Events, Verisoph

1937 Napoleon Hill's Think and Grow Rich 0 cit. Napoleon Hill's Think and Grow Rich taught that focused desire and belief could produce wealth, drawing on New Thought ideas about the creative power of the mind. The bestseller shaped modern success literature and fed directly into prosperity preaching. culture / economy ●●●

c. 1937 Peenemuende rocket center established 0 cit. The German army opened a research center on the Baltic coast to develop long-range rockets under Wernher von Braun. It became the birthplace of the V-2 missile. science / technology / war ●●●

c. 1937 to c. 1970 Puerto Rico's mass sterilization of women 0 cit. Under US-backed policy from the late 1930s, so many Puerto Rican women were sterilized that by the 1960s about a third of women of childbearing age had undergone the procedure, the highest rate in the world. Many were poorly informed and the practice became known simply as la operacion. politics / society ●●●●

1937 The recession of 1937 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the spring of 1937 most countries experienced a sharp recession marked by falling wholesale prices, declining business activity, and rising unemployment. It lasted about ten months to a year. ●●

1937 Purge of the Red Army leadership ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1937 evidence of contacts between Soviet army leaders and the German High Command, contacts long approved by both governments, was used to purge the Red Army; eight top generals led by Marshal Tukhachevski were executed. ●●

1937 German Corporation Law of 1937 forces concentration ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Corporation Law of 1937 eased mergers, barred new corporations below 500,000 marks, and dissolved those under 100,000 marks capital, wiping out a fifth of all corporations and concentrating industry. ●●

1937 Thorne v. Motor Trade Association ruling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites a House of Lords decision permitting the use of duress against outsiders to enforce restrictive economic agreements as monopoly capitalism's greatest legal achievement in Britain. ●●

1937 Re-privatization of German Great Banks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the depression forced the German government to rescue nearly all the Great Banks, the banks that had come under state ownership were re-privatized in 1937, by which time industry had escaped financial control. ●●

1937 Japanese attack on North China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Just after a Kuomintang-Communist united front was agreed, the Japanese opened their attack on North China in July 1937, driving the Nationalist government successively back to Chungking. ●●

1937 US Neutrality Act applied to the Spanish war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 18 January 1937 the American Neutrality Act was revised to apply to civil as well as international wars and was invoked against Spain immediately, cutting off Loyalist supplies. ●●

1937 Hitler announces plans for aggression (Hossbach conference) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hitler announced his decision to prepare open military aggression against Czechoslovakia and Austria to a secret meeting of seven persons on 5 November 1937, including his war minister and service chiefs. ●●

1937 The Round Table rejects war over Germany's ambitions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites the December 1937 issue of The Round Table, which mentioned most of the seven points Halifax had just discussed with Hitler and rejected war to prevent Germany's ambitions in Europe as uncertain in outcome and likely to entail domestic disasters. ●●

1937 Aerial bombing of Guernica and Barcelona ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says the theory that cities could be devastated from the air drew its chief support from the Spanish Civil War, notably the German destruction of Guernica in 1937 and the Italian bombardment of Barcelona in 1938, though both targets were undefended. ●●

1937 Brussels Conference on Japanese aggression ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From November 3-24, 1937, signers of the 1922 Nine-Power Treaty met at Brussels to discuss ending Japan's aggression in China. There was talk of economic sanctions, but no great power was willing to act and nothing was done. ●●

1937 Stalin's Great Purge of 1937 destroys thousands of army officers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes how Stalin demonstrated his control over the Red Army in the Great Purge of 1937, destroying at least 5,000 officers on fabricated charges. It was one of a series of purges he used to consolidate power. ●●

1937 Lord Robert Cecil awarded the Nobel Peace Prize ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lord Robert Cecil helped draft the Covenant of the League of Nations and became the public face of the League in Britain. He received the Nobel Prize in 1937. ●●

