Events, Verisoph

1902 A permanent home on Houghton Street 0 cit. The School moved into its own new building on Houghton Street, near Clare Market in central London, paid for with help from the philanthropist John Passmore Edwards. Houghton Street has been the heart of the LSE ever since. The permanent site marked the School's rapid growth in its first decade. society ●

1902 White Settlement of Kenya Begins ai_extracted 1 cit. The first white settlers arrived in Kenya's central highlands in 1902, encouraged by the colonial governor Sir Charles Eliot, who wanted to make the newly built Uganda railway pay for itself. White political and economic domination and the alienation of African land followed, entrenching a settler-dominated colony. ●●

1902 The Village Headman Ordinance creates appointed chiefs 0 cit. The colonial government gave itself power to appoint headmen and chiefs to enforce orders, collect tax, and supply labor. In many societies that had governed through age-sets, councils, and elders, there had been no such standing office, so the state in effect manufactured a new tribal authority and backed it with force. Mahmood Mamdani argues that this indirect rule fixed ethnicity as the basis of a separate customary law for Africans, a system he calls decentralized despotism. The ordinance itself is a documented statute. politics / society ●●●

1902 Lozi king Lewanika attends Edward VII's coronation ai_extracted 1 cit. Colonial administrators used the glamour of the British crown to bind African rulers to empire. The symbolic peak of Lewanika of Barotseland's career was his invitation to Edward VII's coronation in 1902, after which he acquired a royal coach and admiral's uniform. Once the administration felt secure, it stripped him of the title of "King". ●●

c. 1902 The Boer death toll in the camps 0 cit. By the end of the war roughly 26,000 to 28,000 Boer women and children have died in the camps, most of them under sixteen. The dead far outnumber the Boer fighting men killed in combat. The camps leave a lasting scar in Afrikaner memory and become a defining grievance carried into twentieth-century South African politics. society / war ●●●●

31 May 1902 The Treaty of Vereeniging 0 cit. Worn down and unable to protect their families, the Boer leaders sign peace at Vereeniging on 31 May 1902. The republics accept British sovereignty in return for an amnesty, a promise of eventual self-government, and money to rebuild the burned farms. A clause puts off any decision on votes for Black Africans until after self-government, in effect leaving it to the white settlers. diplomacy / politics ●●●●●

1902 The cost and the blow to imperial confidence 0 cit. The war cost Britain over £200 million and around 22,000 dead, and it took nearly half a million imperial troops to defeat a few tens of thousands of Boer farmers. The struggle, and the camps, damaged Britain's standing abroad and shook confidence in the empire at home. Alarm at the poor health of army recruits fed a wave of debate about national fitness and social reform. economy / politics ●●●

1902 Hobson's thesis: a war for mining and finance capital 0 cit. In 'Imperialism: A Study' (1902) the economist J.A. Hobson argues that the war was driven less by national interest than by financiers and mining magnates who stood to profit from control of the Rand goldfields. His account carries an antisemitic strain, singling out Jewish financiers and 'Rand lords' as a hidden interest, and later critics have faulted the book sharply for that framing. The economic argument, that mining and finance capital shaped the drive to war, is attributed to Hobson and remains debated. economy / politics ●●●●

c. 1902 The debate over why the war was fought 0 cit. Historians have argued over the causes of the war ever since. Against Hobson's stress on mining and finance capital, many point to strategic and political motives: Britain's fear of losing control of South Africa and the sea route to India, Milner's push for imperial supremacy, and concern for imperial prestige after the Jameson Raid. Most modern accounts see a mix of imperial ambition, strategic anxiety, and the pull of gold, rather than any single hidden hand. economy / politics ●●●

1902 Settlers and missions reach the highlands 0 cit. Soon after the railway reached the interior, the colonial state opened the fertile Kikuyu highlands to European settlement and reserved the best land for white farms. Kikuyu families found their githaka estates declared crown land, and mission stations pressed in against initiation, land custom, and the elders' authority. This collision over land and belief set the terms for the bitter decades of protest and revolt that followed. politics / society ●●●

1902 Crown Lands Ordinance opens Kikuyu land to settlers 5 cit. The Crown Lands Ordinance of 1902 declared land in the protectorate available for the Crown to grant, and administrators treated southern Kikuyu country as empty or forfeit. Fertile Kiambu, thinned by famine and disease in the 1890s, was alienated to European settlers along the new railway. The Kikuyu lost some of their best land and were pushed toward the reserves that later fed deep grievance. economy / politics ●●●

