Events, Verisoph

1948 Shockley conceives the junction transistor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story William Shockley wakes before dawn with the idea for a simpler, more manufacturable junction transistor design. ●●

1948 Bell Labs announces the transistor to the press ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bell Labs holds a press event unveiling the transistor, with Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain presented as a team. ●●

1949 Berlin airlift ends as ground routes reopen ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the airlift delivered more than 1.6 million tons of freight, the Soviet blockade was defeated and the ground routes to Berlin were reopened on 12 May 1949. ●●

1949 West German elections and Adenauer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The West German elections of 14 August 1949 gave the Christian Democrats a plurality; Konrad Adenauer, an anti-Nazi jailed by Hitler, became chancellor by a single vote and held the post until 1963. ●●

1949 Nationalist government flees to Taiwan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1949 the Communist victories drove Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government from the mainland to Taiwan, where the U.S. Seventh Fleet later shielded it. ●●

1949 Forrestal, first Secretary of Defense, resigns and dies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story James Forrestal, made the first Secretary of Defense in 1947, reversed his views on unification, broke down under the strain, resigned in 1949, and soon committed suicide. ●●

1949 NATO founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed by the treaty of 4 April 1949 signed in Washington, binding the U.S., Canada, and ten West European states in mutual defense. ●●

1949 Quigley: China lost through Chiang's own weakness ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues Mao won China because of the incompetence and corruption of Chiang Kai-shek's regime, not through any conspiracy in the State Department, and would have won whatever American aid was given. ●●

1949 Truman announces the first Soviet atomic bomb ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After U.S. air monitoring detected a radioactive cloud from Soviet Asia, Truman announced on 23 September 1949 that an atomic explosion had occurred in the USSR. ●●

1949 United Nations headquarters built ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United Nations headquarters was built in 1949 on 17 acres in New York City donated by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Wood emphasizes the Rockefeller financial ties to the U.N. ●●

1949 Federal urban renewal legislation enables public-private partnerships ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wood cites the original 1949 federal urban renewal legislation, which let redevelopment authorities seize land by eminent domain and resell it cheaply to private corporations, as an early public-private partnership model. ●●

1949 George Orwell finishes Nineteen Eighty-Four ai_extracted 1 cit. no story George Orwell finished Nineteen Eighty-Four in 1949, coining the word Orwellian. Wood counts it, with Brave New World, among the works foreseeing technocratic control. ●●

1949 Max Otto publishes Science and the Moral Life, 1949 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Max Otto's 1949 essay Science and the Moral Life, which argued businessmen had quietly revolutionized the idea of education toward consumption. ●●

1949 ” The paper continues: Unvouchered rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” The paper continues: Unvouchered funds in the amount of $5,000,000 should be made available by Congress for the fiscal year 1949 to a component of the National Military Establishment. ●●

1949 … But Adenauer was eventually rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story … But Adenauer was eventually permitted to form a government in 1949. This was due in part to Hilger’s contacts with the U. ●●

1949 knowledge of Poppe’s work for rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story knowledge of Poppe’s work for Nazi intelligence and Soviet efforts to capture him —indeed, probably precisely because of that knowledge—he was given a false name (Joseph Alexandris) while in Germany and was brought to the United States in 1949. ●●

1949 Military Air Transport plane in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Military Air Transport plane in May 1949. The following day he was flown to Washington, D. ●●

1949 Poppe had (and has) a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Poppe had (and has) a personal grievance against Lattimore, who he claims used his influence to block Poppe’s immigration to the United States prior to 1949. ●●

1949 By the beginning of 1949 rejected ai_extracted 4 cit. no story By the beginning of 1949 the two projects were gradually merging into a single strategy combining preconflagration psychological warfare and clandestine action under the control of the CIA and State Department with postnuclear guerrilla armies under military command. ●●

1949 Thirdly, at least some Bloodstone rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thirdly, at least some Bloodstone émigrés with backgrounds as Nazi collaborators—former Albanian Minister of Justice Hasan Dosti, for example—went on to become deeply involved in clandestine operations that did indeed involve paramilitary operations, murders, and unconsummated plans for assassinatio ●●

