Events, Verisoph

c. 1914 Colonial punitive expeditions and the first disarmament hit the north Rift 0 cit. Between about 1913 and 1918 colonial forces ran repeated punitive expeditions across the north Rift, seizing livestock and weapons from pastoralists. The first disarmament campaign in what is now northwest Kenya came in 1914. Pokot fighters were at times used to help the British against the Turkana, then were themselves subjected to cattle confiscation and control of their movement. politics / war ●●

August 1914 Taveta is occupied in the East Africa campaign 3 cit. German forces occupied Taveta at the start of the First World War in East Africa, making Taita-Taveta a front-line corridor between the coast, Kilimanjaro and the railway interior. The war deepened labour recruitment, carrier service and military disruption in the region. politics / war ●●●

19 February 1915 to 9 January 1916 Gallipoli campaign 0 cit. An Allied attempt to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war by forcing the Dardanelles fails at great cost. war ●●●

18 March 1915 Constantinople Agreement 0 cit. Secret wartime exchange among Britain, France, and Russia promising Russia control of Constantinople and the Turkish Straits after victory over the Ottomans. The Bolsheviks published it in 1917 and it was never carried out. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

26 April 1915 Treaty of London (1915) 0 cit. Secret treaty in which Italy agreed to enter the First World War on the Allied side in exchange for promised territories including South Tyrol and Dalmatia. Unmet promises fed Italian resentment after the war. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

8 February 1915 The Birth of a Nation and film as mass persuasion 0 cit. D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation, released in 1915, was a technical landmark that also spread a racist account of Reconstruction and helped revive the Ku Klux Klan. It showed film's power to shape public attitudes on a national scale. culture / society ●●●

c. 1915 Hollywood becomes the film capital 0 cit. Film companies gathered in Hollywood for its sun, space, and cheap land, and built the studio system. Los Angeles became the center of the world film business. culture / economy ●●●

26 December 1915 Treaty of Darin 0 cit. Ibn Saud signed a treaty making his lands a British protectorate during World War I. Britain recognized him as ruler of Najd and provided a subsidy and arms. politics ●●●

1915 Morgan bank funds Allied war loans 0 cit. During the First World War the Morgan bank acted as purchasing agent for Britain and France and arranged large Allied loans in 1915. The role tied American finance closely to the Allied cause. economy / war ●●●

November 1915 The Second Ku Klux Klan Revival 0 cit. A revived Ku Klux Klan was launched, expanding its targets to include Catholics, Jews, and immigrants alongside Black Americans. This second Klan grew into a mass movement in the 1920s before collapsing. politics / society ●●●

c. 1915 to c. 1920 Rise of Service Clubs 0 cit. Groups such as Kiwanis and Lions Clubs joined Rotary in building networks of business people organized around charity and civic projects. They spread the service club model across many countries. economy / society ●

1915 AMORC founded by H. Spencer Lewis 0 cit. Harvey Spencer Lewis founded the Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis, known as AMORC, in 1915 as a mail-order teaching order presenting Rosicrucian lessons to a broad membership. It grew into one of the largest modern Rosicrucian bodies, later centered in San Jose, California. religion / society ●●●

18 October 1915 The House of the Temple opens as Scottish Rite headquarters 0 cit. The Scottish Rite's Southern Jurisdiction dedicated its monumental headquarters on 16th Street in Washington, modeled on an ancient tomb. It is a documented and public Masonic building, not a hidden one. culture / society ●

3 March 1915 Founding of the NACA 0 cit. Congress created the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics to guide and coordinate American aviation research. The NACA later became the core of NASA in 1958. science / technology ●●●

1915 Invention of the tank, 1915 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley records that Sir Ernest Swinton, part of the Committee of Imperial Defence secretariat, invented the tank in 1915. ●●

1915 Japan presents Twenty-one Demands on China (January 1915) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Immediately after seizing German holdings, Japan presented the Twenty-one Demands on China in January 1915, revealing its continental ambitions and turning American opinion against it. ●●

1915 Secret Treaty of London brings Italy into war (April 26, 1915) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the secret Treaty of London of April 26, 1915, the Entente accepted Italy's extensive territorial demands, and Italy agreed to make war on the Central Powers within a month. ●●