May 1902 Meinertzhagen seconded to the King's African Rifles 0 cit. Richard Meinertzhagen arrived in British East Africa in 1902 and served with the 3rd King's African Rifles until 1906. He led and joined punitive columns against communities around Mount Kenya. His fame rests largely on his own Kenya Diary, published decades later, which scholars have since shown to be an unreliable and partly reworked source. politics / war ●●

c. 1902 Night village burnings in northern Kikuyuland contested 0 cit. By his own account, Meinertzhagen ordered troops to burn Kikuyu villages at night without warning and killed more than a hundred people during his sweeps through northern Kikuyu country. Villages were torched and livestock driven off as collective punishment. Because the main source is Meinertzhagen's own diary, later exposed as self-glorifying and partly fabricated, the specifics and death counts are treated as contested. war ●●

c. 1902 The Tetu punitive expedition near Nyeri contested 0 cit. A punitive column moved against the Tetu people near Nyeri in reprisal for the killing of a caravan, burning homesteads and seizing stock. The campsite chosen for the operation later grew into the administrative town of Nyeri. The expedition is documented, though the scale of killing rests heavily on Meinertzhagen's own contested telling. war ●●

c. 1902 Meinertzhagen's account of a wiped-out group contested 0 cit. Meinertzhagen wrote of surrounding and destroying an entire Kikuyu group in a single action, and of shooting some of his own askari and Maasai levies after they speared a woman and child. The passages are vivid and often quoted as evidence of frontier atrocity. They come almost entirely from his diary, a source since shown to be embellished, so the events are recorded here as contested. war ●●

1902 Britain seals off the northern frontier as a closed district 3 cit. The colonial Outlying Districts Ordinance let the government wall off the vast, mostly Somali and pastoralist north and control who could enter or leave. Officials ran the region as a closed frontier, separate from the rest of the colony and largely for security, not development. The rule set a pattern of governing the Somali, Borana and related peoples apart from other Kenyans. politics / society ●●●

1902 The colonial state appoints only male chiefs 0 cit. Colonial administration ran through appointed chiefs and headmen, and the state appointed men. Ordinances from 1902 onward built a hierarchy of male officials to collect taxes, supply labour, and enforce orders. Women's councils and their customary authority were simply ignored, given no place in the new structure. Power was rebuilt as male by design, and women were shut out of the offices that now mattered. politics / society ●●●

c. November 1902 Sakawa, the Gusii prophet of Kisii contested 0 cit. Sakawa was a Gusii seer, born around the 1840s, who is remembered for foretelling the coming of the British and the town they would build at Kisii. Gusii accounts say he gathered followers and marked where the offices, hospital, and roads of the strangers would later stand. He also told his people that the newcomers would eventually leave and that the Gusii would rule themselves again. His death around 1902 is wrapped in mystery, and by tradition his body was not found the morning after he died. religion / society ●●

c. 1902 The colonial border splits the Iteso between Kenya and Uganda 0 cit. Colonial boundary changes in the early 20th century placed most Iteso in Uganda and a smaller population in Kenya around Busia. The line cut through a single people, leaving relatives on either side. The Kenyan Iteso became a minority within the colony and later within independent Kenya. diplomacy / politics ●●

c. 1902 Colonial closed-district rules seal off the Gabra homeland 0 cit. The Outlying Districts Ordinance of 1902, followed by the Closed District rules of 1926 and the Special Districts Administration Ordinance of 1934, sealed the Northern Frontier District off from the rest of Kenya. Movement in and out needed a special pass, and the colonial state demarcated tribal grazing zones. The Gabra, like other northern peoples, were governed as a controlled frontier rather than integrated into the colony. politics / society ●●

1902 The 1902 Anglo-Suk Agreement pulls the Pokot into colonial rule 0 cit. British administrators reached an agreement in 1902 with Pokot leaders, using the outside name Suk for the community. It was framed as protecting the Pokot from Turkana raids while drawing the area under colonial authority. The deal set the frame for later boundary-making, grazing control and taxation across the north Rift. diplomacy / politics ●●

