Verisoph story dossier
The conventions that built international law: The Hague and Geneva rules, human rights covenants, the law of the sea, and the environmental accords.
The conventions that built international law: The Hague and Geneva rules, human rights covenants, the law of the sea, and the environmental accords.
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Agreement between Pope Callixtus II and Emperor Henry V ending the Investiture Controversy. It separated the spiritual and secular elements of appointing bishops, a landmark in church-state relations.
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Convention for the amelioration of the condition of wounded soldiers in the field, inspired by Henry Dunant and the new Red Cross. It founded modern international humanitarian law.
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Convention among twenty states standardizing telegraph networks and tariffs and founding the International Telegraph Union, the oldest international organization still operating. It began formal international cooperation on technology.
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Treaty among seventeen states establishing the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and uniform metric standards. It created the framework that still governs the world's measurement units.
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Convention establishing mutual international protection of literary and artistic copyright. It remains the foundation of global copyright law.
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Conventions from the first Hague Peace Conference codifying the laws of war on land, creating the Permanent Court of Arbitration, and banning certain weapons. It was the first broad multilateral attempt to regulate warfare.
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Multilateral treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy, eventually joined by most states. Though unable to prevent the Second World War, it underpinned later charges of waging aggressive war.
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Convention giving Turkey control of the Bosporus and Dardanelles and regulating passage of warships in and out of the Black Sea. Its rules still govern the straits today.
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Convention on international civil aviation establishing rules of airspace sovereignty and founding the International Civil Aviation Organization. It remains the constitution of world air travel.
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Founding treaty of the United Nations, signed by fifty nations, establishing the Security Council, General Assembly, and a general ban on aggressive war. It is the cornerstone of the postwar international order.
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Convention defining genocide as a crime under international law and obliging states to prevent and punish it, adopted in response to the Holocaust. It was the first human rights treaty of the United Nations era.
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Four conventions protecting wounded soldiers, shipwrecked sailors, prisoners of war, and civilians in wartime. Ratified by virtually every state, they are the core of international humanitarian law.
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Council of Europe convention protecting fundamental rights and creating the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. It gives individuals a binding legal remedy against their own governments.
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Convention defining who is a refugee and the protections owed to them, including the principle of non-refoulement. With its 1967 Protocol it remains the foundation of international refugee law.
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Convention codifying diplomatic immunity and the inviolability of embassies. It governs everyday diplomacy between virtually all states.
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Treaty barring national appropriation of outer space and celestial bodies and banning nuclear weapons in orbit. It remains the basic law of space activity.
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Convention regulating international trade in endangered species of wild animals and plants through a permit system. It protects tens of thousands of species.
Senator Ted Kennedy’s office released a paper not too long ago claiming that prior to compulsory education the state literacy rate was ninety-eight percent and that after it the figure never exceeded ninety-one percent, where it stands in 1990.Dumbing Us Down , p. 55-61
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Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, in which 35 states accepted postwar borders and committed to human rights principles. Dissidents across the Soviet bloc used its pledges against their governments.
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Convention defining territorial seas, exclusive economic zones, and rules for navigation, seabed resources, and marine disputes. It is often called the constitution for the oceans.
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Protocol phasing out CFCs and other substances that deplete the ozone layer, ratified by every UN member state. It is widely considered the most successful environmental treaty ever.
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Protocol to the UN climate convention setting binding emission reduction targets for developed countries. It was the first treaty to mandate cuts in greenhouse gases.
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Treaty establishing the International Criminal Court to prosecute genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. It created the first permanent international criminal tribunal.
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Climate agreement under which nearly all nations pledged to hold global warming well below 2 degrees Celsius through nationally determined contributions. It is the central framework of global climate policy.
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Agreement under the Law of the Sea convention on conserving marine biodiversity in waters beyond national jurisdiction, enabling high seas marine protected areas. It was adopted after nearly two decades of negotiation.