Events, Verisoph

1683 Oxford University condemns Leviathan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 21, 1683, the University of Oxford formally passes a judgment condemning Leviathan as pernicious and destructive to princes and society. ●●

1685 Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story King Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes, forcing Huguenots into continent-wide exile. ●●

c. 1687 to c. 1757 Dzungar-Qing Wars 0 cit. no story Qing China fights the Dzungar Mongol khanate for seventy years, ending with the destruction of the Dzungar people. The victory brings Xinjiang, Mongolia, and Tibet under Qing control. war ●●●

September 1688 to September 1697 Nine Years' War wikidata 0 cit. no story war principally fought in Central Europe from 1688 to 1697 ●●●●

28 December 1688 to 1689 Glorious Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story British revolution of 1688 ●●●

1688 The Glorious Revolution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1688 James II, the last Catholic king of England and Scotland, was driven from the throne after trying to restore Roman Catholicism. Parliament invited the Protestants Mary and William of Orange to rule in his place. ●●

1688 Glorious Revolution constitutional settlement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The former succeeded in fighting the latter to a standstill in the course of the seventeenth century, an impasse that eventually resulted in the constitutional settlement of 1688–1689, the Glorious Revolution. ●●

1688 Glorious Revolution ejects a Catholic king ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roman Catholic king ejected from British throne, securing Protestant settlement of British Isles. ●●

March 1689 to October 1691 Williamite War in Ireland 0 cit. no story The deposed James II fights William of Orange for the British thrones on Irish soil, losing at the Boyne and Aughrim. The Protestant victory shapes Irish politics for centuries. politics / religion / war ●●

1689 Peter and Catherine the Great as reformers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley identifies Peter the Great (1689-1725) and Catherine the Great (1762-1796) as the westernizing, reforming rulers in Russia's alternating cycle of reform and reaction. ●●

1689 Russia and the Qing sign the Treaty of Nerchinsk ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1689, with the help of the Qing's Jesuit advisors and Mongolian transla tors, Russian and Qing delegations signed a treaty at N erchinsk, drew up a... ●●

1690 Qing attack Galdan with rival Mongol leaders ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Qing attacked Galdan in 1690, with the help of rival Mongol tribal leaders . ●●

1691 Colonial law banishes those in interracial marriages ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1691 , a law required banishment from the colony of a white man or woman, of any status, who married "a negroe, mulatto or Indian man or woman bond... ●●

1694 Founding of the Bank of England, 1694 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the 1694 founding of the Bank of England by William Paterson one of the great dates in world history, marking England's mastery of credit. ●●

1694 Bank of England created ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Bank of England was created primarily to assist government war finance, becoming distinctive through its note-issuing privileges. ●●

1694 Creation of the Bank of England ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The creation of the Bank of England in 1694 (at first as a wartime expedient) and the slightly later regularization of the national debt on the one hand and the flourishing of the stock exchange and g ●●

1699 Ottoman losses to the Habsburgs, 1699 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as 1699 the sultan lost Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia to the Habsburgs, western Balkan lands to Venice, and northern districts to Poland. ●●

1699 Savery patents the 'miner's friend' pump ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto traces the steam engine to coal mining's drainage problem. Savery patented the 'miner's friend' pump in 1699, which became Newcomen's steam pump for draining British coal mines. ●●

22 February 1700 to 10 September 1721 Great Northern War wikidata 0 cit. no story conflict between anti-Swedish coalition Led by Russia and Swedish empires in 1700-1721 ●●●●

19 July 1701 Nanfan Treaty wikidata 0 cit. no story 1701 treaty between New York and the Iroquois Confederacy ●●●

July 1701 to September 1714 War of the Spanish Succession 0 cit. no story Europe's powers fight over whether a Bourbon may inherit the Spanish throne, with Marlborough's victories checking France. The peace lets Philip V keep Spain but bars union with France and makes Britain a leading power. politics / war ●●●●