1902 Trans-Nzoia is transferred from Uganda to Kenya 1 cit. Britain moved the greater Trans-Nzoia region from the Uganda Protectorate into the East Africa Protectorate in 1902. That administrative move set up the later treatment of the area as part of Kenya's settler highlands rather than as a borderland tied mainly to Mount Elgon and Uganda. diplomacy / politics ●●●

c. 1902 British East Africa Police absorbs railway policing 2 cit. The early protectorate police grew from Mombasa, company guards and railway security into the British East Africa Police. Railway policing was not a side issue: the force guarded the infrastructure that made conquest, settlement and export agriculture possible. The first reorganisation added drill, uniforms, inspectors and a Nairobi fingerprint bureau. politics / technology / war ●●●

1902 King's African Rifles becomes Kenya's army inheritance 2 cit. The King's African Rifles consolidated earlier colonial forces in 1902, with African askari as rank-and-file soldiers under white officers. In Kenya this was the military spine inherited at independence: disciplined African manpower, British command culture, and long service below the commissioned-officer ceiling. politics / war ●●●●

3 November 1903 Independence of Panama 0 cit. no story Panama separates from Colombia with US backing, clearing the way for construction of the Panama Canal. politics ●●●

16 June 1903 Founding of Ford Motor Company 0 cit. Henry Ford incorporates the Ford Motor Company in Detroit. Its Model T of 1908 becomes the first car cheap enough for ordinary families, putting America and then the world on wheels. economy / technology ●●●●

17 December 1903 First powered flight 0 cit. Orville and Wilbur Wright make the first controlled, powered airplane flights near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Within decades aviation shrinks the planet, transforms war, and creates a global transport network. exploration / technology ●●●●

21 January 1903 Militia Act of 1903 and the Modern National Guard 0 cit. The Dick Act reorganizes the state militias into the federally supported National Guard with common standards, training, and equipment. It creates the dual state-federal reserve structure still in use. war ●●

14 February 1903 Founding of the Department of Commerce and Labor 0 cit. Theodore Roosevelt signs the act creating a combined department to oversee business, labor, and the new industrial economy. In 1913 it splits, leaving the Department of Commerce as the government's business and trade agency. economy ●●●

July 1903 Bolshevik and Menshevik split 0 cit. The Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party splits over party organization, dividing Lenin's Bolsheviks from the Mensheviks. The rift shapes the revolutionary movement that later takes power in Russia. politics ●●●

15 March 1903 Fall of the Sokoto Caliphate 0 cit. In March 1903 British forces captured the city of Sokoto and defeated its ruler. The conquest ended the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the largest states in nineteenth-century Africa. politics / religion / war ●●●

17 December 1903 Powered flight 0 cit. The Wright brothers made the first sustained, controlled flight of a powered heavier than air machine. Aviation shrank the world and grew into global air travel and freight. technology ●●●●●

1903 The Uganda Scheme 0 cit. In 1903 Britain offered the Zionist movement territory in East Africa as a possible Jewish homeland. The proposal was debated and ultimately rejected in favor of Palestine. politics ●●

10 October 1903 Women's Social and Political Union founded 0 cit. Emmeline Pankhurst founded the WSPU, whose militant suffragettes used protest, hunger strikes, and civil disobedience to demand the vote. Their campaign faced arrests and force-feeding but kept suffrage in the headlines. politics / society ●●

1903 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion Forgery debunked 0 cit. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a proven antisemitic forgery that falsely claims to record a Jewish plot for world domination. It was fabricated in Russia and has been used ever since to incite hatred and violence against Jews. politics / society ●●●●

c. 1903 Tsiolkovsky publishes the rocket equation 0 cit. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky published a paper deriving the equation that relates a rocket's velocity to its exhaust speed and mass of propellant. It showed that spaceflight was possible with liquid-fueled, staged rockets. science / technology ●●●●

1903 Death of Lord Salisbury and decline of the Cecil Bloc ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lord Salisbury died in 1903. Quigley says the Cecil Bloc survived under Balfour but grew looser, and was gradually replaced by the more disciplined Milner Group. ●●

1903 Atlantic Monthly calls for business organization of schools ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1903 The Atlantic Monthly called for schools to adopt business organization, and William C. Bagley described the ideal teacher as one who would rigidly hew to the line. ●●

1903 Rockefeller's General Education Board chartered by Congress, 1903 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that Rockefeller's General Education Board obtained a congressional incorporating act in 1903 and began organizing schooling in the South. ●●