1937 Quigley says Dawson steered The Times toward appeasement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley claims Dawson used The Times to back appeasement of Germany. He says Dawson wrote the 1937 articles that opened the last stage of that policy and personally guided the paper's support. ●●

1937 Quigley credits Coupland with authoring the Peel Report on Palestine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Reginald Coupland was reputedly the chief author of the 1937 Peel Report. It recommended partition of Palestine and restriction of Jewish immigration, principles he says shaped British policy until 1949. ●●

1937 Quigley: the Milner Group at peak power at the 1937 Imperial Conference ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the 1937 Imperial Conference took place when the Milner Group was at the peak of its power, supplying five of the eight UK delegates. He names Halifax, Simon, Hoare and others. ●●

1937 Halifax's conversation with Hitler ai_extracted 2 cit. Acting Foreign Secretary Halifax met Hitler and, Quigley says, left the German government convinced Britain saw Germany as a bulwark against communism and would accept the peaceful liquidation of Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. ●●

1937 Tolkien builds Middle-earth from Norse myth 0 cit. J.R.R. Tolkien, a scholar of Old Norse, draws on the Eddas for The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings: the very name Middle-earth is the Norse Midgard, and Gandalf and the dwarves come straight from the Prose Edda. Modern fantasy is steeped in the Norse world. culture / religion ●●●

1937 Hitler outlines conquest plans at Hossbach meeting ai_extracted 1 cit. On November 5, 1937, Hitler called a meeting of his war minister, military commanders, and foreign minister where he outlined his strategic views and long-term plans for conquest in Eastern Europe and Soviet Union, as recorded by adjutant Hossbach. ●●

1937 French and British leaders meet in London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 29-30, 1937, French and British leaders met in London with Chamberlain and Delbos to discuss France's alliance with Czechoslovakia and explore possible means of conciliation regarding German expansion. ●●

1937 Lord Halifax visits Hitler at Berchtesgaden ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1937, Lord Halifax, then Lord President, visited Hitler's aerie at Berchtesgaden and praised Nazi Germany as the bulwark of Europe against Bolshevism, listing Danzig, Austria, and Czechoslovakia as issues on which possible alterations might come about. ●●

1937 Stalin's Great Terror kills millions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuboff documents Stalin's systematic violence: between 1937-1938, 7 million arrests, 1 million executions, 2 million deaths in labor camps, with another 7 million still imprisoned by 1938's end. ●●

1937 Cold Spring Harbor distributes Nazi eugenics film ai_extracted 2 cit. generate offspring for crime or let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind. Three generations of imbeciles are enough.'”137 In 1937, Laughlin and his Cold Spring Harbor office became the U.S. distributor of a two-reel Nazi euge ●●

1937 Porsche founds Volkswagen development company Gezuvor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 28 May 1937 Porsche and his associates founded the Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH (Gezuvor). ●●

1937 Germany imposes steel and metal rationing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rationing of nonferrous metals was adopted in January 1937; steel rationing was imposed as of 23 February 1937.” To clear the backlog with the rolling mills, all outstanding steel orders that could not be met by the end of April 1937 were cancelled. ●●

1937 Turing publishes 'On Computable Numbers' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Turing's paper introduces the concept of a universal computing machine, soon dubbed the Turing machine. ●●

1937 Shannon's thesis links relays to Boolean logic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Claude Shannon's MIT master's thesis shows how relay circuits can perform Boolean logic, later called the Magna Carta of the Information Age. ●●

1937 Aiken proposes a modern Babbage machine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Howard Aiken writes a memo urging Harvard and IBM to fund construction of a modern digital calculating machine inspired by Babbage. ●●

1937 Atanasoff conceives an electronic digital computer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Vincent Atanasoff works out the design for an electronic digital computer during a long impulsive drive across the Mississippi into Illinois. ●●