1704 Marlborough wins the Battle of Blenheim ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marlborough’s decisive victory at Blenheim (1704) severely hurt the Franco-Bavarian armies and freed Austria from a French invasion threat. The later battle of Ramillies (1706) gave the Anglo-Dutch fo ●●

1706 Birth of Benjamin Franklin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that Benjamin Franklin was born on Milk Street in Boston on January 17, 1706, the youngest son of a candlemaker. ●●

1706 Battle of Ramillies gives Anglo-Dutch the Netherlands ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The later battle of Ramillies (1706) gave the Anglo-Dutch forces most of the southern Netherlands, and that at Oudenarde (1708) brutally stopped the French effort to regain ground there.52 At sea, wit ●●

1 May 1707 Union of Great Britain 0 cit. no story The Acts of Union merge England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain, the founding of the modern British state. politics ●●●●

1707 John Mill documents thirty thousand biblical variants ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Distinguished English biblical scholar John Mill determines approximately thirty thousand variant readings exist. ●●

1708 Mazepa allies with Sweden against Peter the Great ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But when Hetman Ivan Mazepa, one of the richest men in Europe, allied with the king of Sweden against Peter the Great in 1708, Russia, with its own Co... ●●

1708 Battle of Oudenarde halts the French offensive ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The later battle of Ramillies (1706) gave the Anglo-Dutch forces most of the southern Netherlands, and that at Oudenarde (1708) brutally stopped the French effort to regain ground there.52 At sea, wit ●●

1709 Russia defeats Sweden at Poltava ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russia’s stunning defeat of the Swedes at Poltava (1709) alerted the other powers to the fact that the hitherto distant and somewhat barbarous Muscovite state was intent upon playing a role in Europea ●●

6 March 1714 Treaty of Rastatt wikidata 0 cit. no story 1714 peace treaty between France and Austria following the War of the Spanish Succession ●●●

1714 Leibniz writes the Monadology ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Leibniz’s reflections on the nature of mind culminated in his Monadology of 1714, a short text describing a universe of elementary mental particles th ●●

1714 First pipe organ installed in New England ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First pipe organ in New England acquired by Anglican church in Boston, seen as popish by Congregationalists. ●●

23 January 1719 Formation of Liechtenstein 0 cit. no story Emperor Charles VI unites Vaduz and Schellenberg as the Principality of Liechtenstein within the Holy Roman Empire. politics ●●

1719 Treatise of the Three Impostors published in print ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Treatise of Three Impostors finally published in print after circulating as manuscript for decades. ●●

1722 Afghan tribesmen invade Iran and sack Isfahan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Afghan tribesmen sweep down from the north and overrun Iran, even sacking Isfahan, the capital city, in a significant military invasion. ●●

1723 Johann Peter Rockefeller immigrates to America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Johann Peter Rockefeller, a miller, immigrates from Germany to Philadelphia and settles on farms in Somerville and Amwell, New Jersey, acquiring large landholdings. This marks the beginning of the Rockefeller family in America. ●●

1727 Russia and the Qing sign the Kiakhta treaty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The principles of Nerchinsk were firmed up by the Kiakhta treaty, signed in 1727, and the frontier marked with boundary stones. ●●

1729 Fleet and Marshalsea debtors' prison scandal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1729 the horrific conditions of London's Fleet and Marshalsea debtors' prisons were exposed, where poor debtors were left to die of hunger and jail fever. ●●

1729 Emperor Yongzheng bans opium in China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This was a practice that the Emperor Yongzheng had prohibited over a century before, in 1729, because of the high social costs of opium addiction. ●●

c. 1730 to c. June 1747 Campaigns of Nader Shah 0 cit. no story Nader Shah rebuilds Persian power, defeats the Ottomans, and sacks Delhi in 1739, carrying off the Peacock Throne. His assassination in 1747 collapses his empire but leaves Mughal India fatally weakened. war ●●●