1903 USS Nashville blocks Colombia during Panama revolt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The American gunboat Nashville received orders to prevent Colombia from sending military reinforcements to Panama during the secessionist uprising. This intervention on November 2, 1903, ensured the rebellion's success and U.S. control of the canal zone. ●●

1903 Steichen photographs J.P. Morgan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1903, Pierpont sat for two minutes as Edward Steichen snapped the famous photograph of him: from deep shadow and gripping the blade-like chair, Pierpont stares out, a tense crease between his brows... ●●

1903 Davison founds Bankers Trust Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While there, he organized Bankers Trust in 1903, assisted in the 1907 panic negotiations, and represented Wall Street on Senator Aldrich’s National Monetary Commission. These exploits won the attentio... ●●

1903 Elkins Act forbids railroad rebates ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When rebates were again forbidden by the Elkins Act of 1903 and the Hepburn Act of 1906, the public naively assumed they had ended. ●●

1903 British navy converts battleships to fuel oil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1903, the British navy outfitted some battleships to use fuel oil instead of coal, attracting the notice of the U.S. ●●

1903 Rutherford and Soddy calculate radioactive decay energy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story paper written with Soddy, “Radioactive change,” offered the first informed calculations of the amount of energy released by radioactive decay: It may therefore be stated that the total energy of radiation during the disintegration of one gram of rad ●●

1903 American Breeders Association forms Eugenics Committee ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the American Breeders Association's first annual meeting in St. Louis in December 1903, Charles Davenport succeeded in establishing a formal Eugenics Committee. The ABA voting 499-5, supported expanding eugenics work into legislation and public policy. ●●

1903 Distillers-Securities Corporation formed by consolidation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These wholesalers and the manufacturing enterprise were consolidated in 1903 into the Distillers-Securities Corporation ●●

1903 Du Pont cousins consolidate family firms ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1903 three du Pont cousins consolidated their small enterprise with many other small, single-unit family firms ●●

1903 Corn Products Company formed by merger ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Corn Products Company, formed in 1903, was a merger of two unsuccessful combinations and three independent companies ●●

c. 1903 Berlin's Kriminalpolizei begins systematic fingerprint use 0 cit. German police departments began adopting fingerprint classification systems for criminal identification, following methods pioneered by Francis Galton and Edward Henry in Britain and India during the 1890s. Fingerprinting gradually replaced the earlier Bertillon system of anthropometric measurement as the standard method of identifying repeat offenders across European and American police forces. The shift marked one of the first major applications of forensic science to routine policing. technology ●

c. 1903 First Rhodes Scholars arrive at Oxford 0 cit. The first cohort of Rhodes Scholars, drawn from Britain's colonies, the United States, and Germany, began their studies at Oxford. The program was designed to bring together future leaders from across the English-speaking world and Germany under a shared educational and cultural formation. It quickly became a marker of an internationally minded governing elite. culture / politics ●●

c. 1903 German Rhodes Scholarships begin 0 cit. In line with Rhodes's will, scholarships for German students to study at Oxford began, with Kaiser Wilhelm II personally taking an interest in nominating candidates. Rhodes had included Germany explicitly, believing closer ties between the British and German elites would help preserve peace between the two powers. The arrangement made the scholarship scheme an early instrument of great-power diplomacy as much as empire-building. diplomacy ●●

c. October 1903 Bondelswarts Nama uprising 0 cit. The Bondelswarts Nama rise against German rule in the south of the colony, protesting land seizures, taxation, and mistreatment. German forces suppress the revolt, but the unrest signals the grievances that will soon erupt into the larger Herero uprising and, later, a wider Nama rebellion. war ●

21 January 1903 Militia Act of 1903 creates the National Guard 0 cit. Congress passed the Militia Act of 1903, known as the Dick Act after its sponsor Senator Charles Dick, replacing the outdated 1792 militia laws. It formally organized the state militias as the National Guard, required them to follow Regular Army organization and standards, and provided federal funding, arms, and training in exchange. The law set the legal foundation for the modern National Guard and its federal-state relationship. politics / war ●●●

c. 1903 Lodges follow the railway into East Africa 0 cit. As Britain built the Uganda Railway and settled East Africa, Masonic lodges were established in Mombasa and the new town of Nairobi. They drew colonial administrators, settlers, railway engineers, and merchants, including many from British India. The lodge arrived as part of the machinery of settlement and administration. economy / politics / society ●