1937 Japan's Ministry of Education Publishes Kokutai no Hongi 0 cit. Japan's Ministry of Education issued Kokutai no Hongi (Cardinal Principles of the National Entity), a state-sponsored text promoting emperor worship, self-sacrifice, and military duty as the core of Japanese national identity. It was distributed widely in schools as part of a broader state effort to fuse Shinto ideology, imperial loyalty, and military expansion into official doctrine. The text is a documented example of state-driven militarist ideology in Imperial Japan during the lead-up to the Pacific War. religion / war ●●

19 February 1937 Yekatit 12 Massacre in Addis Ababa 0 cit. After an assassination attempt on Viceroy Rodolfo Graziani, Italian forces and Blackshirt militia carried out three days of reprisal killings against the civilian population of Addis Ababa. Estimates of the dead range from about 3,000 in early Italian accounts to 19,000 or more according to Ethiopian government estimates presented after the war, with historian Ian Campbell's more recent research supporting a toll of around 19,000-30,000. The massacre was followed by further executions of educated Ethiopians and Orthodox clergy in the following weeks. politics / war ●●●

7 July 1937 Marco Polo Bridge Incident 0 cit. A clash between Japanese and Chinese troops near the Marco Polo Bridge escalated into full-scale war between Japan and China. Unlike the Mukden Incident, most historians regard this clash as beginning from a genuine, unplanned skirmish, possibly triggered by a misfired shot or missing soldier, that was then deliberately escalated by Japanese commanders seeking pretext for wider war. Claims that it was a fully staged provocation from the outset, comparable to Mukden, are contested rather than established fact. diplomacy / war ●●

1 October 1937 Marihuana Tax Act enacted under Anslinger's campaign 0 cit. The Marihuana Tax Act effectively criminalized cannabis nationwide by imposing prohibitive taxes and licensing requirements on its sale, the product of a campaign led by Federal Bureau of Narcotics commissioner Harry Anslinger. Anslinger testified before Congress with claims about marijuana-driven violence and insanity that later scholarship has found were unsupported by contemporary medical evidence, and critics have argued the law's enforcement fell disproportionately on Black and Latino communities. politics / society ●●

c. 1937 The Squatters Squeezed off the Settler Farms 0 cit. As settler farming intensified, laws such as the Resident Native Labourers Ordinances of 1925 and 1937 steadily cut the squatters' rights to cultivate and graze, reclassifying them as mere farm labourers. In the 1940s many Kikuyu squatter families were evicted from the Rift Valley and sent back to overcrowded reserves that could not hold them. This wave of eviction and landlessness produced many of the recruits and much of the fury that the Mau Mau movement would soon channel. economy / politics / society ●●●

1937 The 1937 Ordinance Squeezes the Squatters 1 cit. The Resident Labourers Ordinance of 1937, enforced from 1940, let district councils in the Highlands slash the land and livestock squatters were allowed and raise their labour days sharply. Squatter cattle were culled, cultivation plots cut, and families who had built up herds and farms saw them destroyed. This deliberate squeezing of squatter life in the 1930s and 1940s turned a settled tenantry into an angry, dispossessed mass and fed the land grievance behind Mau Mau. economy / politics / society ●●●

c. 1937 Lecturing for the Workers' Educational Association 0 cit. Kenyatta earned part of his living lecturing on Africa for the Workers' Educational Association and, during the war, to British troops. Speaking to ordinary British audiences honed him as a public advocate for Africa. It was steady work that also spread his argument well beyond radical circles. politics / society ●

1937 Founds the International African Service Bureau 0 cit. Padmore was the driving force behind the International African Service Bureau, formed in London in 1937. It linked activists including Jomo Kenyatta, Ras Makonnen, and I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson into a working organization. Historians such as Carol Polsgrove credit the bureau with making London the operational heart of anti-colonial Africa. politics / society ●●●