October 1733 to October 1735 War of the Polish Succession 0 cit. no story France and its allies fight Austria and Russia over the disputed Polish throne. The fighting settles little in Poland but redraws dynastic holdings in Italy. politics / war ●●

1735 States of Holland proscribe Masonic Lodges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pike claims that because true Masonry bore the banners of Freedom and Equal Rights and rebelled against temporal and spiritual tyranny, the Lodges were proscribed by an edict of the States of Holland in 1735. ●●

1737 to 1740 Great Plague of 1738 wikidata 0 cit. no story Historical event related to an outbreak of bubonic plague in the Balkan Peninsula ●●●

1737 Louis XV forbids Masonic Lodges in France ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pike reports that Louis XV forbade Masonic Lodges in France in 1737, as part of governmental and ecclesiastical suppression of Masonry. ●●

1738 Pope Clement XII condemns Freemasonry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pike records that Pope Clement XII issued a famous Bull of Excommunication against Freemasonry in 1738, empowering bishops and inquisitors to punish Freemasons as suspects of heresy. ●●

December 1740 to October 1748 War of the Austrian Succession 0 cit. no story Prussia's seizure of Silesia from Maria Theresa triggers a general European war fought from India to North America. Prussia keeps Silesia and emerges as a great power. politics / war ●●●

1740 War of the Austrian Succession begins ai_extracted 2 cit. no story The War of the Austrian Succession began in 1740, coinciding with the First Silesian War and the accession of Frederick II (the Great). Clausewitz used this date as the beginning of his historical examples. ●●

1743 The Rothschild banking dynasty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that the greatest of the international banking dynasties descended from Meyer Amschel Rothschild (1743-1812) of Frankfurt, whose sons ran coordinated branches across Europe. ●●

1743 Council of Berne proscribes Freemasonry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pike notes that in 1743 the Council of Berne proscribed Masonry, continuing the ecclesiastical suppression initiated by the papal bull five years earlier. ●●

c. 1744 Founding of the Al Said Sultanate 0 cit. no story Ahmad bin Said is elected imam of Oman, founding the Al Said dynasty that still rules the sultanate; Oman was never colonized. politics ●●●

1746 to 1763 Carnatic Wars 0 cit. no story Britain and France fight through Indian proxies for influence in the Carnatic. British victory drives France from serious contention in India and opens the way for Company rule. politics / war ●●●

1747 Nadir Shah assassinated, Qajar dynasty rises ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nadir Shah is assassinated, and after a series of power struggles lasting nearly fifty years, the Qajar dynasty comes to power. ●●

1748 Franklin sells his business to pursue study ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1748 Franklin, then wealthy at forty-two, sold his printing business to devote himself to study, soon earning a scientific reputation in Europe. ●●

1748 La Mettrie takes refuge with Frederick of Prussia, 1748 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that the materialist writer La Mettrie fled the Netherlands in 1748 and accepted the protection of Frederick of Prussia. ●●

1748 War of the Austrian Succession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first was the War of the Austrian Succession, from 1740 to 1748. ●●

1750 Hasidism emerges in Eastern Europe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Popular Hasidic movement emerges in Eastern Europe, transforming Kabbalah into mass movement centered on Zaddik leaders ●●

28 May 1754 to 7 October 1763 French and Indian War wikidata 0 cit. no story North American theatre of the worldwide Seven Years' War ●●●●

1755 Braddock's defeat at the Monongahela ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts General Edward Braddock's July 9, 1755 crossing of the Monongahela and the ambush that followed, a defeat he argues proved the British could be beaten. ●●

1755 Braddock's army defeated on the Monongahela, 1755 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts Braddock's 1755 defeat, which drove frontier conflict and pushed wealthy Pennsylvania Quakers toward the Anglican camp. ●●