1949 ”1 Carroll’s 1949 conclusion was rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”1 Carroll’s 1949 conclusion was, in part, that America needed to embrace the former Nazi collaborators as a central tactic in a comprehensive strategy of political warfare against the Soviets. The fact that Carroll was a psychological warfare consultant to the U. ●●

1949 ”2 The 1949 publication of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”2 The 1949 publication of Carroll’s article marked a new stage in the development of U. ●●

1949 Shandruk traveled to America only rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Shandruk traveled to America only days before Lebed, also arriving in October 1949. It is likely that Shandruk entered the United States under a false name, as Lebed had. ●●

1949 31 By the time Mykola rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 31 By the time Mykola Lebed arrived in the United States in 1949, the CIA and OPC appear to have discarded any lingering reservations about employment of Nazi collaborators for behind-the-lines missions into the USSR. ●●

1949 By the time the Americans rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the time the Americans decided to extend clandestine aid to the guerrillas in 1949, the insurgency was already in serious decline. ●●

1949 Von Bolschwing left the Gehlen Organization in late 1949 but rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Von Bolschwing left the Gehlen Organization in late 1949 but retained his U.S. sponsorship in a new operation under even deeper cover. ●●

1949 government during immigration. Therefore, the lawyers say, they can... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story government during immigration. Therefore, the lawyers say, they cannot be deported today.44 In other instances, persons whom some have accused of crimes against humanity like Mykol... ●●

1949 interview with the former chief of Mil Amt “C” of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story interview with the former chief of Mil Amt “C” of the RSHA, Lieutenant Colonel Werner Ohletz, a senior German Abwehr officer involved in Soviet émigré programs). For data on anti-S... ●●

1949 Congress passes the CIA Act of 1949 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Congress rammed through the CIA Act on May 27, 1949, giving the agency unprecedented powers to conduct secret operations with secret budgets and untraceable funds, with minimal oversight. ●●

1949 There were more recent cases of debt repudiation as well, including... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO SAMBA BY the mid-1970s, J. P. Morgan and Company—the holding company of Morgan Guaranty—was drawing half its profits from more than twenty offices abroad. ●●

1949 Putnam’s Sons, 1949 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS AND ARTICLES Adams, Frederick B.; Jr. An Introduction to the Pierpont Morgan Library. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, 1964. ●●

1949 Allen Dulles visits Iran to meet the Shah ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Allen Dulles traveled to Iran in 1949 for meetings with the Shah and his court to secure an OCI contract. ●●

1949 In 1949, he visited Paul rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1949, he visited Paul Ziegler at his monastery. Originally Jewish, Ziegler was an old friend who had converted to Catholicism and become a... ●●

1949 Siegmund didn’t believe in collective guilt (1949) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Carl H. Goldman.25 In December 1949, Siegmund made his first trip back to Hamburg, having recuperated from a small operation in Germany that summer. ... ●●

1949 CHAPTER 40––Itinerant Preacher Jimmy Warburg didn’t have to... (1949) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Freed from financial worry by Polaroid and several other shrewd investments, Jimmy could indulge his preferred maverick role of producing unsparing, i... ●●

1949 Howard Unruh's shooting rampage in Camden ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Psychotic veteran Howard B. Unruh goes on shooting rampage in Camden, New Jersey, killing thirteen people; stops when newspaper editor calls him ●●

1949 two years after his mentor’s death, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story two years after his mentor’s death, Gardner penned High Magic’s Aid. ●●

1949 House of Representatives, Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, Military Functions: Natio rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story House of Representatives, Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, Military Functions: National Military Establishment Appropriation Bill for 1949, Hearings, 80th Cong. ●●

1949 1949: mester, but not expelled. Noyce took it in stride. 56 When Noyce retur rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story mester, but not expelled. Noyce took it in stride. 56 When Noyce returned in February 1949, Gale did him what may have been an even bigger favor. The ●●

1949 1949: ia, where his father opened a small grocery store. After graduating fr rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ia, where his father opened a small grocery store. After graduating from Drexel in 1949, Baran joined Presper Eckert and John Mauchly in their new com ●●

1949 Information history in 1949 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story th-century historian of ancient mathematics, had to reassemble tablets whose fragments had made their way to opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean. In 1949, when the number of cuneiform tablets housed ●●