1915 Quigley: Entente money funded Mussolini's interventionist paper (1915) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley claims the Entente governments split the pacifist Italian Socialist Party with money grants to Benito Mussolini, who used French money to launch the paper that began his rise to dictatorship. ●●

1915 Lusitania sunk off the Irish coast (May 7, 1915) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British liner Lusitania, which Quigley notes carried rifle cartridges and shrapnel, was sunk by a German submarine on May 7, 1915, drowning 1,198 including 128 Americans. ●●

1915 Bryce Committee atrocity report (1915) ai_extracted 1 cit. Quigley describes Allied atrocity propaganda, noting Lord Bryce headed a committee that produced a volume of such stories in 1915 and was evidently taken in by his own tales. ●●

1915 Hichens and Brand set up Canada's Imperial Munitions Board ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1915 Lloyd George sent two Kindergarten men, Hichens and Brand, to organize Canadian munitions. They created the Imperial Munitions Board of Canada. ●●

1915 Walter Lippmann analyzes the Ludlow Massacre ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto points to Walter Lippmann's analysis of the Ludlow Massacre, published in the New Republic on January 30, 1915, which examined John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s responsibility for the killings. ●●

1915 Deweys praise the Gary Plan in 'Schools of Tomorrow' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that John and Evelyn Dewey praised the Gary 'platoon' school plan in their 1915 book Schools of Tomorrow, as the scheme was merchandised nationally. ●●

1915 First Gary Plan schools open in New York City ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Superintendent William Wirt was offered the New York superintendency, and the first Gary schools opened in the city in March 1915. ●●

1915 107 cities mark Americanization Day, July 1915 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that on July 4, 1915, 107 cities celebrated 'Americanization Day' under the committee slogan 'Many Peoples, but One Nation.' ●●

1915 Lusitania's captain resigns over munitions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says that on March 8, 1915 the Lusitania's captain resigned rather than carry responsibility for mixing passengers with munitions. It uses this to argue the danger was known in advance. ●●

1915 Montagu Norman joins the Bank of England as adviser ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1915 deputy governor Brian Cockayne invited Montagu Norman to be his adviser at the Bank of England. It began the rise that would make Norman governor for an unprecedented twenty-four years. ●●

1915 Schacht's Belgian franc scandal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While serving on the German banking commission in occupied Belgium, Schacht in February 1915 let his own employer, the Dresdner Bank, buy a large quantity of occupation francs. Accused of an ethics violation, he was reprimanded and resigned, a stain that dogged his reputation. ●●

1915 Sinking of the Lusitania ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1915 a German submarine torpedoed the liner Lusitania off Ireland, drowning almost 1,200 people, 124 of them Americans. The sinking led the State Department to warn Americans against traveling to Europe. ●●

1915 German U-boat sinks the Lusitania ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On May 7, 1915, a German U-20 torpedoed the starboard side of the British luxury liner Lusitania off the Irish coast. Nearly 1,200 people, including 124 US citizens, were killed.... ●●

1915 Moscow mobs attack German businesses and people ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moscow mobs attack German enterprises and persons ●●

1915 Wilson names Robert Lansing secretary of state ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the spring of 1915, President Wilson named Dulles’s uncle, Robert Lansing, to succeed William Jennings Bryan as secretary of state (1915) ●●

1915 British mission investigates Morgan war purchasing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the summer of 1915, Welsh coal magnate David Alfred Thomas (later Lord Rhondda) visited New York for three weeks to investigate accusations that the House of Morgan was showing favoritism in its purchasing decisions. He found Stettinius's work faultless but reported concerns about Republican bias. ●●

1915 Morgan becomes British military purchasing agent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 15, 1915, the House of Morgan signed the Commercial Agreement with the Army Council and the Admiralty, becoming the official purchasing agent for British military supplies. The first purchase was $12 million for horses. ●●

1915 Death of Morgan partner Howard Boocock ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 22, 1915, Morgan partner Howard Boocock came home from the bank agitated. After dinner, he retired to his library and subsequently died under circumstances that triggered investigations and distressed the bank. ●●