1937 Publishes Africa and World Peace 0 cit. Padmore published Africa and World Peace, tying the fate of the colonized continent to the coming global conflict. He argued that empire and the scramble for African resources were sources of war, not stability. The book widened his audience beyond activist circles. diplomacy / economy / politics ●

1937 Banda earns a medical degree at Meharry 0 cit. Banda graduates with an M.D. from Meharry Medical College in Nashville, one of the few American schools then training Black doctors. The degree makes him one of very few qualified physicians from his part of Africa. His American medical qualification, however, is not recognized for practice within the British Empire. society ●●

April 1937 Hicks turns Keynes into the IS-LM diagram 1 cit. John Hicks published "Mr. Keynes and the Classics: A Suggested Interpretation" in Econometrica in 1937. The IS-LM model made Keynesian economics teachable as a two-market diagram linking income, saving, investment, money demand and interest rates, even as later Keynesians argued that the simplification muted Keynes on uncertainty. economy / science ●●●●

2 November 1938 First Vienna Award wikidata 0 cit. no story treaty signed in 1938 ●●●

30 September 1938 Munich agreement wikidata 0 cit. no story 1938 cession of German-speaking Czechoslovakia to the German Reich ●●●

30 September 1938 Munich Agreement 0 cit. Britain and France cede the Sudetenland to Germany without consulting Czechoslovakia; Chamberlain promises "peace for our time". politics ●●●●

April 1938 National General Mobilization Law ai_extracted 1 cit. In April 1938 the sweeping National General Mobilization Law was put to the Diet, allowing mobilization of all physical things in the country and the drafting of imperial subjects; Konoe pushed it through against vigorous resistance. ●●●●

1938 Industrial Patriotic Societies established ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1938 the doctrine of the firm as an organic organization was officially implemented through Industrial Patriotic Societies in all companies, while trade unions were abolished and union activity channeled to the company level. ●●●

1938 to 1939 Wartime health insurance laws ai_extracted 1 cit. The National Health Insurance Law of 1938 and the Personnel Health Insurance Law of 1939 provided virtually complete health coverage to employees, the most advanced welfare schemes in Asia. ●●

April 1938 National Savings Promotion Campaign launched ai_extracted 1 cit. In April 1938 a National Savings Promotion Campaign was launched to boost the savings rate to 30 percent of GNP, with savings committees spreading nationwide and a promotion agency established at the Bank of Japan. ●●●

3 September 1938 Founding of the Fourth International 0 cit. Followers of Leon Trotsky, meeting secretly near Paris, found the Fourth International as a revolutionary socialist rival to Stalin's Comintern. diplomacy / politics ●●

1 March 1938 Founding of Samsung 0 cit. Lee Byung-chul founds Samsung as a small trading company in Daegu dealing in groceries and dried fish. It grows into South Korea's largest chaebol, spanning electronics, shipbuilding, and construction. economy ●●●●

7 June 1938 Founding of Pemex 0 cit. After President Cardenas expropriates foreign oil companies, Mexico creates the state firm Petroleos Mexicanos. The nationalization becomes a model cited by oil-producing countries worldwide. economy / politics ●●●

1938 Nuclear fission 0 cit. Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann split the uranium atom, releasing energy, and Lise Meitner explained the result. Fission led to nuclear power and to nuclear weapons. science ●●●●●

30 October 1938 The War of the Worlds broadcast 0 cit. Orson Welles aired a radio drama of a Martian invasion styled as news bulletins. The broadcast became a lasting example of radio's power to shape public perception. culture / society ●●

3 March 1938 Oil Struck at Dammam No. 7 0 cit. After years of dry wells, the Dammam No. 7 well came in as a commercial gusher, proving Saudi Arabia's vast reserves. The find transformed the kingdom's finances and future. economy / exploration ●●●●●

c. February 1938 Discovery of the Burgan Field in Kuwait 0 cit. The Kuwait Oil Company discovered the Burgan field, one of the largest oil fields ever found. Kuwait's oil made it among the wealthiest states per capita after production began. economy / exploration ●●●●

