victories under Yi Sun-sin and Ming Chinese intervention force a withdrawal. The war devastates Korea and drains all three combatants. war ●●●●

1592 Bruno leaves Padua for Venice ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After several months in Padua, Bruno departs for Venice where he lodges with Giovanni Mocenigo and begins teaching him philosophy. ●●

1592 Bruno arrested by the Venetian Inquisition ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno is arrested and incarcerated in the prisons of the Holy Office in Venice on May 26, 1592, after Mocenigo prevents his departure and delivers him to the Inquisition. ●●

1592 Bruno recants before Venetian Inquisitors ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of his Venetian trial, Bruno fully recants all heresies and seeks penitence from his judges before being transferred to Rome for further proceedings. ●●

1592 Campanella meets Galileo in Padua ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1592, six months after Bruno left Padua for Venice, Campanella arrives in Padua where he meets Galileo and remains for about a year or two. ●●

1593 Campanella imprisoned in Padua ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While in prison in Padua in 1593 and 1594, Campanella writes works addressed to Pope Clement VIII defending his theology. ●●

1594 Campanella transferred to the Roman Inquisition ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of 1594, Campanella is transferred from Padua to the prisons of the Inquisition in Rome where he faces charges of heresy and impiety. ●●

1595 Washington's rules of conduct traced to a 1595 Jesuit manual ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto relates a claim that George Washington's rules of conduct were an English translation of a Jesuit manual compiled by French Jesuits in 1595. ●●

1595 Campanella released from Roman prison ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of 1595, Campanella is released from Roman prison, probably through the influence of his powerful protector Lelio Orsini. ●●

1597 Campanella leaves Rome for Naples ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of 1597, Campanella departs Rome for Naples where he confers with astrologers and geographers about celestial portents and political changes. ●●

1598 Campanella organizes Calabrian revolt against Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1598 and 1599, Campanella organizes a revolutionary movement in Calabria aimed at throwing off Spanish rule and establishing a utopian magical republic inspired by his City of the Sun. ●●

1598 Death of Hideyoshi and Tokugawa consolidation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When these failed, and Hideyoshi died in 1598, civil strife again threatened Japan; but within a few years all power had been consolidated in the hands of Ieyasu and fellow shoguns of the Tokugawa cla ●●

1598 James VI publishes The Trew Law of Free Monarchies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story King James I publishes The Trew Law of Free Monarchies, defending the divine right of monarchy. ●●

1599 Bellarmine draws up heretical propositions from Bruno ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Jesuit Robert Bellarmine, assisted by Tragagliolo, draws up eight heretical propositions from Bruno's works for him to abjure. Bruno initially agrees to recant. ●●

1599 Bruno withdraws his recantation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Later in 1599, Bruno withdraws all his previous retractions and maintains obstinately that he has written nothing heretical and that the Inquisition has misinterpreted him. ●●

1599 Calabrian revolt crushed by Spanish forces ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of 1599, the Calabrian revolt is easily crushed by Spanish forces. The prisons of Naples fill with rebellious Dominicans and their supporters undergoing examination and torture. ●●

2 July 1600 Battle of Nieuwpoort wikidata 0 cit. no story battle between the Dutch and the Spanish in the city of Nieuwpoort, now in Belgium ●●

1600 Bruno burned at the stake in Rome ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno is condemned as an impenitent heretic and handed over to the secular arm. He is burned alive on the Campo de' Fiori in Rome on February 17, 1600. ●●

1602 Carlo Maderno extends St Peter's Basilica ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Carlo Maderno begins massive extension of St Peter's Basilica westward from 1602 to 1615. ●●

1604 Simon Studion dedicates Naometria to Duke of Württemberg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Simon Studion dedicates his apocalyptic-prophetic work Naometria to the Duke of Württemberg, containing numerology and prophecies about future European events. ●●

1605 to 1618 Polish-Russian War of 1605-1618 0 cit. no story Poland-Lithuania intervenes in Russia's Time of Troubles, occupying Moscow and backing pretenders to the throne. A Russian national rising expels the Poles and the Romanov dynasty takes power. politics / war ●●●

1605 Gunpowder Plot foiled in England ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roman Catholic attempt to blow up English king and Parliament prevented, celebrated as Protestant victory. ●●

1605 Total solar eclipse observed at Naples ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A total eclipse of the Sun was observed at Naples, during which a luminous ring appeared around the Moon. Kepler attributed this to the ether filling the universe. ●●