1949 uess was that he must have had a girlfriend there.” Akrevoe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “My guess was that he must have had a girlfriend there.” Akrevoe remained in Princeton until August 1949, when her mother, who “thought I was getting ●●

1949 especially for those engaged in work on the computer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “It has proven convenient, especially for those engaged in work on the computer, to avail themselves of the discount rates of the computer contract in ●●

1949 “It was confirmed by experiment that an AC magnetic field of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “It was confirmed by experiment that an AC magnetic field of about the strength of the earth’s field, 0.2 gauss, will produce a deflection of the beam ●●

1949 ve looked a little more closely at both the available space rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Since returning from Chicago I have looked a little more closely at both the available space on the numerical function table and also, with the help ●●

1949 “Because of the very nature of the tables rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Because of the very nature of the tables, it did not seem necessary to proofread every page of the final manuscript in order to catch random errors,” ●●

1949 in 1949 was a tortured thing that you could well argue did n rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The program we had in 1949 was a tortured thing that you could well argue did not make a great deal of technical sense ●●

1949 “Has anybody considered the following problem—which appears rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Has anybody considered the following problem—which appears to me very pretty,” he wrote to von Neumann in February 1949 ●●

1949 while developing the Manchester Mark I (prototype for the Fe candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1949, while developing the Manchester Mark I (prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the first stored-program electronic digital computer to be commerc ●●

1949 el visited us rather steadily and took away designs and draw rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “From about 1949 on, engineering personnel visited us rather steadily and took away designs and drawings for duplicate machines.”15 In turn, von Neum ●●

1949 has found by mathematical reasoning really occurs in nature rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The question as to whether a solution which one has found by mathematical reasoning really occurs in nature … is a quite difficult and ambiguous one, ●●

1949 computing machine is non-synchronous; that is rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story computing machine is non-synchronous; that is, decisions between elementary alternatives, and enforcement of these decisions are initiated not with re ●●

1949 Event of 1949 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 59 After Thompson’s arrival in 1949 there was a fourfold increase in the number of articles on population in the Japanese press ●●

1949 It took two devastating world wars and the division of the country for the western part of Germany t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It took two devastating world wars and the division of the country for the western part of Germany to finally emerge as a consolidated liberal democracy in 1949. ●●

1949 Chinese Communist Party reestablishes central state ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While state authority did break down briefly in the 1920s, ’30s, and ’40s during the period of warlordism, civil war, and Japanese occupation, a strong centralized state was soon reestablished under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party in 1949. ●●

1949 The PRC’s first constitution, which was adopted in 1954, enshrined the Socialist principles from the candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The PRC’s first constitution, which was adopted in 1954, enshrined the Socialist principles from the CCP’s 1949 Common Program and imported many provisions from the Soviet constitution wholesale. ●●

1949 Hearings held in executive session rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hearings held in executive session before the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee during 1949-50: Economic Assistance to China and Korea 1949-50, testimony of Dean Acheson, p ●●

1949 Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, 1943-1949 (Columbia University Press, NY, 1982) passim.Churchill quote: Kati Marton, The Polk Conspiracy: Murder and Cover-Up in the Case of CBS News Correspondent George Polk (New York, 1990), p ●●

1949 1949 - Kim Koo, Korean rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1949 - Kim Koo, Korean opposition leader 1950s - CIA/Neo-Nazi hit list of more than 200 political figures in West Germany to be “put out of the way” in the event of a Soviet invasion 1950s - Zhou Enlai, Prime minister of China, several attempts on hi ●●

1949 “Such letters,” wrote a Christian rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Such letters,” wrote a Christian Democrat official in an Italian newspaper, “struck home in southern Italian and Sicilian villages with the force of lightning.” A 1949 poll indicated that 16 percent of Italians claimed relatives in the United States ●●

1949 Greek Communist guerrillas declare ceasefire ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But by October 1949, foreseeing nothing but more loss of lives to a vastly superior destruction- machine, the guerrillas announced over their radio a “cease fire” ●●

1949 22 China 1945 to 1960s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 22 China 1945 to 1960s By 1949, United States aid to the Nationalists since the war amounted to almost $2 bil- lion in cash and $1 billion worth of military hardware; 39 Nationalist army divisions had been trained and equipped.!3 Yet the Chiang dyna ●●