May 1756 to February 1763 Seven Years' War 0 cit. no story Often called the first world war, the conflict pits Britain and Prussia against France, Austria, and Russia across four continents. Britain wins Canada and India, while Prussia survives to confirm its great-power status. politics / war ●●●●●

1756 Nawab of Bengal moves against the East India Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1756 the nawab <?f Bengal nearly threw the East India Company out; this became the occasion for the company to make use of its military capabilitie... ●●

1756 Frederick the Great launches preemptive war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick the Great, perceiving in 1756 that war was unavoidable and that he was lost unless he could forestall his enemies, became the first to initiate hostilities. This was an act of boldness, as few men in his position would have dared to act in this way. ●●

1756 Joseph Black identifies fixed air ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Joseph Black demonstrates that fixed air (carbon dioxide) is consistently distinguishable from normal air. This discovery marks a turning point in pneumatic chemistry and leads to the investigation of gases as distinct substances. ●●

18 June 1757 Battle of Kolín wikidata 0 cit. no story 1757 battle of the Third Silesian War ●●

1757 Franklin sent to England over the Penns ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1757 Franklin was sent to England to protest the influence of the Penns in Pennsylvania's government, remaining there five years. ●●

1759 Britain's annus mirabilis of 1759 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1759, the annus mirabilis, French colonies were falling into British hands right across the globe, nicely complementing the considerable victory of the Anglo-German troops over two French armies at ●●

1759 Portugal expels the Jesuits ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Accordingly, Catholic monarchs beginning with King José I of Portugal in 1759 brought mounting pressure on successive popes to dissolve the whole Society of Jesus, because they resented its vision of priorities wider than their own, including its loy ●●

7 June 1760 to 26 July 1760 Siege of Glatz wikidata 0 cit. no story 1760 battle ●●

1760 Russian troops occupy Berlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The ferocity and frightening doggedness of the Russian troops during the Seven Years War, and their temporary occupation of Berlin in 1760, quite changed Frederick the Great’s view of his neighbor. Fo ●●

1760 Frederick the Great wins the Battle of Liegnitz ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 22 July during the Silesian campaign of 1761, Frederick the Great stole a march on Laudon and moved to Nossen near Neisse. The battle of Liegnitz in 1760 resulted from Frederick's night move to a better position, catching Laudon by complete surprise and resulting in Austrian losses of 70 cannon and 10,000 men. ●●

15 February 1761 Battle of Langensalza wikidata 0 cit. no story 1761 battle ●●

13 October 1761 Battle of Ölper wikidata 0 cit. no story 1761 battle ●●

1761 Maratha defeat at the Battle of Panipat ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Marathas suffered a catastrophic defeat at Panipat. The talented generation of leaders who rose after that battle had, by 1800, all died, leaving the Confederacy without capable direction. ●●

October 1762 to November 1762 Siege of Cassel wikidata 0 cit. no story 1762 siege ●●

30 August 1762 Battle of Nauheim wikidata 0 cit. no story 1762 battle of the Seven Years' War ●●

1762 Rousseau's Emile and permissive education, 1762 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces the doctrine that a child's maturation should be left free to unfold, the basis of permissive education, back to Rousseau's Emile of 1762, which idealized the state of nature. ●●

1762 Rousseau publishes Emile, 1762 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto identifies Rousseau's 1762 book Emile as a blueprint for the psychological molding of children, a rival to Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management. ●●

1762 Spain enters the war and loses its colonies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Spain foolishly entered the war in 1762, the same fate befell its colonies in the Caribbean and Philippines. Meanwhile, the House of Brandenburg had already seen its share of “miracles,” and in t ●●

May 1763 to July 1766 Pontiac's War 0 cit. no story Native nations led by the Odawa chief Pontiac rise against British rule after the French defeat. The war prompts the Royal Proclamation of 1763 limiting colonial settlement, a grievance on the road to American revolution. war ●●

1763 Britain wins New France in the Seven Years War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British victory in Seven Years War delivers New France (Canada) to British control in 1763. ●●