1938 Nazi seizure of the Austrian Rothschild bank 0 cit. After Germany annexed Austria in 1938, the Nazi regime seized the Vienna Rothschild bank and family assets. Louis Nathaniel von Rothschild was arrested and released only after a large ransom in property. economy / politics / war ●●●●

1938 The Mercury car brand is named for the Roman messenger god 0 cit. Edsel Ford launched the Mercury car brand in 1938, naming it after Mercury, the swift Roman messenger god, to convey speed and dependability. economy / religion / technology ●●

1938 Final Moscow treason trial, March 1938 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1938 the last of the Old Bolsheviks, including Bukharin, Rykov, and former secret-police head Yagoda, were tried, convicted, and executed. By 1939 nearly all older Bolshevik leaders had died violent deaths. ●●

1938 The Union Now campaign ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes the Union Now project, propagated in the United States in 1938-1945 by Clarence Streit on behalf of Lord Lothian and the Rhodes Trust, as an effusion of the three-bloc-world group. ●●

1938 Hitler purges his generals and foreign minister ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Blomberg, Fritsch, and Neurath opposed his aggression plans, Hitler replaced the three with more amenable subordinates in a sudden coup on 4 February 1938, taking the war minister's post himself and installing Ribbentrop at the Foreign Ministry. ●●

1938 German invasion and annexation of Austria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The invasion of Austria on 12 March 1938 and its immediate annexation surprised even the Nazi leaders and arose from unexpectedly favorable circumstances, both international and internal. ●●

1938 Schuschnigg summoned to Berchtesgaden ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Papen persuaded the Austrian chancellor Schuschnigg to visit Hitler at Berchtesgaden on 12 February 1938, where he was upbraided and forced to sign concessions advancing Nazi penetration of the Austrian government. ●●

1938 Soviet call for collective action after the Anschluss ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 17 March 1938, five days after the Anschluss, the Soviet government called for consultations on collective action to stop aggression; the appeal was summarily rejected by Lord Halifax. ●●

1938 Hitler's directive to smash Czechoslovakia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hitler rewrote and signed a directive on 30 May 1938 whose opening sentence declared his unalterable decision to smash Czechoslovakia by military action in the near future, with X-day set for 1 October. ●●

1938 German generals' plot to assassinate Hitler ai_extracted 1 cit. no story German generals and civil leaders led by General Ludwig Beck planned to assassinate Hitler if he ordered an attack on Czechoslovakia; the plan was canceled at noon on 28 September 1938 when news arrived that Chamberlain was going to Munich to yield. ●●

1938 Britain forces France to threaten the Czech alliance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 31 May onward Lord Halifax pressed France to threaten the Czechs that their alliance would be revoked or weakened unless they conceded to the Sudetens; the threat was finally made on 21 September 1938. ●●

1938 Chamberlain's 'far-away country' radio speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chamberlain broadcast on 27 September that it was horrible and fantastic that Britain should be digging trenches and trying on gas masks because of a quarrel in a far-away country between people of whom the British knew nothing. ●●

1938 Chamberlain meets Hitler at Godesberg ai_extracted 2 cit. On 22 September Chamberlain carried the Czech acceptance of partition to Hitler at Godesberg, where he found the Führer in a vile temper receiving reports of alleged Czech atrocities; Hitler then raised new demands. ●●

1938 The Munich Conference partitions Czechoslovakia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Munich, Hitler, Chamberlain, Mussolini, and Daladier carved up Czechoslovakia without consulting the Czechs, providing for German occupation of designated areas in stages from 1 to 7 October. ●●

1938 Hitler orders destruction of the Czech rump ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Within three weeks of Munich, on 21 October 1938, Hitler issued orders to his generals to prepare plans to destroy the remainder of Czechoslovakia and to annex Memel from Lithuania. ●●