1915 Morgan lends $8.5 million to du Pont ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1915, the House of Morgan provided an $8.5 million loan to the du Pont Company to prevent its acquisition by Kuhn, Loeb, which American officials viewed as potentially sympathetic to German interests during World War I. ●●

1915 Rockefeller Foundation creates the China Medical Board ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1915, the Rockefeller Foundation set up the China Medical Board, which constructed the Peking Union Medical College and opened it in 1921. ●●

1915 Death of Laura Spelman Rockefeller ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cettie Rockefeller died on March 12, 1915, at Pocantico after a garden tour the previous day. She passed peacefully with her sister Lute at her bedside, ending a period of prolonged illness. ●●

1915 Death of Natty de Rothschild ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Natty (Nathaniel Mayer), the senior partner at N. M. Rothschild & Sons and one of the most influential bankers of his era, died in 1915. ●●

1915 Shackleton's Endurance and the great escape 0 cit. Ernest Shackleton's ship Endurance is crushed by pack ice, stranding his crew, yet through an epic open-boat voyage and mountain crossing he brings every man home alive. It became the greatest survival story of the age of exploration. exploration / society ●●●

1915 Governments systematically deploy modern media in World War One ai_extracted 2 cit. Beginning in 1915, governments use the full range of modern media to mobilize populations for World War One, marking the first systematic propaganda campaign of the modern era. ●●

1915 General relativity explains Mercury's orbit anomaly ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Einstein’s extreme reaction when he realized that the general theory of relativity he was painfully developing in the isolation of his study explained anomalies in the orbit of Mercury that had been a mystery to astronomers for more than fifty years. ●●

19 January 1915 Germany begins Zeppelin bombing raids on Britain 0 cit. German airships attacked English towns in the first strategic bombing raids against a home population, killing civilians far from the front lines. The raids, and later Gotha bomber attacks, brought the war directly to British cities for the first time and forced Britain to develop dedicated home air defenses. The psychological shock of bombing civilians from the air shaped military and public thinking about air power for decades. technology / war ●●

9 July 1915 German forces surrender at Khorab 0 cit. The remaining German colonial garrison surrendered unconditionally to South African forces under General Louis Botha, ending German rule over the territory. South Africa administered the territory under martial law in the immediate aftermath. German colonial administration in South-West Africa never resumed after the war. war ●●

18 October 1915 House of the Temple Dedicated 0 cit. The House of the Temple was formally dedicated exactly four years after its cornerstone was laid. The building, modeled on the ancient Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, became the headquarters of the Scottish Rite's Southern Jurisdiction and one of the most architecturally elaborate Masonic buildings in the world. Its design drew on classical and ancient sources openly, as a stated architectural choice, not hidden symbolism. It still serves as a working Masonic library, museum, and administrative headquarters. culture / religion ●●

1915 Founding of AMORC, the Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis 0 cit. Harvey Spencer Lewis founded AMORC in the United States as a mail-order fraternal and mystical teaching organization using Rosicrucian symbolism. It is a well-documented modern organization that still operates today, offering correspondence courses in esoteric philosophy, though its claim of unbroken descent from the 17th-century Rosicrucians is not historically verifiable. religion / society ●

28 July 1915 US Marines occupy Haiti and take over its treasury 0 cit. US Marines landed in Haiti and, citing instability and unpaid debts to American and French creditors, occupied the country until 1934. Washington placed US officials in direct control of Haitian customs revenue and the national bank to guarantee bondholders were paid. The occupation is a frequently cited early example of a foreign power controlling a nominally independent state's finances by force. economy / politics ●●

20 February 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition 0 cit. This fair celebrated the completion of the Panama Canal and San Francisco's rebuilding after the 1906 earthquake. Its Palace of Fine Arts, designed by Bernard Maki, is the only major structure still standing, later rebuilt in permanent materials because of its popularity. economy / technology ●●

9 July 1915 South African forces occupy German South-West Africa 0 cit. During the First World War, Union of South Africa forces fighting for the British Empire invade and occupy German South-West Africa, ending German colonial rule. South Africa administers the territory afterward, first under a League of Nations mandate and later, in defiance of the UN, as a de facto colony. war ●