1764 The Club, an elite dining society, founded in 1764 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes two dining clubs that symbolized the early Cecil Bloc. The Club was founded in 1764 and counted famous figures such as Johnson and Burke among past members. ●●

1765 to 1783 American Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story revolution establishing the United States of America ●●●

1767 to May 1799 Anglo-Mysore Wars 0 cit. no story The Kingdom of Mysore under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan fights four wars against the British East India Company. Tipu's death at Seringapatam in 1799 removes the last major obstacle to British dominance in southern India. war ●●●

1767 Catherine convenes the Legislative Commission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1767, she called a "Legislative Commission" of delegates from various ranks nobles, townspeople, peasants, Cossacks, representatives from Ukrainian... ●●

1768 to 1774 Sixth Russo-Turkish War wikidata 0 cit. no story 1768-1774 part of the Russo-Turkish Wars ●●●●

c. 25 September 1768 Unification of Nepal 0 cit. no story Prithvi Narayan Shah conquers Kathmandu, unifying the hill kingdoms into the modern state of Nepal, which was never colonized. politics / war ●●●

1770 Prussian civil service reform introduces exams ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The groundwork for a modern state had already begun in the years before the Battle of Jena, with the 1770 civil service reform that introduced examinations as the basis for promotion. ●●

1771 to 1802 Tay Son Wars 0 cit. no story The Tay Son brothers overthrow Vietnam's ruling families and repel a Chinese invasion before falling to Nguyen Anh. The three decades of war end with Vietnam unified under the Nguyen dynasty. politics / war ●●●

1772 Shah Alam's departure from Allahabad recalled ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wellesley opened secret negotiations to bring the Mughal emperor back under Company protection, the first such move since Shah Alam left Allahabad thirty years earlier. He offered the emperor asylum. ●●

1772 Lavoisier deposits sealed note on combustion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lavoisier deposits a sealed note with the Secretary of the French Academy stating his conviction that something is wrong with phlogiston theory and that burning bodies absorb part of the atmosphere. ●●

1773 Catherine issues a decree of religious toleration ai_extracted 1 cit. no story She closed Orthodox missionary efforts in the Volga area, encouraged the con struction of mosques, and in 1773 issued a decree declaring "toleration o... ●●

1773 Pope suppresses the Society of Jesus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After individual suppressions in various empires, they finally bullied the Pope into complete suppression in 1773 ●●

1774 Priestley isolates gas from red oxide of mercury ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Joseph Priestley collects gas released by heated red oxide of mercury in the course of pneumatic chemistry research. He initially identifies it as nitrous oxide, later as common air with less phlogiston. ●●

1774 British Parliament passes the Quebec Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British Parliament passes Quebec Act providing pragmatic alliance with French elite and Catholic Church. ●●

1774 Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Continental Congress summoned to Philadelphia in 1774 to address grievances against British rule. ●●

19 April 1775 to 3 September 1783 American Revolutionary War 0 cit. no story Thirteen British colonies fight for and win independence with French help, sealed at Yorktown in 1781. The war creates the United States and inspires revolutionary movements worldwide. politics / war ●●●●●

1775 Captain John Parker at Lexington ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto closes with the words of Captain John Parker, who at first light on April 19, 1775, commanded the American militia against the British at Lexington. Gatto adapts the line to call for taking schools back. ●●

4 July 1776 Independence of the United States 0 cit. no story The thirteen American colonies adopt the Declaration of Independence, breaking from Britain and founding the United States. politics / war ●●●●●

c. 1776 to c. 1924 American Indian Wars 0 cit. no story The United States fights a long series of wars and campaigns against Native American nations as settlement pushes west. The conflicts, together with disease and forced removal, destroy native independence across the continent. war ●●●

1776 Watt's steam engine and the Industrial Revolution, 1776 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley marks the Industrial Revolution as well established in Britain by 1776, the year Watt patented his steam engine. ●●