20 May 1903 The British Parliament condemns the Free State 0 cit. The House of Commons passed a resolution calling on the powers that had recognized the Congo Free State to ensure its people were governed humanely. The debate, driven by figures such as Herbert Samuel, put diplomatic pressure on Leopold and led directly to Casement's investigation. It marked the point where a national legislature formally challenged Leopold's rule. diplomacy / politics ●●

1903 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a proven forgery debunked 0 cit. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, first printed in Russia in 1903, pretend to be the minutes of a secret Jewish plan to control the world's finance and governments. They are a fabrication, plagiarized from an earlier French satire that had nothing to do with Jews, and were exposed as a forgery by The Times of London in 1921. The whole idea of a Jewish plot to run world finance rests on this fake document and must be rejected outright as antisemitic invention. politics / society ●●●

April 1903 The Kishinev pogrom shocks the world 0 cit. Over Easter of 1903 a mob in Kishinev killed about forty-nine Jews, wounded hundreds, and wrecked homes and shops, spurred on by an antisemitic local press. News of the massacre spread worldwide and drew wide condemnation. The poet Hayim Nahman Bialik's response, In the City of Slaughter, stirred many young Jews toward self-defense and emigration. culture / politics / society ●●

1903 Milton Hershey builds a company town in Pennsylvania 0 cit. Chocolate maker Milton Hershey built the town of Hershey around his factory, providing housing, schools, transport, and parks for his workers. It was a more benevolent version of the company town, but the company still shaped daily life and local services. Such towns show private firms taking on the roles usually held by municipalities. economy / society ●

1903 Lord Delamere and the Pioneer Settlers 6 cit. Hugh Cholmondeley, the third Baron Delamere, took up a huge lease near Njoro in 1903 and poured his fortune into experiments with sheep, cattle, and wheat until he made settler farming work. He became the leader and spokesman of a small aristocratic settler class that pictured the highlands as a white man's country. Delamere set the tone of settler politics, demanding cheap African labour, low taxes, and a permanent racial hold on the land. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1903 The Alienation of the Kikuyu Highlands 5 cit. The fertile, well-watered highlands the Kikuyu farmed were among the first lands taken for white settlement, declared Crown land on the fiction that they were empty or ownerless. Much of the frontier had in fact been thinned by the famine and smallpox of the 1890s, and settlers moved onto ground its owners expected to return to. The Kikuyu system of family land held under a founder, the githaka, gave people a strong sense of ownership that the seizures directly violated, feeding a land grievance that lasted for decades. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1903 Most labourers return to India while thousands stay 0 cit. Of the roughly 32,000 indentured workers, about 2,500 died on the project and some 6,700 chose to remain in East Africa when their contracts ended, while most returned home. Artisans and craftsmen known as fundis, along with clerks and small traders, followed the line inland. This settled core became the root of the Indian community in Kenya. economy / society ●●●

28 June 1903 Malcolm Nurse is born in Trinidad 0 cit. The man later known as George Padmore is born Malcolm Ivan Meredith Nurse in Arouca, near Port of Spain. His father was a schoolteacher, and he grew up in a colonial society whose racial order shaped his politics. He took the name George Padmore in the late 1920s as he moved into radical work in the United States. politics / society ●●

1903 Guantanamo Bay is held against Cuba's objection 0 cit. A 1903 lease signed under US military occupation gives Washington control of Guantanamo Bay for a naval station. After the 1959 revolution Cuba rejects the arrangement and refuses to cash the annual rent checks, but the United States keeps the base. It is the oldest overseas US base and the clearest case of one held over the host country's protest. diplomacy / war ●●

1903 Institution of the Tour de France ai_extracted 1 cit. Hobsbawm treats the rise of mass spectator sport as part of the social invention of tradition around 1900. On the continent cycling was the leading mass sport, marked by new velodromes in big cities and the founding of the Tour de France in 1903. ●

c. 1903 African levies do much of the conquest 0 cit. British columns were small, so conquest ran on African manpower. Maasai levies, Mbeere fighters, Ndia Kikuyu, and King's African Rifles askari, many of them Sudanese and Swahili, provided the numbers and were paid largely in captured cattle. The empire set neighbour against neighbour and let the losers fund the winners' loyalty. society / war ●●