30 July 1915 Charles Becker executed at Sing Sing 0 cit. Charles Becker was executed by electric chair at Sing Sing Prison, becoming the first American police officer executed for murder. The case remained controversial, with later commentators questioning whether the evidence against him was as solid as prosecutors claimed. politics ●●

c. January 1915 Plan de San Diego and the start of border violence 0 cit. A manifesto known as the Plan de San Diego, calling for an uprising to reclaim the Southwest for Mexico and killed on discovery, circulated among ethnic Mexican radicals in South Texas, and sporadic raids by Mexican and Tejano insurgents followed against Anglo ranches and rail lines. Texas authorities, ranchers, and Rangers responded with a campaign of reprisal that killed far more people than the raids themselves. Historians including Doug Swanson and Monica Muñoz Martinez identify this as the opening of the period later called La Matanza. politics / war ●●

c. August 1915 La Matanza: the Hour of Blood 0 cit. Between roughly August 1915 and 1919, Texas Rangers, local law officers, and vigilante posses killed a large number of ethnic Mexicans in South Texas, in a campaign later called La Matanza ("the slaughter") or La Hora de Sangre ("the hour of blood"). The death toll cannot be fixed precisely because many killings went unrecorded and bodies were left in remote brush country; estimates range from a few hundred documented deaths to historian estimates as high as several thousand across the decade, a range cited by scholars including Monica Muñoz Martinez in "The Injustice Never Leaves You" and by Doug Swanson in "Cult of Glory." Contemporary Anglo newspapers in some cases stopped reporting Mexican deaths as routine and unremarkable. politics / society ●●●

8 August 1915 Rangers killed in the Norias raid 0 cit. A raiding party linked to the Plan de San Diego insurgency attacked the King Ranch's Norias division; Rangers, ranch hands, and U.S. soldiers repelled the raid, killing most of the raiders. The attack was cited by Rangers and ranchers to justify the escalating campaign of reprisal killings against ethnic Mexican civilians that followed, even though most victims of that reprisal campaign had no connection to the raid. war ●

c. October 1915 Rangers and vigilantes kill unarmed ranch hands near Ebonal 0 cit. As reprisals for the Plan de San Diego raids continued, Rangers and Anglo vigilante groups summarily killed ethnic Mexican men in South Texas ranch communities, often without any evidence tying the victims to raiding parties. Historian Monica Muñoz Martinez documents such killings as part of a pattern in which suspicion of Mexican ancestry alone could be treated as grounds for execution during this period. politics / society ●●

c. 1 January 1915 Texas Rangers' La Matanza and Anti-Mexican Lynchings 0 cit. Between roughly 1915 and 1919, Texas Rangers, local police, and vigilante mobs killed Mexicans and Mexican Americans in South Texas following the Plan de San Diego uprising, a period historians call La Matanza (the killing). Historians William D. Carrigan and Clive Webb documented hundreds of confirmed lynchings of people of Mexican origin in the US Southwest between 1848 and 1928, while historian Monica Muñoz Martinez estimates the death toll of La Matanza alone in the hundreds to low thousands, noting many killings went unrecorded. This period has its own dedicated timeline elsewhere; it is noted here briefly because it forms the backdrop for the Porvenir massacre and other violence covered in this dataset. politics / society / war ●●●

c. 1915 Leone Lattes develops a forensic test for dried blood stains 0 cit. Italian physician Leone Lattes developed a method for determining the ABO blood group of dried bloodstains, applying Landsteiner's discovery directly to crime scene evidence. This gave investigators a practical way to test blood found at scenes rather than only fresh samples. The technique was used in criminal cases across Europe in the following decades. science ●●

1915 The kipande pass system 1 cit. The Native Registration Ordinance of 1915, put into full effect around 1919 to 1920, required every African man to carry a kipande, a fingerprinted identity and labour pass held in a metal container worn round the neck. Police enforced it, and a man found without his kipande could be arrested, fined, or jailed. The system controlled African movement and labour and became one of the most hated symbols of colonial rule. economy / politics ●●●

1915 Crown Lands Ordinance Entrenches the White Highlands 0 cit. The Crown Lands Ordinance extended settler leases to 999 years and confirmed African land as Crown property, hardening the reservation of the fertile central highlands for white settlers. Kikuyu, Embu, and Meru communities lost claim to land they regarded as ancestral, and Africans were legally barred from owning land in the areas that became known as the White Highlands. This land alienation is the documented root grievance behind the later uprising. economy / politics ●●●