1608 Oswald Croll publishes De signatura rerum ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oswald Croll publishes De signatura rerum in Prague, expounding Paracelsist correlation of great and little worlds through astral signatures. ●●

c. 1609 to c. 1701 Beaver Wars 0 cit. no story The Iroquois Confederacy, armed by Dutch and English traders, fights France and its native allies for control of the fur trade. The wars depopulate large parts of the Great Lakes region. economy / war ●●

1609 Henry Hudson explores the Newark estuary and Hudson River ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1609, Henry Hudson, representing the Dutch East India Company, explored the Newark estuary before sailing up the river that bears his name ●●

1609 Racovian Catechism published in Latin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Catechism of Raków produced in Latin version, becoming internationally known statement of anti-Trinitarian belief. ●●

10 April 1610 Treaty of Brussol wikidata 0 cit. no story 1610 treaty between Savoy and France ●●●

1610 James I addresses Parliament on royal sovereignty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story King James I delivers a major speech to Parliament articulating his views on royal sovereignty. ●●

1612 Frederick V lands at Gravesend to court Elizabeth ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick V, Elector Palatine, lands at Gravesend in England on 16 October 1612 to marry Princess Elizabeth, daughter of King James I. ●●

1612 Frederick V and Maurice of Nassau join Order of the Garter ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick V, Elector Palatine, and his uncle Maurice of Nassau are elected to the Order of the Garter on 7 December 1612. ●●

1613 Princess Elizabeth weds Frederick V at Whitehall ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Princess Elizabeth weds Frederick V, Elector Palatine, in the royal chapel at Whitehall on 14 February 1613, in a ceremony full of Protestant symbolism. ●●

1613 Thomas Campion's masque at the royal wedding ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A masque by Thomas Campion, produced by Inigo Jones, is performed at Whitehall on 14 February 1613 after the wedding of Frederick and Elizabeth. ●●

1613 Zemsky sobor legitimizes the Romanov succession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In Russia, a zemskiy sobor (assembly) of nobles was called in 1613 to legitimize the transfer of power to the Romanov Dynasty. ●●

1614 Casaubon dates the Hermetica after ancient Hermes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Isaac Casaubon pointed out critically that the Hermetica could not have been written by the ancient Hermes Trismegistus. ●●

1615 Rosicrucian manifestos appear in Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1614 and 1617, three anonymously written manifestos appeared in Germany that spawned the Rosicrucian movement, one of the most well-known secret societies in modern history. Various self-styled Rosicrucian organizations would later emerge in the US and worldwide. ●●

1617 Robert Fludd publishes Utriusque Cosmi Historia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Fludd publishes his major work Utriusque Cosmi Historia in Oppenheim with title-page engraved by Johann Theodore de Bry. ●●

May 1618 to October 1648 Thirty Years' War 0 cit. no story A revolt in Bohemia grows into a general European war fought largely on German soil, killing millions through battle, famine, and plague. The Peace of Westphalia reshapes Europe around sovereign states. politics / religion / war ●●●●●

1618 to 1683 Manchu Conquest of China 0 cit. no story The Manchus overthrow the Ming dynasty and subdue all of China in a 65-year war that kills an estimated 25 million people. The conquest establishes the Qing dynasty, China's last imperial house. politics / war ●●●●●

1618 Thirty Years' War and Richelieu's use of German disunity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues Richelieu used the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) to play German groups against each other, ensuring the Habsburgs never unified Germany and dooming the Germanies to two more centuries of disunity. ●●

8 November 1620 Battle of White Mountain wikidata 0 cit. no story battle ending Bohemian phase of Thirty Years' War (1620) ●●

1621 Kepler contrasts mathematical and Hermetic diagrams ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Johannes Kepler publishes analyses distinguishing between mathematical diagrams and Hermetic diagrams, contrasting his own mathematical approach with Robert Fludd's Hermetic interpretation. ●●

1623 to 1639 Ottoman, Safavid War wikidata 0 cit. no story ●●●●

1 November 1625 to 15 November 1630 Anglo-Spanish War of 1625-1630 wikidata 0 cit. no story war fought by Spain against the Kingdom of England and the United Provinces ●●●●

1633 to 1634 Polish, Ottoman War of 1633-34 wikidata 0 cit. no story military conflict ●●●●