1903 Tea starts as a settler highland experiment 5 cit. White settlers introduced tea seedlings at Limuru in 1903. Commercial cultivation began in the 1920s and remained a settler preserve until Africans were allowed into smallholder tea in the 1950s. Tea is a clean example of how climate, altitude and exclusion turned the highlands into an export machine. economy / politics ●●●●

8 February 1904 to 5 September 1905 Russo-Japanese War wikidata 0 cit. conflict between the Russian and Japanese empires from 1904 to 1905 ●●●●

8 April 1904 Entente Cordiale 0 cit. Agreements settling colonial disputes between Britain and France, notably trading British primacy in Egypt for French primacy in Morocco, with secret articles on Morocco's future. It began the alignment that became the Triple Entente. diplomacy / politics ●●●

21 May 1904 Founding of FIFA 0 cit. no story Seven European football associations found the Fédération Internationale de Football Association in Paris to govern international football. It went on to create the World Cup in 1930. culture / diplomacy / society ●●●

January 1904 to 1908 Herero and Nama Wars 0 cit. no story Germany crushes Herero and Nama uprisings and drives survivors into the desert and concentration camps. The campaign is widely regarded as the twentieth century's first genocide. war ●●●

17 October 1904 Founding of Bank of America 0 cit. Amadeo Giannini opens the Bank of Italy in San Francisco to serve immigrants and working people the big banks ignored. Renamed Bank of America in 1930, it pioneers branch banking and becomes one of the largest banks in the world. economy / society ●●●●

c. 1904 Aleister Crowley and Thelema 0 cit. The occultist Aleister Crowley, trained in Golden Dawn Qabalah, built it into his own system of magic and the philosophy of Thelema. His writings carried Hermetic Qabalah to a wide twentieth-century audience. culture / religion ●●●

6 December 1904 The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine 0 cit. President Theodore Roosevelt claimed a right for the United States to intervene in the affairs of Latin American states. The corollary justified repeated military actions in the region. politics / war ●●

1904 to 1914 The Second Aliyah 0 cit. A second wave of Jewish immigration, largely from the Russian Empire, arrived between 1904 and 1914. Its labor-oriented pioneers founded institutions that shaped later Israeli society. politics / society ●●●

1904 Ida Tarbell publishes The History of the Standard Oil Company 0 cit. Journalist Ida Tarbell serialised her investigation of Standard Oil in McClure's Magazine from 1902 and published it as a book in 1904. Her detailed reporting shaped public opinion against the company's methods. economy / society ●●●●

1904 Northern Securities antitrust case 0 cit. The Supreme Court in 1904 ordered the breakup of Northern Securities, a railroad holding company Morgan had helped form. The case was an early victory for federal trust-busting under President Theodore Roosevelt. economy / politics ●●●

12 January 1904 to 1908 Herero and Nama genocide 1 cit. After the Herero and Nama rose against German colonists, German forces drove survivors into the desert and confined others in death camps. Tens of thousands died in what is widely regarded as the first genocide of the twentieth century. society / war ●●●●

1904 Entente Cordiale between France and Britain (1904) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1904 France and Britain settled their colonial disputes together, France recognizing British Egypt in return for support in Morocco, forming the Entente Cordiale in the face of German power. ●●

1904 Formation of I. G. Farbenindustrie ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I. G. Farben, the German chemical combine, was formed in 1904 from three firms. Quigley says that after its 1926 reorganization it controlled about two-thirds of Germany's chemical output. ●●

1904 Charles Hardinge shapes the Entente Cordiale ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls Charles Hardinge one of the most significant figures in British foreign policy. He credits him as the most important single person in forming the 1904 Entente Cordiale. ●●

1904 Milner calls for a 'powerful body of men' outside party politics ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Refusing the presidency of an imperial federalist body, Milner wrote to its secretary Congdon about his distaste for party politics. He called for a powerful body of men devoted at all times to national unity. ●●

1904 First racial science laboratory opens at Cold Spring Harbor, 1904 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that in 1904, funded partly by Carnegie and Harriman money, the world's first racial science laboratory opened at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island. ●●

1904 Frances Kellor publishes Out of Work, 1904 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes Americanization organizer Frances Kellor, whose first muckraking book Out of Work was published in 1904. ●●