5 September 1915 The Zimmerwald Conference 0 cit. Antiwar socialists from both warring camps meet secretly in the Swiss village of Zimmerwald and issue a manifesto calling for a peace without annexations. A minority known as the Zimmerwald Left, led by Lenin, argued instead for turning the imperialist war into civil war and revolution. The gatherings became a seed of the later Communist International. diplomacy / politics / war ●●

1915 American capital takes over Chuquicamata copper 0 cit. The Guggenheim mining interests developed Chuquicamata in northern Chile into one of the largest open-pit copper mines on Earth, later held by the American firm Anaconda. Chilean copper became a foreign-owned enclave whose profits left the country for shareholders abroad. Resentment at this arrangement built for decades and fed a national demand to reclaim the copper. economy / technology ●●

1915 Einstein's general relativity reshapes gravity 0 cit. Einstein recast gravity not as a force but as the bending of space and time by mass and energy. The theory predicted that starlight would bend around the sun, confirmed by an eclipse expedition in 1919 that made him famous overnight. It remains our best description of gravity and the large-scale universe. science ●●●

24 April 1915 to 1917 The Armenian genocide 0 cit. The Ottoman government carried out the systematic deportation and mass killing of its Armenian population, along with Assyrian and Greek communities. Around one to one and a half million Armenians died through massacres, death marches, and starvation. It is documented as genocide by historians and many governments. The modern Turkish state disputes the term and the intent; that position is a denial of an established historical fact, not a competing account of it. politics / society / war ●●●

24 April 1915 Arrest of Armenian intellectuals in Constantinople 0 cit. Ottoman authorities round up several hundred Armenian community leaders, writers, and professionals in the capital, most of whom are later killed. The date, 24 April 1915, is commemorated worldwide as Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day. The arrests mark the start of the systematic destruction of the Ottoman Armenian community. politics / war ●●●

c. 1915 The kipande registration system 0 cit. The Native Registration Ordinance, enforced from about 1920, required African men to carry a fingerprinted identity pass, the kipande, often in a metal container worn on a cord around the neck. It let employers and police track workers, fix wages, and punish those who left jobs, and it was widely hated as a badge of servitude. Ending the kipande became a rallying cause of early African political protest. politics / society ●●

c. 1915 The Native Reserves Confine the Africans 7 cit. As the highlands passed to settlers, the colonial state confined each African group to demarcated native reserves, a system extended by the Crown Lands Ordinance of 1915 and later the Native Lands Trust Ordinance. The reserves separated Africans from the alienated highlands and grew steadily overcrowded as populations rose within fixed boundaries. Land hunger in the Kikuyu reserves, set against the empty acres of the White Highlands next door, sharpened the sense of dispossession. economy / politics / society ●●●

23 January 1915 John Chilembwe's rising in Nyasaland 0 cit. John Chilembwe, an American-educated Baptist minister, led an armed rising against British rule, protesting land dispossession, harsh plantation labor, and the drafting of Africans to fight in the First World War. His preaching fused Christian conviction with a demand for African dignity and justice. The revolt was quickly crushed and Chilembwe was killed, but he became a founding figure of Malawian nationalism. politics / religion / war ●●●

1915 The Crown Lands Ordinance of 1915 1 cit. The 1915 ordinance stretched leases to 999 years and redefined Crown land so broadly that it included land occupied by Africans, who were reduced to tenants at the will of the Crown. Africans could now be moved off land their families had farmed for generations with no right to stay. This law, more than any other, turned the highlands into secure white freehold and left Africans legally landless on their own soil. economy / politics ●●●

1915 The Native Registration Ordinance imposes the kipande 0 cit. The Native Registration Ordinance of 1915, enforced from 1919-20, requires every African man over fifteen to be fingerprinted and to carry a registration certificate, the kipande, in a metal container worn around the neck. It recorded his employment and movements, tied him to his employer, and was used to control labour and hunt down deserters. Africans loathed it as a badge of servitude, and its abolition became a central demand of the independence movement. economy / politics / society ●●

c. 1915 Land alienation and the making of a grievance 0 cit. British settlement took much of the fertile Kikuyu highland for European farms, an area that became the White Highlands. Many Kikuyu lost land near Kiambu, Nyeri, and Murang'a and became squatters and laborers on farms that had once been their own. This loss of land, and the tenant status that came with it, created the deep grievance that oathing would later mobilize. The oath gave a scattered, dispossessed population a way to act as one. economy / politics / society ●●