1949 The North Korean Government has rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The North Korean Government has claimed that in 1949 alone, the South Korean army or police perpetrated 2,617 armed incursions into the North to carry out murder, kidnapping, pillage and arson for the purpose of causing social disorder and unrest, as ●●

1949 A 1949 law to cover rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A 1949 law to cover other holdings was not enforced at all, and the abuse of land ten- ants continued in both old and new forms.26 Public resentment against the US/Rhee administration was aroused because of these policies as well as because of the su ●●

1949 Huks’ condition: New York Times, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Huks’ condition: New York Times, 3 April 1949, p ●●

1949 CIA backs the 1949 coup in Syria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the same book, Copeland asserts that the CIA, with 404 Notes himself personally involved, directed a coup in Syria in 1949 ●●

1949 Only a year earlier, in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only a year earlier, in 1949, in the Arab-Israeli fighting in Palestine and in the India-Pakistani war over Kashmir, the United Nations, with American support, had intervened to mediate an armistice, not to send in an army to take sides and expand th ●●

1949 Fitzroy Maclean, Eastern Approaches (London, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fitzroy Maclean, Eastern Approaches (London, 1949) pp ●●

1949 Iran bans the Tudeh Party ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Tudeh Party had been declared illegal in 1949 and Mossadegh had not lifted that ban although he allowed the party to operate openly, at least to some extent because of his democratic convictions, and had appointed some Tudeh sympathizers to gover ●●

1949 Brazil was the only Latin candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Brazil was the only Latin American country to send ground combat troops to the war, and it allowed the United States to build huge aircraft staging bases on its territory.37 The relationship between US and Brazilian officers was continued and enhance ●●

1949 Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, 1943-1949 (Columbia University rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, 1943-1949 (Columbia University Press, NY, 1982) passim ●●

1949 1949 - Kim Koo, Korean opposition leader 1950s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1949 - Kim Koo, Korean opposition leader 1950s - CIA/Neo-Nazi hit list of more than 200 political figures in West German ●●

1949 Financial crisis or panic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Winston Churchill, The World Crisis (New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1949), p ●●

1949 They supported the efforts of both Democratic and Republican administrations dur... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They supported the efforts of both Democratic and Republican administrations during the recessions of 1949, 1957, and 1960 to provide stability through fiscal policies involving the building of highways and shifting defense contracts ●●

1949 West Germany founded under Allied occupation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The new West German state came into being under a military occupation that controlled its foreign trade, foreign policy and defence, even as its cartels were formally broken up. ●●

1949 US experts probe Africa for minerals under Marshall Plan aid rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The UN Economic Commission for Africa reported that American experts, backed by Marshall Plan funds, were surveying Africa from the Atlas Mountains to the Cape for exploitable resources. ●●

23 March 1950 Founding of the World Meteorological Organization 0 cit. no story The WMO Convention enters into force, turning the old International Meteorological Organization into an intergovernmental UN agency for weather, climate and water. The date is marked as World Meteorological Day. diplomacy / science ●●

1950 West German currency reform ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley identifies the West German currency reform as the signal for the postwar German economic revival, encouraging investment and offering large profits through the state's tax policies. ●●

1950 Sino-Soviet mutual-assistance treaty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Mao and Stalin met in Moscow, a Sino-Soviet mutual-assistance treaty was signed on 14 February 1950, granting China aid while Stalin sought to steer its development. ●●

1950 Quigley: Wall Street foundations financed the IPR ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the Institute of Pacific Relations was funded largely by the Carnegie and Rockefeller foundations, which he describes as interlocking groups controlled by Morgan and Rockefeller Wall Street interests. ●●

1950 Truman orders development of the hydrogen bomb ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 31 January 1950 Truman ordered the AEC to proceed with the hydrogen bomb while also continuing varied A-weapons work, a triple order often misrepresented as a single crash H-bomb program. ●●

1950 Fuchs confession and McCarthy's Wheeling speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley links the January-February 1950 chronology: Klaus Fuchs confessed to atomic espionage on 27 January, Truman ordered the H-bomb four days later, and McCarthy made his first accusations at Wheeling nine days after that. ●●

1950 NSC 68 accepted ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1950 the National Security Council accepted NSC 68, drafted by Paul Nitze's State Department staff, calling for a balanced defense buildup, though funded at only $18 billion. ●●