1938 Kennedy's entry into the Establishment, 1938-1940 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley claims John Kennedy was admitted to the Anglo-American Establishment through his support of Britain, against his father, during his days at the London embassy in 1938-1940. ●●

1938 Hailey edits the Royal Institute's African Survey ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces the African Survey from a Smuts suggestion to a RIIA committee under Lord Lothian. Sir Malcolm Hailey directed it, and the survey was published in 1938 with Carnegie funds. ●●

1938 Second Commonwealth Relations conference, Sydney (1938) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The second unofficial Commonwealth relations conference met near Sydney, 3-17 September 1938, financed by Carnegie and the Rhodes Trustees. Quigley notes the chairmen of the key delegations were Milner Group men. ●●

1938 Woodhead Commission appointed (March 1938) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To carry out partition in Palestine, the government appointed a new four-member royal commission in March 1938, the Woodhead Commission. Its report rejected partition as impractical. ●●

1938 Makins at the Evian Conference on Refugees (1938) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1938 Roger M. Makins was made secretary to the British delegation to the Evian Conference on Refugees. Quigley notes the British left the responsible positions there to the Americans. ●●

1938 Halifax replaces Eden as Foreign Secretary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Halifax took the Foreign Office permanently after Eden resigned over recognizing Italy's conquest of Ethiopia. Quigley presents Halifax as a brake used to counter Eden's collective-security instincts. ●●

1938 Seizure of Austria and rejected Soviet conference proposal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Days after Germany seized Austria, the Soviet Union proposed an international conference to stop aggression; Britain rejected it at once. Quigley shows Chamberlain then abandoning any idea of guaranteeing Czechoslovakia. ●●

1938 Lothian defends appeasement in the Lords ai_extracted 2 cit. Quigley describes the man he calls the Group's leader, Lord Lothian, speaking in the House of Lords in support of appeasement and in defense of the removal of the anti-appeasement official Vansittart. ●●

1938 Quigley: who first demanded Czech frontier revision ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that revision of Czechoslovakia's frontiers in Germany's favor was first floated by Chamberlain privately in May and by the Milner Group publicly in September, before Hitler had even demanded annexation of the Sudetenland. ●●

1938 The Times calls for ceding the Sudetenland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Times leading article, which Quigley links to the Astors, publicly suggested frontier revision in Germany's favor. The outcry, he says, showed the British public still needed softening up before Czechoslovakia could be handed over. ●●

1938 Halifax told of the anti-Hitler plot ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A group of German officers and officials planned to kill Hitler if his Czech policy meant war; Halifax was informed by Theodor Kordt but the plot was canceled when Chamberlain agreed to go to Munich. ●●

1938 Nazi Germany awards Henry Ford the Grand Cross, 1938 ai_extracted 2 cit. On July 30, 1938 the Hitler government presented Henry Ford with the Grand Cross of the Supreme Order of the German Eagle. ●●

1938 Turrou breaks up German Abwehr spy ring in New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By all accounts Turrou did well at his job, and by 1938 he had gained fame by breaking up a large spy ring run by undercover German Abwehr (military intelligence) agents based in New York. Turrou joined the U. ●●

1938 Fannie Mae created to buy mortgages ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This market came to life in 1938, when a new Federal National Mortgage Association – nicknamed Fannie Mae – was authorized to issue bonds and use the proceeds to buy mortgages from the local Savings and Loans, which were now restricted by regulation both in terms of geography (they could not lend to borrowers more than fifty miles from their offices) and in terms of the rates they could offer d... ●●

1938 Nazis seize S.M. von Rothschild bank in Vienna ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Vienna banking house S.M. von Rothschild was placed under Nazi compulsory administration on March 30, 1938, and later sold to the German firm Merck, Finck & Co. in October 1939. ●●

1938 Gestapo arrests Louis von Rothschild after Anschluss ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following the Austro-German Anschluss on March 11, 1938, Louis von Rothschild attempted to flee Vienna but was arrested by the Gestapo, beginning the confiscation of all family assets. ●●