1915 The kipande pass system binds African labour 0 cit. The Native Registration Ordinance required every adult African man to carry a kipande, a fingerprinted registration certificate held in a metal case around the neck, enforced from about 1920. It recorded employment and was used to control movement and hold down wages. The system tied African workers to settler farms and became a lasting grievance. politics / society ●●

1915 Crown Lands Ordinance formalises the White Highlands 0 cit. Legislation entrenched European control of the highlands and made it effectively impossible for Indians to acquire farmland there. Combined with limits on the franchise and on immigration, it sharpened the contest between settlers and the Indian community. This bundle of grievances became known as the Indian Question. economy / politics ●●

c. 1915 Britain turns to America to finance the Great War 0 cit. To pay for the First World War, Britain borrowed heavily in the United States, with the bank J.P. Morgan acting as its purchasing agent for American munitions and supplies. The world's greatest creditor nation was becoming a debtor, and Adam Tooze argues in The Deluge that this dependence quietly shifted financial power across the Atlantic. diplomacy / economy / war ●●●

c. 1915 Banda walks south to the mines 0 cit. As a young man Banda leaves Nyasaland on foot, travelling hundreds of miles through Southern Rhodesia to the goldfields of the Witwatersrand. He works as a clerk and interpreter around the mines of the Rand for several years. There he saves money and forms the plan to seek an education abroad. economy / society ●

21 January 1915 Kiwanis founded in Detroit 0 cit. Kiwanis was organized in Detroit as a club of business and professional men, at first focused on networking and later on community service. Within a few years it committed to service work and made helping children its central and lasting cause. It grew into an international organization with clubs across North America and beyond. economy / society ●●

1915 The White Highlands and the settler plantation base 4 cit. The Crown Lands Ordinance of 1915 secured the fertile highlands for European settlers and locked Africans out of the best farmland. Large estates grew coffee, tea, sisal, and pyrethrum for export using cheap African labour. This plantation base made Kenya a producer of raw cash crops for British and world markets. economy / politics ●●

1915 South Africa takes over and later imposes apartheid 0 cit. South African troops occupied German South-West Africa during the First World War, and in 1920 the League of Nations placed the territory under South African administration as a mandate. South Africa ruled it as a near-fifth province and, from the 1960s, extended its apartheid laws and homeland system there under the Odendaal plan. The territory's Black majority was governed as subjects with no political voice, on the settler-colonial model South Africa ran at home. politics / society ●●

c. 1915 The ban on raiding dissolves the warrior order 0 cit. Confined to the reserves, the Maasai were forbidden to raid or make war, which stripped the ilmurran of their central purpose. Without raiding to rebuild herds or prove themselves, the moran system lost its military meaning and became mostly ceremonial. The pastoral economy that had depended on mobility and cattle exchange was fenced into a shrinking space. economy / society ●●●

21 February 1916 to 18 December 1916 Battle of Verdun 0 cit. The longest battle of the war; France holds Verdun at a combined cost of some 700,000 casualties. war ●●●●

1 July 1916 to 18 November 1916 Battle of the Somme 0 cit. The British Army suffers 57,000 casualties on the first day alone; five months of fighting gain roughly six miles. war ●●●●

16 May 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement 0 cit. Britain and France secretly divide the Ottoman Middle East into spheres of influence, with Russian assent, contradicting promises made to Arab allies. Its publication by the Bolsheviks in 1917 caused lasting distrust in the region. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●●

15 July 1916 Founding of Boeing 0 cit. William Boeing incorporates the Pacific Aero Products Company in Seattle, renamed Boeing the next year. It becomes the world's leading builder of airliners, including the 707 and 747 that define the jet age. economy / technology ●●●●