1950 Acheson's defense-perimeter speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 12 January 1950 Acheson accepted MacArthur's Far East defense perimeter, distinguishing areas the U.S. would defend unilaterally from those it would defend collectively. ●●

1950 North Korea invades South Korea ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 25 June 1950, after an artillery bombardment, 60,000 North Koreans led by Soviet tanks crossed the 38th parallel against lightly armed South Korean troops, opening the Korean War. ●●

1950 UN votes collective force in Korea ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 27 June 1950 the Security Council, with the Soviet delegate absent, condemned the aggression and called on members to aid South Korea; Truman ordered forces into action and sent the Seventh Fleet to the Formosa Strait. ●●

1950 Chinese intervention in Korea begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Chinese decision to intervene in North Korea began on 15 October 1950, nine days after American troops crossed the 38th parallel. ●●

1950 Chinese counteroffensive in Korea ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 26 November 1950 a Chinese offensive of 33 divisions counterattacked into the gap between MacArthur's two advancing wings just as they reached the Yalu. ●●

1950 Red Chinese-Soviet treaty of February 1950 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only when the Communists were achieving final victory did Stalin accept a Communist regime in China, seeking to bring it under Soviet influence through the treaty of February 14, 1950. Quigley notes Stalin had earlier urged the Chinese Communists to seek a modus vivendi with Chiang. ●●

1950 Red China recognizes Ho Chi Minh's Vietnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mao's new Communist government was the first state to recognize Ho Chi Minh's Vietnam in January 1950 and began sending military supplies. Since the United States backed France, the Vietnam struggle became a proxy conflict between America and Red China. ●●

1950 Sino-Soviet Alliance of 1950 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Sino-Soviet Alliance of February 1950 was accompanied by a $300 million economic development loan and the arrival of a 3,000-man Soviet military mission. Quigley stresses that all Soviet military aid to China was sold at high prices. ●●

1950 China's Land Reform Law eliminates landlordism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before the Land Reform Law of June 1950, 10 percent of Chinese families owned 53 percent of farm land. The law eliminated landlords in brutal public trials, with at least three million executed, and redistributed land to poor peasant families. ●●

1950 Schuman proposes a common coal and steel authority, 1950 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1950 French foreign minister Robert Schuman proposed putting all French and German coal and steel production under a common High Authority, the seed of the European Coal and Steel Community. ●●

1950 Year 1950: Mohammed Reza Shah named him to the Senate in 1950 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mohammed Reza Shah named him to the Senate in 1950 and the next year persuaded Mossadegh to choose him as interior minister. Mossadegh dismissed him a few months later, after he or... ●●

1950 ”21 *As late as 1950 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”21 *As late as 1950 fully half of the Soviets’ transport for their standing army was horse-drawn. This actually had some advantages in the trackless frozen north, where Russian ponies were useful long after tanks and trucks had frozen up or bogged down in snowdrifts. ●●

1950 By 1950 his erstwhile allies rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1950 his erstwhile allies in secret work—men like Allen and John Foster Dulles, Paul Nitze, and Arthur Bliss Lane—were grasping for more power and depreciating Kennan’s policies for being “soft on communism. ●●

1950 In 1950, for example, Bohlen rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1950, for example, Bohlen remembers that he, Hilger, and Kennan formed an analysis team specializing in interpretation of Soviet geopolitical strategy following the outbreak of the Korean War. ●●

1950 Radio transmissions into Central and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Radio transmissions into Central and Eastern Europe began in 1950 under Radio Free Europe’s auspices, then expanded to include programs beamed into the USSR itself through RFE’s sister project, Radio Liberation from Bolshevism, in early 1953. ●●

1950 Their work was, as National rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Their work was, as National Committee for a Free Europe President Dewitt Poole noted in one 1950 directive, “to take up the individual Bolshevik rulers and their quislings and tear them apart, exposing their motivations, laying bare their private lives, pointing at their meannesses, pillorying their ●●

1950 Celmins entered the United States rejected ai_extracted 3 cit. no story Celmins entered the United States as a displaced person in 1950 and was quickly hired as a teacher in a Russian studies program at Syracuse, New York, with a history of ties to American intelligence agencies. ●●