1634 Hong Taiji builds a Chinese-style bureaucracy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Learning from Chinese advisors who had aided his advance, Hong Taiji established a bureaucracy modeled on the Chinese administration, created two new... ●●

1634 Habsburg victory at the Battle of Nordlingen ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As late as the battle of Nördlingen (1634), Cardinal-Infante’s infantry resisted fifteen charges by the formidable Swedish army and then, like Wellington’s troops at Waterloo, grimly moved forward to ●●

May 1635 to November 1659 Franco-Spanish War of 1635-1659 0 cit. no story France fights Habsburg Spain in a war that outlasts the Thirty Years' War by a decade. The Peace of the Pyrenees marks the passing of European dominance from Spain to France. war ●●●

1635 Anne Hutchinson banished from Massachusetts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anne Hutchinson banished for challenging Puritan piety framework and holding unauthorized devotional meetings. ●●

1636 Hong Taiji renames his dynasty the Qing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1636, after receiving the imperial seal of the Yuan emperors from the widow of a defeated Mongol khan, Hong Taiji renamed the ruling dynasty once a... ●●

1636 Japan bans oceangoing ships and foreign travel ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1636, construction of oceangoing vessels was stopped and Japanese subjects were forbidden to sail the high seas. Trade with Europeans was restricted to the permitted Dutch ship calling at Deshima i ●●

1636 Roger Williams flees Massachusetts for Rhode Island ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Strict separatist Roger Williams flees Massachusetts to escape arrest, eventually establishes Rhode Island. ●●

1640 Portuguese mission to Japan executed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the Portuguese sent a mission in 1640 to protest against the expulsion of foreigners, almost all its members were killed; there could be no attempt at retribution from Lisbon. Finally, Ottoman se ●●

1640 Portuguese revolt against Spanish rule ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moreover, a revolt by the Portuguese in 1640 diverted a steady flow of Spanish troops and resources from northern Europe to much nearer home, although they were never enough to achieve the reunificati ●●

1640 Hobbes publishes Elements of Law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hobbes publishes Elements of Law, his first major work on political philosophy. ●●

1641 Dutch VOC captures Melaka from the Portuguese ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After establish ing a base in the small town of Jayakarta, renamed Batavia (now Jakarta) , on the island ofJava in 1619, the VOC's breakthrough came in 1641 when it captured Melaka... ●●

1642 to 3 September 1651 English Civil War wikidata 0 cit. no story series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists ●●●●

1642 Massachusetts enacts the 'Old Deluder Satan' school law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes early compulsion-school proclamations, including the Massachusetts 'Old Deluder Satan' law of 1642 and its 1645 extension. He argues these earlier laws were largely unenforceable. ●●

1642 Blaise Pascal builds his adding machine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story calculating devices worthy of the name machine, for adding and—through repetition of the adding—multiplying. Blaise Pascal made an adding machine in 1642 with a row of revolving disks, one for each de ●●

1643 French victory at the Battle of Rocroi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Rocroi (1643), although surrounded by the French, the Spaniards fought to the death. Here, indeed, was one of the strongest pillars in the Habsburg edifice; and it is significant that Spanish power ●●

1645 to September 1669 Cretan War 0 cit. no story The Ottomans wrest Crete from Venice in a war centered on the 21-year siege of Candia, one of the longest in history. The loss ends Venice's era as a major Mediterranean power. war ●●

1645 Manchu rule established over China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jamieson dates the founding of the resistance networks that became Chinese secret societies to the fall of the native Ming dynasty, writing that in 1645 'the Manchow rule was finally established,' driving discontented and disaffected people to band together in secret. ●●

1646 Elias Ashmole inducted into a Masonic order ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British esotericist and antiquarian Elias Ashmole wrote in his diaries about being inducted into an order of Masons in 1646, describing the induction ceremony as having spiritual and esoteric qualities. This is one of the earliest explicit references to Freemasonic practice. ●●

1647 Massachusetts School Law of 1647 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites the Massachusetts School Law of 1647 as an early attempt to establish a government-ordered system of schools with means to enforce it. ●●

1648 Spain recognizes Dutch independence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Spain suddenly made peace with the Dutch early in 1648, finally recognizing their full independence; but this was done to deprive France of an ally, and the Franco-Habsburg struggle continued. It beca ●●