1904 Ivan Pavlov wins the Nobel Prize, 1904 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that Ivan Pavlov won the Nobel in 1904 for discovering the conditioned reflex, work that spread behavioral psychology into government and corporate use. ●●

1904 G. Stanley Hall coins 'adolescence,' 1904 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1904 G. Stanley Hall inserted the word 'adolescence' into the American vocabulary, helping launch the science of child development. ●●

1904 Roosevelt wins the 1904 election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the process, Roosevelt gained enough popular support to win the election of 1904 with 70 percent of the electoral vote. But by 1907, either because he believed he needed... ●●

1904 Morgan bank funds Roosevelt's 1904 reelection ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1904 campaign, the Morgan bank gave $ 150,000 toward Roosevelt’s reelection. In return, Pierpont was sternly lectured by TR at a 1907 dinner of the Gridiron Club, the president wagging his fing... ●●

1904 Flexner develops meningitis serum amid NYC epidemic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then a sudden opportunity for heroism arose during the winter of 1904–1905, when three thousand New Yorkers died in a cerebrospinal meningitis epidemic. In response, Flexner developed a serum in horses to treat the disease. ●●

1904 Olga Warburg dies by suicide in Berne ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In August 1904, Olga Warburg leaped from a third-story window in Berne, Switzerland, driven to suicide by a loveless marriage and postpartum depression. The tragedy would haunt the family for decades. ●●

1904 Crowley receives the Book of the Law and founds Thelema 1 cit. In Cairo, Aleister Crowley claims a spirit dictated to him the Book of the Law, founding the religion of Thelema with its creed 'Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law'. It became the fountainhead of much of modern Western occultism. culture / religion ●●●●

1904 Britain joins the Franco-Russian bloc ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Great Britain joined the Franco-Russian bloc with agreements in 1904 and 1907. ●●

1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine ai_extracted 1 cit. In what he called a “Corollary” to the Monroe Doctrine, he proclaimed on December 6, 1904, a general right of intervention by “some civilized nation” ●●

1904 Carnegie Institution opens Station for Experimental Evolution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 19, 1904, the Carnegie Institution formally inaugurated the Station for Experimental Evolution at Cold Spring Harbor, New York, under Charles Davenport's direction. This facility became the headquarters of American eugenics research. ●●

1904 Russo-Japanese War begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This amazing story begins with the war between Russia and Japan in 1904 ●●

12 January 1904 Herero uprising begins 0 cit. Herero fighters led by paramount chief Samuel Maherero attacked German settlers and military posts, protesting land seizure, cattle confiscation, and settler abuses. The uprising killed around 120 German settlers in its opening days, while sparing women, children, and non-German foreigners under Maherero's instructions. Germany responded by sending large reinforcements under General Lothar von Trotha. war ●●●

11 August 1904 Battle of Waterberg 0 cit. German forces under General Lothar von Trotha encircled Herero fighters and civilians at the Waterberg, deliberately leaving one route open toward the waterless Omaheke desert. Tens of thousands of Herero, including noncombatants, fled into the desert, where German patrols were ordered to seal off waterholes. Most of those who fled died of thirst and starvation in the following weeks. war ●●●

2 October 1904 Von Trotha issues the extermination order 0 cit. General Lothar von Trotha issued a written proclamation, the Vernichtungsbefehl, declaring that every Herero found within German territory, armed or unarmed, with or without cattle, would be shot, and that the Herero people must leave the land or be destroyed. Waterholes were poisoned or guarded to block any return from the desert. The order is widely cited by historians as the first documented genocide of the twentieth century. war ●●●

October 1904 Nama uprising under Hendrik Witbooi 0 cit. Nama leader Hendrik Witbooi, who had earlier signed a protection treaty with Germany, broke with the colonial administration and took up arms alongside other Nama groups. Nama fighters waged an effective guerrilla campaign against German forces for over a year. Germany's response again included mass internment and killing of captured fighters and civilians. war ●●●

8 December 1904 Kaiser rescinds the extermination order 0 cit. Under pressure from German colonial officials and church leaders, Emperor Wilhelm II rescinded von Trotha's extermination order. In its place, German authorities established a policy of mass internment, forcing surviving Herero and later Nama prisoners into concentration camps. Conditions in the camps proved to be nearly as lethal as the preceding campaign of extermination. politics ●●