25 August 1916 Founding of the National Park Service 0 cit. Congress creates a single agency to manage the national parks and monuments, which had grown haphazardly since Yellowstone became the first national park in 1872. The service is charged with keeping the parks unimpaired for future generations. environment ●●●

3 November 1916 Qatar Becomes a British Protectorate 0 cit. Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani signed a treaty giving Britain control of Qatar's foreign affairs in return for protection. Qatar remained a British protectorate until 1971. politics ●●●

1916 Warlord Era 0 cit. After the death of Yuan Shikai in 1916, central authority collapsed and regional military leaders ruled by force. China fragmented into competing warlord domains. politics / war ●●●●

1916 Madison Grant's The Passing of the Great Race 1 cit. Grant's bestseller warned that the "Nordic race" was being swamped by inferior immigrants and called for eugenic controls. Hitler reportedly called it his "bible," and it shaped U.S. immigration law. science / society ●●

c. 1916 Rockefeller becomes the first US dollar billionaire 0 cit. John D. Rockefeller's fortune is generally reckoned to have reached one billion dollars around 1916. He is often described as the richest American in modern history relative to the economy. economy ●●●

1916 Trojan condoms are named for the warriors of ancient Troy 0 cit. The Trojan condom brand, introduced in the United States in 1916, is named and pictured after the warriors of ancient Troy from the Trojan War of Greek legend. economy / religion / war ●●

16 October 1916 Margaret Sanger opens the first US birth control clinic 1 cit. Margaret Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn in 1916. Police shut it down within days and arrested her, but it marked the start of the organized US birth control movement. science / society ●●●●

1916 Murder of Rasputin, December 1916 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rasputin's growing control over the Russian government through the tsarina lasted until he was murdered in December 1916. ●●

1916 Easter Revolt in Ireland (1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1916 Easter Revolt, made with German arms by Irish Nationalists, was crushed and its leaders executed, but Irish discontent continued to simmer. ●●

1916 Battle of the Somme (July-November 1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the Somme in 1916 the British lost 410,000, the French 190,000, and the Germans 450,000 for a maximum gain of about seven miles, exemplifying the futility of the continuous-front doctrine. ●●

1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement partitions Ottoman Empire (May 16, 1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Sykes-Picot agreement, signed May 16, 1916, between Russia, France, and Britain, partitioned the Ottoman Empire into spheres, leaving the Turks little beyond the area around Ankara. ●●

1916 Arab Revolt against Turkey begins (June 5, 1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Acting on his understanding of the McMahon correspondence, Hussein began an Arab revolt against Turkey on June 5, 1916, thereafter receiving a British subsidy of 225,000 pounds a month. ●●

1916 Curtis's The Problem of the Commonwealth published (May 1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A popular volume, The Problem of the Commonwealth, was published under Curtis's name as editor in May 1916. A companion volume, The Commonwealth of Nations, followed two months later. ●●

1916 Quigley: the Group seizes power in 1916 by intrigue ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the Group came to power in 1916 through a secret intrigue that split and destroyed the Liberal Party, a method he says they repeated against Labour in 1931. ●●

1916 Lucknow Compact (29 December 1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A distorted version of a Curtis letter helped push the Indian National Congress and the Moslem League into their one formal alliance, the Lucknow Compact of 29 December 1916. Quigley says the letter was very influential. ●●

1916 Curtis's circulated letter to the Group (13 Nov 1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Curtis's letter of 13 November 1916 to Philip Kerr was intended for the whole Round Table Group and set out how India should be handled in imperial reconstruction. A thousand copies were printed and distributed. ●●

1916 Robert Cecil pushes a League of Nations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lord Robert Cecil pressed the Cabinet to back a League, leading to the Phillimore Committee and the first British draft of the Covenant. Quigley places the League's British design with men close to the Milner Group. ●●

1916 Madison Grant publishes The Passing of the Great Race, 1916 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that Madison Grant's racial treatise The Passing of the Great Race appeared in 1916 with an introduction by Henry Fairfield Osborn. ●●

1916 Strong's scouting trip and first meeting with Norman ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1916 Benjamin Strong sailed to Europe on a 'scouting trip' to coordinate with its central banks. At the Bank of England he first met Montagu Norman, beginning the friendship that would anchor world finance in the 1920s. ●●