1648 Peace of Westphalia severs inland German trade ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years War but severed sea access for inland German states, disrupting trade and prompting relocation to coastal centers. ●●

1649 First English translation of the Qur'an published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First English translation of Qur'an published, meeting storm of abuse from Parliament and clergy. ●●

1651 Hobbes publishes Leviathan ai_extracted 3 cit. no story Thomas Hobbes published Leviathan, his major work of political philosophy. The work was composed in Paris and dedicated to Francis Godolphin. It represents Hobbes's complete theory of the commonwealth and sovereignty. ●●

1652 to 1674 Anglo-Dutch Wars 0 cit. no story England and the Dutch Republic fight three naval wars over trade and sea power. The wars spur the rise of the Royal Navy and hand New Amsterdam to England as New York. economy / war ●●●

July 1655 to May 1660 Second Northern War 0 cit. no story Sweden invades Poland-Lithuania in the devastating occupation Poles call the Deluge, drawing in Russia, Denmark, and Brandenburg. Poland survives but loses perhaps a third of its population. war ●●●

1657 Comenius's Orbis Pictus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto references Comenius's 1657 Orbis Pictus, whose picture-based approach influenced later look-say reading methods. ●●

1657 Stockholms Banco founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Stockholms Banco was established in Stockholm as a bank that engaged in lending as well as payment facilitation, pioneering fractional reserve banking. ●●

1657 Bramhall publishes Castigations of Hobbes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Bramhall publishes his critical response to Hobbes on liberty and necessity. ●●

1657 Quakers arrive in Massachusetts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quakers arrive in Massachusetts determined to spread message of freedom and inner light, raising fears. ●●

1660 György II Rákóczi dies of battle wounds ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prince György II Rákóczi dies from battle wounds after failed campaigns, leading to principality's ruin. ●●

1661 Louis XIV takes personal control of France ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Winning of Wars, 1660–1763 When Louis XIV took over full direction of the French government in March 1661, the European scene was particularly favorable to a monarch determined to impose his views ●●

1665 Great Plague strikes London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the bubonic plague outbreak in London, residents developed practical survival strategies including relocating to the countryside or isolating indoors. These intuitive approaches proved effective despite people's incorrect understanding of plague transmission. ●●

1667 Thomas Sprat publishes History of the Royal Society ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thomas Sprat publishes the authoritative History of the Royal Society with frontispiece designed by John Evelyn and engraved by Wenceslas Hollar. ●●

1668 Latin edition of Leviathan published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Latin edition of Leviathan is published, differing in some respects from the English version. ●●

1670 Kangxi issues the sixteen Sacred Maxims ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Kangxi emperor worked to integrate the Han cultural corpus into his official pronouncements, issuing sixteen Sacred Maxims in 1670. ●●

1672 to 1676 Polish, Ottoman War of 1672-1676 wikidata 0 cit. no story war in South-Eastern Europe (1672-1676) ●●●●

April 1672 to 1678 Franco-Dutch War 0 cit. no story Louis XIV invades the Dutch Republic, which survives by opening its dikes and building a European coalition. The war establishes France as the dominant continental power. war ●●●

1675 to 1679 Scanian War wikidata 0 cit. no story part of the Northern Wars involving the union of Denmark-Norway, Brandenburg and Sweden ●●●●

June 1675 to 1678 King Philip's War 0 cit. no story Wampanoag leader Metacom leads a native coalition against the New England colonies in proportionally one of America's deadliest wars. The colonists' victory breaks native power in southern New England. war ●●

1680 to 1707 Mughal-Maratha Wars 0 cit. no story Emperor Aurangzeb spends 27 years trying to crush the Maratha state in the Deccan, at the cost of millions of lives. The unwinnable war exhausts the Mughal Empire and opens its decline. war ●●●●

1680 Treatise of the Three Impostors written in the Netherlands ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anonymous Treatise of the Three Impostors written in Netherlands, circulated widely in manuscript. ●●

1682 Shackamaxon wikidata 0 cit. no story treaty between William Penn and the Delaware Indians ●●●

1682 Hobbes publishes Behemoth ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hobbes publishes Behemoth, a dialogue examining causes of the English Civil War. ●●

1683 to 1699 Great Turkish War wikidata 0 cit. no story series of conflicts (1683-1699) between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League (Habsburg Empire, Poland-Lithuania, Venice, Russia), ending with the latter's victory ●●●●