1938 Japan begins military atomic bomb studies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Japanese studies toward an atomic bomb began first within the military.1285 The director of the Aviation Technology Research Institute of the Imperial Japanese Army, Takeo Yasuda, a lieutenant general and an alert electrical engineer, conscientiously followed the international scientific literature that related to his field; in the course of his reading in 1938 and 1939 he noticed and tracked the discovery of nuclear fission.1286 In April 1940, foreseeing fission’s possible consequences, he ordered an aide who was scientifically trained, Lieutenant Colonel Tatsusaburo Suzuki, to prepare a full report. ●●

1938 German troops march into Austria in the Anschluss ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 12, 1938, German troops marched into Austria with no resistance. The Austrian population, much of it deliriously joyful, seemed to feel that it preferred a future as a German province to being a minor player on the Central European stage. ●●

1938 Chamberlain meets Hitler at Berchtesgaden ai_extracted 2 cit. On September 15, 1938, Chamberlain decided to visit Hitler at Berchtesgaden. After enduring several hours of Hitler's ranting about mistreatment of the Sudeten Germans, Chamberlain agreed to dismember Czechoslovakia, ceding all districts with populations more than 50-percent German. ●●

1938 Hitler escalates demands at Bad Godesberg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Bad Godesberg on September 22, 1938, Hitler raised the ante and made clear he sought the abject humiliation of Czechoslovakia, demanding immediate evacuation of the entire Sudeten territory starting September 26 to be completed within forty-eight hours. ●●

1938 Munich Conference dismembers Czechoslovakia ai_extracted 2 cit. On September 29, 1938, the four leaders (Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, and Mussolini) met in Munich, the birthplace of the Nazi Party. Chamberlain and Daladier accepted Mussolini's draft containing Hitler's Bad Godesberg program, with Czech representatives left languishing in anterooms while their country was being dismembered. ●●

1938 Bohr brings news of fission to Princeton ai_extracted 1 cit. no story News of the discovery of fission in late 1938 had arrived in Princeton with Niels Bohr in early 1939, raising for the first time the real possibility, ●●

1938 Britain adopts the Scheme L air programme ai_extracted 1 cit. no story THE WAGES OF DESTRUCTION ‘business as usual’, London adopted an ambitious new air programme (Scheme L), which called for the production of 12,000 modern combat aircraft over the next two years.” Meanwhile, in France the decision was taken both to ste ●●

1938 Goering approves the New Military-Economic Production Plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To make up the gap, on 12 July 1938 Goering approved a new version of the Four Year Plan known as the New Military-Economic Production Plan (Wehrwirtschaftliche Neuer Erzeugungsplan).*° By the middle of 1941 Krauch aimed to reach monthly production o ●●

1938 Aryanization seizes Jewish factories and banks ai_extracted 1 cit. Aryanization sales in 1938 included 340 major factories, almost all of which were in textiles and clothing, 370 wholesale trading firms and no less than 22 private banks, including such prestigious names as Warburg and Bleichroeder.'” Both ‘ordinary’ ●●

1938 Roosevelt proposes an international refugee committee ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 25 March 1938, within weeks of the Anschluss, President Roosevelt had proposed the formation of an international committee to address the problem of ‘political refugees’ from Germany and newly annexed Aus- tria.'** On 6 July delegates from thirty- ●●

1938 Anglo-American Trade Agreement signed ai_extracted 1 cit. The Anglo-American Trade Agreement signed on 2 November 1938 sent a clear message to Berlin.”’ As Britain and America celebrated their new unity of purpose, Goebbels issued strict instructions banning the German press from any comment implying that B ●●

1938 Zuse completes the Z1 calculator ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Konrad Zuse finishes the Z1, a binary mechanical calculator built in his parents' Berlin apartment. ●●